scholarly journals Prevalence of Dental Caries among Children of Aged 6-12 Years in Tamilnadu - A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 177-185
Author(s):  
Suganya. P ◽  
Rajmohan. M ◽  
Bharathwaj. V. V
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Newcastle Ottawa Scale ◽  
Ottawa Scale

Background: Dental caries is a serious public health problem in developed as well as developing nations, with high prevalence among children around the world. This systematic review of literature was undertaken to document the prevalence of dental caries. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of dental caries among children of aged 6-12 years in Tamilnadu by conducting a systematic review. Materials and Method: Studies evaluating the prevalence of dental caries among children of aged 6-12 years in the Tamilnadu were investigated. An extensive literature search was done in the following databases: Prospero, Grey literature, Science Direct, Cochrane library, Wiley online library, Lilacs and PubMed. The articles were retrieved from each database based on the MeSH representation. A modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cross-sectional studies was used for assessment of the quality of the studies. A systematic literature search yielded 1034 publications from the various databases searched. According to the Preferred Reporting Items for systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the final number of included studies was fifteen. Results: Among the included studies, five studies were carried out in the Chennai district. Erode district was found to have the highest prevalence of dental caries at 89.3%. Conclusion: This review has reported a high prevalence of dental caries in Tamilnadu. None of the states reported prevalence below 30%. The government should identify dental caries as a national priority which requires significant attention. Keywords: Dental caries, Prevalence, Tamilnadu, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors associated with birth asphyxia among neonates delivered in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0255488
Author(s):  
Ritbano Ahmed ◽  
Hassen Mosa ◽  
Mohammed Sultan ◽  
Shamill Eanga Helill ◽  
Biruk Assefa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Birth Asphyxia ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Chronic Hypertension ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Pooled Prevalence

Background A number of primary studies in Ethiopia address the prevalence of birth asphyxia and the factors associated with it. However, variations were seen among those studies. The main aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out to estimate the pooled prevalence and explore the factors that contribute to birth asphyxia in Ethiopia. Methods Different search engines were used to search online databases. The databases include PubMed, HINARI, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar. Relevant grey literature was obtained through online searches. The funnel plot and Egger’s regression test were used to see publication bias, and the I-squared was applied to check the heterogeneity of the studies. Cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies that were conducted in Ethiopia were also be included. The Joanna Briggs Institute checklist was used to assess the quality of the studies and was included in this systematic review. Data entry and statistical analysis were carried out using RevMan 5.4 software and Stata 14. Result After reviewing 1,125 studies, 26 studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of birth asphyxia in Ethiopia was 19.3%. In the Ethiopian context, the following risk factors were identified: Antepartum hemorrhage(OR: 4.7; 95% CI: 3.5, 6.1), premature rupture of membrane(OR: 4.0; 95% CI: 12.4, 6.6), primiparas(OR: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.9, 4.1), prolonged labor(OR: 4.2; 95% CI: 2.8, 6.6), maternal anaemia(OR: 5.1; 95% CI: 2.59, 9.94), low birth weight(OR = 5.6; 95%CI: 4.7,6.7), meconium stained amniotic fluid(OR: 5.6; 95% CI: 4.1, 7.5), abnormal presentation(OR = 5.7; 95% CI: 3.8, 8.3), preterm birth(OR = 4.1; 95% CI: 2.9, 5.8), residing in a rural area (OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 2.0, 3.5), caesarean delivery(OR = 4.4; 95% CI:3.1, 6.2), operative vaginal delivery(OR: 4.9; 95% CI: 3.5, 6.7), preeclampsia(OR = 3.9; 95% CI: 2.1, 7.4), tight nuchal cord OR: 3.43; 95% CI: 2.1, 5.6), chronic hypertension(OR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.7, 3.8), and unable to write and read (OR = 4.2;95%CI: 1.7, 10.6). Conclusion According to the findings of this study, birth asphyxia is an unresolved public health problem in the Ethiopia. Therefore, the concerned body needs to pay attention to the above risk factors in order to decrease the country’s birth asphyxia. Review registration PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews (CRD42020165283).

Comparative effectiveness and safety of monoclonal antibodies (bevacizumab, cetuximab and panitumumab) in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: Systematic review and metanalysis.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e15008-e15008
Author(s):  
Wania Cristina Silva ◽  
Ellias Magalhaes Abreu Lima ◽  
Vânia Eloísa Araújo ◽  
Jéssica Barreto Ribeiro Santos ◽  
Michael Ruberson Ribeiro Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Metastatic Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Methodological Quality ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Safety Outcome ◽  
Newcastle Ottawa Scale ◽  
Ottawa Scale

e15008 Background: Biological agents have presented variable results in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. This study aim to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the monoclonal antibodies bevacizumab, cetuximab and panitumumab associated or not to chemotherapy in this scenario. Methods: A systematic review and metanaysis was performed based on observational cohort studies published in the following databases: MEDLINE/ Pubmed, LILACS, COCHRANE Library and EMBASE, up to march 2016. The effectiveness outcomes assessed in this trial were overall survival (OS), progression free survival (PFS), pos-progression survival (PPS), response rate based on RECIST criteria and metastasectomy rate. The safety outcome assessed was adverse events. Review Manager 5.3 software was used to perform the data metanalysis and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale evaluated the methodological quality of the observational trials included. Results: 16 trials were included in this metanalysis, 11 evaluating effectiveness and 8 assessing safety. Their methodological quality were considered moderate according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Basically, this study compared bevacizumab based therapies with no bevacizumab based therapies, once there was no enough data regarding cetuximab and panitumumab. Overall, the group treated with bevacizumab based therapies did better than those in the no bevacizumab group, with OS mean difference (MD) of 4,41 (95% CI 1.75 to 7.07; p = 0.001; I² = 86%) and PFS MD of 3.19 (95% CI 0.42 to 5.96; p = 0,02 I² = 96%). The PPS MD was also statistically significant (MD = 5.90; 95% CI 2.59 to 9.21; p = 0,0005; I² = 82%). When safety was the outcome concerned, the group treated with bevacizumab had more hypertension and gastrointestinal perforation. There was no statistical difference between the groups regarding others side effects. Conclusions: This study showed a potential benefit in using bevacizumab as a part of the treatment of mCRC. Bevacizumab improved PFS, OS and PPS and these differences were statistically significant. However, the drug also increased treatment related toxicities.

Skeletal Maturation in Patients With Cleft Lip and/or Palate: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 105566562110076
Author(s):  
Xiaoyi Wu ◽  
Wenying Kuang ◽  
Jie Zheng ◽  
Zhengkun Yang ◽  
Meiqing Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Skeletal Maturation ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Studies ◽  
Newcastle Ottawa Scale ◽  
Ottawa Scale

Objective: The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the evidence regarding skeletal maturation in patients with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) and to investigate whether the skeletal maturation is delayed in these patients. Design: Systematic review. Methods: Electronic and manual searches of scientific literature were conducted in 4 databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science). Cohort studies that compared the skeletal maturation of patients with CL/P with that of children without CL/P were eligible for inclusion. The quality of included cohort studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Patients and Participants: Patients of any sex and ethnicity with CL/P and children without CL/P were included in this systematic review. Main Outcome Measures: Difference in skeletal maturation between patients with CL/P and patients without CL/P. Results: Thirteen retrospective cohort studies were included in this systematic review. Ten studies were considered of high quality and 3 were considered of general quality. The results of the included studies comparing skeletal maturation of patients with CL/P and children without CL/P were heterogeneous. Conclusion: Heterogeneity of skeletal maturation assessment methods, chronological age, sex, cleft type, and race may influence the final results of clinical studies on skeletal maturation in patients with CL/P. Overall, there is limited evidence to determine whether the skeletal maturation level of patients with CL/P is delayed compared to that of normal children. Further studies are needed to determine the skeletal maturation patterns in patients with CL/P.

scholarly journals Impact of dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation on neurologically intact survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine Elisabeth Eberhard ◽  
Gitte Linderoth ◽  
Mads Christian Tofte Gregers ◽  
Freddy Lippert ◽  
Fredrik Folke
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Newcastle Ottawa Scale ◽  
Bystander Cpr ◽  
Neurologically Intact ◽  
Hospital Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Ottawa Scale

Abstract Background Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DA-CPR) increases neurologically intact survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) according to several studies. This systematic review summarizes neurologically intact survival outcomes of DA-CPR in comparison with bystander-initiated CPR and no bystander CPR in OHCA. Methods The systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. All studies including adult and/or pediatric OHCAs that compared DA-CPR with bystander-initiated CPR or no bystander CPR were included. Primary outcome was neurologically intact survival at discharge, one-month or longer. Studies were searched for in PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results The search string generated 4742 citations of which 33 studies were eligible for inclusion. Due to overlapping study populations, the review included 14 studies. All studies were observational. The study populations were heterogeneous and included adult, pediatric and mixed populations. Some studies reported only witnessed cardiac arrests, arrests of cardiac ethiology, and/or shockable rhythm. The individual studies scored between six and nine on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale of risk of bias. The median neurologically intact survival at hospital discharge with DA-CPR was 7.0% (interquartile range (IQR): 5.1–10.8%), with bystander-initiated CPR 7.5% (IQR: 6.6–10.2%), and with no bystander CPR 4.4% (IQR: 2.0–9.0%) (four studies). At one-month neurologically intact survival with DA-CPR was 3.1% (IQR: 1.6–3.4%), with bystander-initiated CPR 5.7% (IQR: 5.0–6.0%), and with no bystander CPR 2.5% (IQR: 2.1–2.6%) (three studies). Conclusion Both DA-CPR and bystander-initiated CPR increase neurologically intact survival compared with no bystander CPR. However, DA-CPR demonstrates inferior outcomes compared with bystander-initiated CPR. Early CPR is crucial, thus in cases where bystanders have not initiated CPR, DA-CPR provides an opportunity to improve neurologically intact survival following OHCA. Variability in OHCA outcomes across studies and multiple confounding factors were identified.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Instruments for Professional Oral Hygiene on Dental Implants: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Domenico Baldi ◽  
Luisa De Giorgis ◽  
Maria Menini ◽  
Franco Motta ◽  
Jacopo Colombo
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Dental Implants ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Air Polishing ◽  
Full Text Review ◽  
Newcastle Ottawa Scale ◽  
Ottawa Scale

Professional oral hygiene is fundamental to prevent peri-implant disease. Appropriate instruments should be used in patients with restorations supported by dental implants: they should be effective in deposits removal without damaging the implant components surface. The aim of the present study is to investigate and summarize the results regarding the efficacy of oral hygiene techniques described in the literature in the last 10 years in patients rehabilitated with dental implants not affected by perimplantitis. The present systematic review was conducted according to guidelines reported in the indications of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). The focused question was: “Which are the most effective instruments for professional oral hygiene on implants not affected by perimplantitis?”. The initial database search yielded a total of 934 entries found in PubMed®/MEDLINE and Cochrane Library. After full text review and application of the eligibility criteria, the final selection consisted of 19 articles. The risk of bias of included studies was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa scale (NOS) and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Curette, scalers and air polishing were the devices most frequently investigated in the included studies. In particular, glycine powder air polishing appeared to be significantly effective in reducing peri-implant inflammation and plaque around implants. The application of the more recent erythritol powder air polishing also yielded good clinical outcomes. Further studies are needed to improve the knowledge on the topic in order to develop standardized protocols and understand the specific indications for different types of implant-supported rehabilitations.

scholarly journals Impact of home telemonitoring and management support on blood pressure control in non-dialysis CKD: a systematic review protocol

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. e044195
Author(s):  
Ikechi G Okpechi ◽  
Shezel Muneer ◽  
Mohammed M Tinwala ◽  
Deenaz Zaidi ◽  
Laura N Hamonic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Home Blood Pressure ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Management Support ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionHypertension is a common public health problem and a key modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Home blood pressure (BP) telemonitoring (HBPT) and management is associated with improved BP control, accelerated delivery of care and decision-making strategies that can reduce adverse outcomes associated with hypertension. The aim of this paper is to describe the protocol for a systematic review to assess the impact of HBPT interventions used for improving BP control and reducing CV and kidney outcomes in non-dialysis CKD patients.MethodsWe developed this protocol using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses for Protocols 2015. We will search empirical databases such as MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science and PsycINFO and grey literature for studies conducted in non-dialysis CKD patients on interventions using HBPT and reporting outcomes related to BP control and other outcomes such as CV events and kidney disease progression. All studies meeting these criteria, in adults and published from inception until 2020 with no language barrier will be included.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval will not be required for this review as the data used will be extracted from already published studies with publicly accessible data. As this study will assess the impact of HBPT on BP control in non-dialysis CKD patients, evidence gathered through it will be disseminated using traditional approaches that includes open-access peer-reviewed publication, scientific presentations and a report. We will also disseminate our findings to appropriate government agencies.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020190705).

Attitudes Toward Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in the European Union: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Gracia ◽  
Marisol Lila ◽  
Faraj A. Santirso
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Partner Violence Against Women ◽  
The Eu

Abstract. Attitudes toward intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) are increasingly recognized as central to understanding of this major social and public health problem, and guide the development of more effective prevention efforts. However, to date this area of research is underdeveloped in western societies, and in particular in the EU. The present study aims to provide a systematic review of quantitative studies addressing attitudes toward IPVAW conducted in the EU. The review was conducted through Web of Science, PsychINFO, Medline, EMBASE, PUBMED, and the Cochrane Library, in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. This review aimed to identify empirical studies conducted in the EU, published in English in peer-reviewed journals from 2000 to 2018, and analyzing attitudes toward IPVAW. A total of 62 of 176 eligible articles were selected according to inclusion criteria. Four sets of attitudes toward IPVAW were identified as the main focus of the studies: legitimation, acceptability, attitudes toward intervention, and perceived severity. Four main research themes regarding attitudes toward IPVAW emerged: correlates of attitudes, attitudes as predictors, validation of scales, and attitude change interventions. Although interest in this research area has been growing in recent years, the systematic review revealed important gaps in current knowledge on attitudes toward IPVAW in the EU that limits its potential to inform public policy. The review outlines directions for future study and suggests that to better inform policy making, these future research efforts would benefit from an EU-level perspective.

Does non-institutionalized elders have a better oral health status compared to institutionalized ones? A systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 2177-2192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilky Pollansky Silva e Farias ◽  
Simone Alves de Sousa ◽  
Leopoldina de Fátima Dantas de Almeida ◽  
Bianca Marques Santiago ◽  
Antonio Carlos Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Oral Health Status ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Institutionalized Elderly ◽  
Periodontal Status

Abstract This systematic review compared the oral health status between institutionalized and non-institutionalized elders. The following electronic databases were searched: PubMed (Medline), Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs and Cochrane Library, in a comprehensive and unrestricted manner. Electronic searches retrieved 1687 articles, which were analyzed with regards to respective eligibility criteria. After reading titles and abstracts, five studies were included and analyzed with respect their methodological quality. Oral status of institutionalized and non-institutionalized elderly was compared through meta-analysis. Included articles involved a cross-sectional design, which investigated 1936 individuals aged 60 years and over, being 999 Institutionalized and 937 non-institutionalized elders. Studies have investigated the prevalence of edentulous individuals, the dental caries experience and the periodontal status. Meta-analysis revealed that institutionalized elderly have greater prevalence of edentulous (OR = 2.28, 95%CI = 1.68-3.07) and higher number of decayed teeth (MD = 0.88, 95%CI = 0.71-1.05) and missed teeth (MD = 4.58, 95%CI = 1.89-7.27). Poor periodontal status did not differ significantly between groups. Compared to non-institutionalized, institutionalized elders have worse dental caries experience.

scholarly journals Mapping evidence on the effects of gender-affirming hormone therapy on the hard and soft tissues of the craniofacial complex in transgender people: a protocol for a scoping review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Van den Bosch ◽  
C. M. Wiepjes ◽  
M. Den Heijer ◽  
L. J. Schoonmade ◽  
R. E. G. Jonkman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Sex Characteristics ◽  
Transgender People ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Scoping Reviews ◽  
Craniofacial Complex

Abstract Background Gender-affirming hormone (GAH) therapy aims to support the transition of transgender people to their gender identity. GAHs can induce changes in their secondary sex characteristics such as the development of breasts in transgender females and increased muscle mass in transgender males. The face and its surrounding tissues also have an important role in gender confirmation. The aim of this scoping review is to systematically map the available evidence in order to provide an overview of the effects of GAH therapy on the hard and soft tissues of the craniofacial complex in transgender people. Methods/design The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA) extension for Scoping Reviews was consulted for reporting this protocol. The methods were based on the Arksey and O’Malley’s framework and the Reviewer’s Manual of the Joanna Briggs Institute for conducting scoping reviews. Ten transgender people were involved in the development of the primary research question through short interviews. The eligibility criteria were defined for transgender people undergoing GAH therapy and for quantitative and qualitative outcomes on the hard and soft tissues of the craniofacial complex. Eligible sources of evidence include observational, experimental, qualitative, and mixed method studies. No exclusion criteria will be applied for the language of publication and the setting. To identify eligible sources of evidence, we will conduct searches from inception onwards in PubMed, Embase.com, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, CINAHL, LIVIVO, and various grey literature sources such as Google Scholar. Two reviewers will independently select eligible studies in these information sources and will subsequently conduct data extraction. The same operators will chart, categorize, and summarize the extracted data. A narrative summary of findings will be conducted. Frequency counts of quantitative and qualitative data on items such as concepts, populations, interventions, and other characteristics of the eligible sources will be given. Where possible, these items will be mapped descriptively. Discussion We chose the scoping review over the systematic review approach, because the research questions are broad-spectrum and the literature is expected to be widely scattered. No systematic review has previously assessed this topic. Identifying knowledge gaps in this area and summarizing and disseminating research findings are important for a wide spectrum of stakeholders, in particular, for transgender people who want to undergo additional interventions such as plastic or orthognathic surgery or orthodontics. Systematic review registration This protocol was registered in the Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/e3qj6

scholarly journals A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Pharmacogenetic Studies in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4480
Author(s):  
Maria Tziastoudi ◽  
Georgios Pissas ◽  
Georgios Raptis ◽  
Christos Cholevas ◽  
Theodoros Eleftheriadis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Additive Inheritance

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important global public health problem due to its high prevalence and morbidity. Although the treatment of nephrology patients has changed considerably, ineffectiveness and side effects of medications represent a major issue. In an effort to elucidate the contribution of genetic variants located in several genes in the response to treatment of patients with CKD, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of all available pharmacogenetics studies. The association between genotype distribution and response to medication was examined using the dominant, recessive, and additive inheritance models. Subgroup analysis based on ethnicity was also performed. In total, 29 studies were included in the meta-analysis, which examined the association of 11 genes (16 polymorphisms) with the response to treatment regarding CKD. Among the 29 studies, 18 studies included patients with renal transplantation, 8 involved patients with nephrotic syndrome, and 3 studies included patients with lupus nephritis. The present meta-analysis provides strong evidence for the contribution of variants harbored in the ABCB1, IL-10, ITPA, MIF, and TNF genes that creates some genetic predisposition that reduces effectiveness or is associated with adverse events of medications used in CKD.

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