scholarly journals "The Gypsy issue” in Hungary during the interwar years (I)

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 60-68
Author(s):  
Tamás Hajnáczky ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Conflicting Interests ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
The Creation

During the interwar years in Hungary, the authorities approached the issue of Gypsy settlements mainly through regulations concerning public health. Measures to try to settle the so-called “wandering Gypsies” resulted indirectly in the creation of new Gypsy settlements. The conflicting interests of government ministries and the local authorities became all the more apparent, as they both expected the provision of the accompanying necessary funds to resolve the “Gypsy issue” from the other party. The implementation of the decrees issued by the central authorities were often obstructed and faced criticism from officials, doctors, and gendarmerie responsible for their implementation at the local level. During the period in question, the content of the “Gypsy issue” gradually changed: during the 1920s it mostly meant the setllement of “wandering Gypsies”; while later, in the 1930s, along with the old ones new challenges arose related to the Gypsy settlements, which increased both in size and number. The author uses little-researched primary sources: resolutions approved by the Hungarian authorities and Hungarian interwar periodicals such as: the Csendőrségi Lapok (Gendarmerie Journals), Magyar Közigazgatás (Hungarian Public Administration) and Népegészségügy (Public Health).

Spatial and Institutional Analysis of the Voivodships Expenditure on Culture in the Years 2003 – 2015

e-Finanse ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
Adam Mateusz Suchecki
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Institutional Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
Location Quotient ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
National Heritage

AbstractFollowing the completion of the process of decentralisation of public administration in Poland in 2003, a number of tasks implemented previously by the state authorities were transferred to the local level. One of the most significant changes to the financing and management methods of the local authorities was the transfer of tasks related to culture and national heritage to the set of tasks implemented by local governments. As a result of the decentralisation process, the local government units in Poland were given significant autonomy in determining the purposes of their budgetary expenditures on culture. At the same time, they were obliged to cover these expenses from their own revenues.This paper focuses on the analysis of expenditures on culture covered by the voivodship budgets, taking into consideration the structure of cultural institutions by their types, between 2003-2015. The location quotient (LQ) was applied to two selected years (2006 and 2015) to illustrate the diversity of expenditures on culture in individual voivodships.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Outbreaks in Settings With Precarious Housing Conditions in Germany: Challenges and Lessons Learned

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Zimmermann ◽  
Navina Sarma ◽  
Doris Thieme-Thörel ◽  
Katharina Alpers ◽  
Tanja Artelt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
The City

Two COVID-19 outbreaks occurred in residential buildings with overcrowded housing conditions in the city of Göttingen in Germany during May and June 2020, when COVID-19 infection incidences were low across the rest of the country, with a national incidence of 2.6/100,000 population. The outbreaks increased the local incidence in the city of Göttingen to 123.5/100,000 in June 2020. Many of the affected residents were living in precarious conditions and experienced language barriers. The outbreaks were characterized by high case numbers and attack rates among the residents, many asymptomatic cases, a comparatively young population, and substantial outbreak control measures implemented by local authorities. We analyzed national and local surveillance data, calculated age-, and gender-specific attack rates and performed whole genome sequencing analysis to describe the outbreak and characteristics of the infected population. The authorities' infection control measures included voluntary and compulsory testing of all residents and mass quarantine. Public health measures, such as the general closure of schools and a public space as well as the prohibition of team sports at local level, were also implemented in the district to limit the outbreaks locally. The outbreaks were under control by the end of June 2020. We describe the measures to contain the outbreaks, the challenges experienced and lessons learned. We discuss how public health measures can be planned and implemented through consideration of the needs and vulnerabilities of affected populations. In order to avoid coercive measures, barrier-free communication, with language translation when needed, and consideration of socio-economic circumstances of affected populations are crucial for controlling infectious disease transmission in an outbreak effectively and in a timely way.

scholarly journals Towards the Other Side of Complexity: Values and Decisions in a Time of Uncertainty

2021 ◽  
pp. 211-214
Author(s):  
Marcelo Knobel
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
The Other ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Health Consequences ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Great Uncertainty ◽  
Short Time ◽  
First Time

AbstractHumanity is experiencing a moment of great uncertainty. This is not the first time a pandemic threatens the lives of millions of people. However, the speed with which governments and scientists are reacting to events is unprecedented. In an incredibly short time after the discovery of the virus, public health measures were implemented, and the development of defences in the form of public policies, medical therapies, and vaccines began. At this precarious moment, when the proliferation of information (and misinformation) from a variety of sources contribute to the spread of panic, universities and the scientific community emerge as the best and most reliable sources of information. It is only highly qualified specialists who can truly address the pandemic and its terrible economic, political, and public health consequences.

scholarly journals A Healer's Uncertain State of Mind in COVID-19 Pandemic

BioMedica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2S) ◽  
pp. 47-50
Author(s):  
Zeenaf Aslam ◽  
Mansoor Ghani ◽  
Samina Kauser
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
Conflicting Messages ◽  
Financial Losses

<p>Current plight of COVID-19 in developing countries entails uncertain prognosis, impending severe shortages of resources for testing and treatment and inadequate safety measure for health care providers. The imposition of unfamiliar public health measures that may infringe on personal freedoms, large and growing financial losses, and conflicting messages from authorities are among the other major stressors that undoubtedly will contribute to widespread emotional distress and increased risk for mental fatigue associated with COVID-19.</p>

Flaws and Advantages of the Polish Local Self-Government in the 21st Century: Social Consultations at the Local Level

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-37
Author(s):  
Edyta Sokalska
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Exchange Of Information ◽  
Local Problems ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Administrative Units

The purpose of the article is to present the Polish empire concerning the creation and development of local self-government in the post-communist political regime, and the development of some modern forms of social consultations, particularly at the local level. In many administrative units, it might be observed that the bonds between local societies and local authorities have been strengthened during the last years. Polish local self-governmental bodies develop some new forms and tools of communication. They provide municipalities with the freedom of participation in a decision-making process, and they give the opportunity to faster exchange of information and answers to the local problems.

The Vision of E-Governance

2013 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Keyword(s):  
Systems Theory ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Technological Determinism ◽  
Democratic Values ◽  
Reinforcement Theory ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Public Managers ◽  
Technical Theory ◽  
New Challenges

The book begins with a discussion of the two major eras that define IT in public administration. It then explores a number of theoretical frameworks that have proved helpful in understanding IT. Specifically, technological determinism, reinforcement theory, socio-technical theory, and systems theory are all reviewed as a means to help appreciate the various frames of references that guide IT development. As the is shown, the theoretical frameworks differ significantly in their approach to IT. The other goal of this chapter is to explore how IT impinges on democratic values of transparency, participation, and collaboration. In short, this chapter presents the concept of democracy from a concentric layering perspective of six critical themes: e-democracy, e-activism, e-campaigning, e-voting, e-legislation, and e-participation. As explored in the chapter, these five layers entail many new roles for public managers, many new challenges, and many new opportunities.

scholarly journals The current Ebola outbreak: old and new contexts

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1378-1380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saverio Bellizzi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
The Other ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Success Stories

Within the ongoing Ebola outbreak in West Africa, separate scenarios reflect old contexts with well-known strategies to face the epidemic on one side and completely new and unprecedented situations requiring new approaches on the other side. While Senegal and Nigeria represent success stories on the implementation of appropriate standard public health measures for containment, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea require a major and innovative scale of actions to halt even more catastrophic consequences.

Health-Related Relief in the Former Yugoslavia: Needs, Demands, and Supplies

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margareta Rubin ◽  
J. Hans A. Heuvelmans ◽  
Anja Tomic-Cica ◽  
Marvin L. Birnbaum
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Medical Equipment ◽  
Former Yugoslavia ◽  
Medical Assistance ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Inferential Statistics ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Health Related

AbstractIntroduction:Many organizations rally to areas to provide assistance to a population during a disaster. Little is known about the ability of the materials and services provided to meet the actual needs and demands of the affected population. This study sought to identify the perceptions of representatives of the international organizations providing this aid, the international workers involved with the delivery of this aid, the workers who were employed locally by the international organizations, the recipients, and the local authorities. This study sought to identify the perceptions of these personnel relative to the adequacies of the supplies in meeting the needs and demands of the population during and following the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina.Methods:Structured interviews were conducted with representatives of international organizations and workers providing aid and with locally employed workers, recipients of the assistance, and the authorities of the areas involved. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to assist in the analysis of the data.Results:Eighty-eight interviews were conducted. A total of 246 organizations were identified as providing assistance within the area, and 54% were involved with health-related activities including: 1) the provision of medications; 2) public health measures; and 3) medical equipment or parts for the same. Internationals believed that a higher proportion of the needs were being met by the assistance (73.4 ±16.4%) than did the nationals (52.1 ±23.3%; p <0.001). All groups believed that approximately 50% of the demands of the affected population were being addressed. However, 87% of the international interviewees believed that the affected population was requesting more than it actually needed.While 27% of the international participants believed that ≥25% of what was provided was unusable, 80% of the recipients felt that ≥25% of the provisions were not usable. Whereas two-thirds of the international participants believed that ≥25% of the demands for assistance by the affected community could not be justified, only 20% of the recipients and authorities believed ≥25% of the demands were unjustified.Conclusions::Many organizations are involved in the provision of medical assistance during a disaster. However, international organizations and workers believe their efforts are more effective than do the recipients.

scholarly journals Human Rights and Public Health Measures: the Legal Challenges of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Iryna ZHAROVSKA
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Legal Challenges ◽  
The Right

The article examines the interaction between human rights and public health measures in the face of new legal challenges caused by COVID-19. It is indicated that the legal reality is changing, human rights are limited, legal measures of a preventive nature are being taken in such conditions. It is underlined the importance of the national measures taken by the state to overcome the problem in order to protect public health. Therefore, comprehensive international and national safeguards are important for the latest global challenge. In connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, various countries have introduced a number of measures to protect the public health, as well as social measures, including keeping a safe distance, temporary suspending the work of educational institutions and enterprises, quarantine in different geographical areas and restrictions on movement. In accordance with the changes in the epidemiological picture at the local level, countries are making adjustments to the relevant measures. In Ukraine, in addition to constitutional norms and sectoral codified acts, there is the Law of Ukraine «On Protection of the Population from Infectious Diseases», which defines a set of measures authorized by public authorities to minimize the spread of a pandemic. Outbreaks identified for today have mainly occurred in clusters of patients who became infected as a result of close contact, in the family or at separate events characterized by crowds. Therefore, the restriction of the right to peaceful assembly, mass events is motivated and normatively justified. It is stated that the pandemic has caused a real threat to the realization of this right to persons of both school age and senior age, since all educational institutions of different levels received serious quarantine restrictions on the actual educational process. Statistics makes it possible to state that about 6 % of children are practically deprived of the opportunity to exercise the right to education. There is a discrepancy between the WHO recommendations, which do not recommend imposing any restrictions on travel or trade and the actions of nation states to close national borders for countries facing COVID-19 outbreaks. Contact tracking should be conducted in an appropriate manner so as not to interfere with the right to privacy.

scholarly journals Communicative Process in the Management System of Economic Relations at the Local Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 131-137
Author(s):  
Yana POLIANSKA
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
The Public ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Business Structures ◽  
The Government

The article analyzes the features of the communicative and managerial process during the implementation of economic relations in local authorities. The meaningful concept of communication and the specifics of its functioning in the system of public administration are revealed. The basic principles, features, key tasks and functions of communications in the implementation of economic relations at the basic levels of government are described. Specific differences in the functioning of the system of modern communicative activity in public administration and at the basic level of government have been clarified. The information and communication system of local authorities is analyzed. The process of formation of internal organizational communications and their key forms used in the implementation of economic relations in the system of public administration are considered. The legislative and normative base of public administration bodies and state authorities in the implementation of communication tasks and functions has been studied and analyzed. The main stages of institutionalization of communicative relations between the government and the public are considered. The list of criteria for assessing communication processes in the implementation of economic relations between state institutions and public administration bodies, between the authorities and representatives of business structures, between the authorities, population and representatives of the public sector.

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