Combined Production of Biofuels from Locally Grown Microalgae

The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of combining the production of three types of biofuels (i.e., biodiesel, bioethanol, and biogas) from Nannochloropsis sp. microalgae. Cellulase enzyme, produced from Trichoderma viride fungi was used to convert algal hydrocarbons into sugars for bioethanol production and to improve lipids extraction for biodiesel production. The procedure for producing the three biofuels consisted of initially mixing predetermined quantities of cellulose with the algae to hydrolyze the complex hydrocarbons and produce sugars, followed by oil extraction from the hydrolyzed algae, and finally producing biogas through co-digesting the hydrolyzed and oil-extracted algae residual with wastewater treatment sludge. Without enzyme, the total sugar yield following hydrolysis for 6 hours with distilled water at 37°C and pH 5 reached 38 mg/g algae. Using the enzyme, total sugar production increased in the range of 42 mg/g algae to 74 mg/g algae with increasing enzyme use. Similarly, the reducing sugar production increased from 36 mg/g algae without enzyme to 60 mg/g algae with increasing enzyme dose. Following hydrolysis, the lipids yield reached 59% of the extracted algae weight, which represents almost all of the lipids in the algae. The residual algae mixed with sludge generated significant amounts of biogas in excess of the quantities generated by sludge alone. The results demonstrated the technical feasibility of producing three biofuels from algae; however the economic aspects of the process require significant further careful consideration.

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Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis for ethanol production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of wastepaper

Waste Management & Research ◽

10.1177/0734242x10387656 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 29 (11) ◽

pp. 1134-1144 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Kanokphorn Sangkharak

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽

Ethanol Production ◽

Incubation Time ◽

Simultaneous Saccharification And Fermentation ◽

Trichoderma Viride ◽

Enzyme Concentration ◽

Reducing Sugar ◽

Sugar Production ◽

Simultaneous Saccharification ◽

Office Paper

The present study investigated the development of high sugar production by optimization of an enzymatic hydrolysis process using both conventional and statistical methods, as well as the production of ethanol by the selected wastepaper source. Among four sources of pretreated wastepaper including office paper, newspaper, handbills and cardboard, office paper gave the highest values of cellulose (87.12%) and holocelluloses (89.07%). The effects of the amount of wastepaper, the pretreatment method and the type of enzyme on reducing sugar production from office paper were studied using conventional methods. The highest reducing sugar production (1851.28 µg L−1; 37.03% conversion of glucose) was obtained from the optimal condition containing 40 mg of office paper, pretreated with stream explosion and hydrolysed with the combination of cellulase from Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma viride at the fixed loading rate of 20 FPU g−1 sample. The effects of interaction of wastepaper amount and enzyme concentration as well as incubation time were studied by a statistical method using central composite design. The optimal medium composition consisted of 43.97 µg L−1, 28.14 FPU g−1 sample and 53.73 h of wastepaper, enzyme concentration and incubation time, respectively, and gave the highest amount of sugar production (2184.22 µg L−1) and percentage conversion of glucose (43.68%). The ethanol production from pretreated office paper using Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process was 21.02 g L−1 after 36 h of cultivation, corresponding to an ethanol volumetric production rate of 0.58 g ethanol L−1 h−1.

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Optimization of Microwave Pretreatment without a Reagent of Pineapple Peel

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.1056 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 941-944 ◽

pp. 1056-1059

Author(s):

Phubet Pongsuwan ◽

Sininart Chongkhong

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Reducing Sugar ◽

Total Sugar ◽

Sugar Production ◽

Microwave Pretreatment ◽

Pineapple Peel ◽

Time And Energy ◽

Water Ratio

The microwave pretreatment of pineapple peel for ethanol production was optimized by RSM (Response surface methodology). Three variables, which were studied, were peel to water ratio (100-160 g/L), microwave power (90-900 watt) and time (5-20 min). The optimal condition for reducing sugar production was 132 g/L peel to water ratio, 90 watt for 12 min that provide the 10.4 g/L of highest content. For total sugar production was 160 g/L ratio, 90 watt for 20 min that gave the optimum content of 579.9 g/L. This microwave pretreatment without a reagent could achieve the satisfied sugar content for ethanol fermentation that led to save time and energy consumption.

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IMPROVEMENT OF BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM LOW GRADE AND DAMAGED LONGAN FRUITS WITH THERMAL PRETREATMENT AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF THE ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS

10.37516/global.j.sci.eng.2020.011 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 6-11

Author(s):

TU VY THUY NGUYEN ◽

YUWALEE UNPAPROM ◽

PIYAPAT CHAICHOMPOO ◽

RAMESHPRABU RAMARAJ

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽

Reducing Sugar ◽

Total Sugar ◽

Low Grade ◽

Sugar Production ◽

Bioethanol Production ◽

Thermal Pretreatment ◽

Hydrolysis Process ◽

Different Types ◽

Hydrolysis Of

Pretreatment is a vital step in the enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass and the successive production of bioethanol. The present study is focused on thermal pretreatment (boiling & autoclave) methods of low grade and damaged longan fruits using three different types of the enzymatic sources from commercial cellulase, an enzyme from algae and mixed enzymes (i.e., commercial cellulase with algal enzyme). Total sugar production after the hydrolysis process from commercial cellulase, the enzyme from algae and mixed enzymes were 326.41 ± 08.97 g/L, 348.68 ± 01.95 g/L and 368.42 ± 01.16 g/L, respectively. Reducing sugar after the hydrolysis process generated from commercial cellulase, the enzyme from algae and mixed enzymes was 182.54 ± 03.05 g/L, 183.33 ± 04.70 g/L and 297.78 ± 02.94 g/L, respectively. Fermentation of these hydrolysate using Saccharomyces cerevisiae TISTR 5020 produced the highest ethanol production from using commercial cellulase, the enzyme from algae and mixed enzymes was 16.74 ± 0.62 g/L, 5.38 ± 0.54 g/L and 14.32 ± 1.89 g/L, respectively. Consequently, this study suggested that suitable pretreatment and hydrolysis processes are performing a significant role in bioethanol production from low grade and damaged longan fruits.

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An Emulation of Randomized Trials of Administrating Antipsychotics in PTSD Patients for Outcomes of Suicide-Related Events

Journal of Personalized Medicine ◽

10.3390/jpm11030178 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 178

Author(s):

Noah R. Delapaz ◽

William K. Hor ◽

Michael Gilbert ◽

Andrew D. La ◽

Feiran Liang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Randomized Clinical Trials ◽

Previous History ◽

Current Treatment ◽

Careful Consideration ◽

P Value ◽

Post Traumatic Stress ◽

Increased Risk ◽

History Of ◽

Almost All

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent mental disorder marked by psychological and behavioral changes. Currently, there is no consensus of preferred antipsychotics to be used for the treatment of PTSD. We aim to discover whether certain antipsychotics have decreased suicide risk in the PTSD population, as these patients may be at higher risk. A total of 38,807 patients were identified with a diagnosis of PTSD through the ICD9 or ICD10 codes from January 2004 to October 2019. An emulation of randomized clinical trials was conducted to compare the outcomes of suicide-related events (SREs) among PTSD patients who ever used one of eight individual antipsychotics after the diagnosis of PTSD. Exclusion criteria included patients with a history of SREs and a previous history of antipsychotic use within one year before enrollment. Eligible individuals were assigned to a treatment group according to the antipsychotic initiated and followed until stopping current treatment, switching to another same class of drugs, death, or loss to follow up. The primary outcome was to identify the frequency of SREs associated with each antipsychotic. SREs were defined as ideation, attempts, and death by suicide. Pooled logistic regression methods with the Firth option were conducted to compare two drugs for their outcomes using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). The results were adjusted for baseline characteristics and post-baseline, time-varying confounders. A total of 5294 patients were eligible for enrollment with an average follow up of 7.86 months. A total of 157 SREs were recorded throughout this study. Lurasidone showed a statistically significant decrease in SREs when compared head to head to almost all the other antipsychotics: aripiprazole, haloperidol, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone (p < 0.0001 and false discovery rate-adjusted p value < 0.0004). In addition, olanzapine was associated with higher SREs than quetiapine and risperidone, and ziprasidone was associated with higher SREs than risperidone. The results of this study suggest that certain antipsychotics may put individuals within the PTSD population at an increased risk of SREs, and that careful consideration may need to be taken when prescribed.

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Predicting Total Sugar Production Using Multivariable Linear Regression

2021 International Conference on Computing, Communication, and Intelligent Systems (ICCCIS) ◽

10.1109/icccis51004.2021.9397078 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Santosh Kr. Gupta ◽

Arun Prakash Agarwal

Keyword(s):

Linear Regression ◽

Total Sugar ◽

Sugar Production

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A Comprehensive Review on Oil Extraction and Biodiesel Production Technologies

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13020788 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 788

Author(s):

Zulqarnain ◽

Muhammad Ayoub ◽

Mohd Hizami Mohd Yusoff ◽

Muhammad Hamza Nazir ◽

Imtisal Zahid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Demand ◽

Alternative Fuels ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Significant Proportion ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Oil Extraction ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Waste Oils ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

Production Technologies

Dependence on fossil fuels for meeting the growing energy demand is damaging the world’s environment. There is a dire need to look for alternative fuels that are less potent to greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuels offer several advantages with less harmful effects on the environment. Biodiesel is synthesized from the organic wastes produced extensively like edible, non-edible, microbial, and waste oils. This study reviews the feasibility of the state-of-the-art feedstocks for sustainable biodiesel synthesis such as availability, and capacity to cover a significant proportion of fossil fuels. Biodiesel synthesized from oil crops, vegetable oils, and animal fats are the potential renewable carbon-neutral substitute to petroleum fuels. This study concludes that waste oils with higher oil content including waste cooking oil, waste palm oil, and algal oil are the most favorable feedstocks. The comparison of biodiesel production and parametric analysis is done critically, which is necessary to come up with the most appropriate feedstock for biodiesel synthesis. Since the critical comparison of feedstocks along with oil extraction and biodiesel production technologies has never been done before, this will help to direct future researchers to use more sustainable feedstocks for biodiesel synthesis. This study concluded that the use of third-generation feedstocks (wastes) is the most appropriate way for sustainable biodiesel production. The use of innovative costless oil extraction technologies including supercritical and microwave-assisted transesterification method is recommended for oil extraction.

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Bagasse Wet-Stored with the Hypochlorite Bleaching Waste Water

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.198 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 295-298 ◽

pp. 198-201 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Bing Sun ◽

Li Bao ◽

Yu Xin Liu

Keyword(s):

Waste Water ◽

Molecular Weight ◽

Storage Time ◽

Storage System ◽

Reducing Sugar ◽

Total Sugar ◽

Small Molecular Weight ◽

Wet Storage ◽

Change Trend ◽

Better Than

In this paper, the bagasse was wet stored by hypochlorite bleaching waste water with or without chlorine. The dissolution ability of lignin, total sugar and reducing sugar was investigated. Then the effluent properties with the wet storage time prolonging were tested. The results showed that some small molecular weight substances were dissolved from baggase, such as sugar and lignin. And the dissolution ability of hypochlorite bleaching waste water with chlorine was better than that of hypochlorite bleaching waste water without chlorine. And the change trend of effluent properties for the two wet storage system were similar. With the wet storage time extending, the dissolved substances were degraded, COD and chroma of effluent were decreased, and the properties of effluent were improved.

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Morpho-Biochemical Characteristics of Brinjal Germplasms Affect the Abundance And Infestation of Jassid

SAARC Journal of Agriculture ◽

10.3329/sja.v19i1.54780 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 81-91

Author(s):

F Yasmin ◽

MR Amin ◽

M Afroz ◽

MAH Swapon ◽

MM Hossain

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Negative Correlation ◽

Significant Positive Correlation ◽

Significant Negative Correlation ◽

Reducing Sugar ◽

Total Sugar ◽

The Other ◽

Biochemical Characteristics ◽

Positive Correlation

The tropical vegetable, brinjal is cultivated throughout the year in Bangladesh but the crop is infested by a number of insects including jassid. This study investigated the effects of different biophysical and biochemical characteristics of twelve brinjal germplasms on the abundance and infestation of jassid. The experiment was conducted during September 2018 to March 2019 in Gazipur, Bangladesh with twelve brinjal germplasms namely BD-7320, BD-7328, BD-9952, BD-10154, BD-10158, BARI Begun-1, BARI Begun-4, BARI Begun-5, BARI Begun- 6, BARI Begun-7, BARI Begun-8 and BARI Begun-9. The incidence of jassid was recorded from 3rd December to 26th March, and the lowest population was found on BARI Begun- 6. Among the biophysical traits, plant height, number of branch and leaf per plant, and leaf area exerted significant positive correlation; whereas trichome on lower and upper surfaces of leaf, spine per stem and leaf showed significant negative correlation with the abundance of jassid. On the other hand, moisture, reducing sugar, total sugar and protein content of the leaves and fruits, chlorophyll content of the leaves exerts significant positive correlation but ash and pH contents of the leaves and fruits were negatively correlated with the abundance of jassid. Jassids showed the lowest level of leaf infestation on BARI Begun-6, which could be for further analysis to develop jassid resistant brinjal. SAARC J. Agric., 19(1): 81-91 (2021)

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Modification process in nixtamalization of folic acid-rich dent corn (Zea mays identata) and its identification as smart food fortificant

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201815401017 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 154 ◽

pp. 01017 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Agustine Susilowati ◽

Puspa Dewi Lotulung ◽

Yati Maryati ◽

Aspiyanto

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Folic Acid ◽

Glutamic Acid ◽

Relative Intensity ◽

Reducing Sugar ◽

Total Sugar ◽

Initial Material ◽

Operation Condition ◽

Modification Process ◽

Dent Corn

A modification on nixtamalization process of dent corn (Zea mays identata) was conducted in order to recover natural folic acid-rich corn. Nixtamalization process on varieties of white dent corn and yellow dent corn subsequently were performed by steeping solution of Ca(OH)2 at concentrations of 0, 10, 20 and 30 % (w/w corn dissolved protein) for 18 hours, and boiling at 90 °C for 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. Result of research showed that concentration of Ca(OH)2 solution becoming more and more high and long boiling time increased both folic acid and reducing sugar, dropped total solids and total sugar, and fluctuated dissolved protein for both types of corn. Nixtamalization optimalization of white dent corn and yellow dent corn were achieved at combination of Ca(OH)2 20 % (w/w corn dissolved protein) for 60 minutes of boiling and Ca(OH)2 30 % for 30 minutes of boiling and gave folic acid of 466.81 and 506.74 μg/mL, respectively. In this condition, it is occurred an increase of folic acid 192.3 % (1.9 folds) and 139.89 % (1.4 folds) when compared to initial material of corn. Identification on folic acid monomer and glutamic acid monomer of both nixtamalized dent corn and yellow dent corn at optimum operation condition displayed domination of folic acid monomer with molecular weight (MW) 442.56 Dalton (Da.) with relative intensity 25.51 %, and 441.73 Da. with relative intensity 100 %, while glutamic acid monomer of nixtamalized yellow dent corn and nixtamalized white dent corn were dominated by monomer with MWs of 148.27 Da. and 148.32 Da., and relative intensity 3.73 and 1.8 %.

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