scholarly journals Most common poisonous plants of Afghanistan and its related clinical signs in domestic animals

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-55
Author(s):  
Mohammad Monir Tawfeeq ◽  
Jahid Zabuli ◽  
Shahpoor Rahmati
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Free Access ◽  
High Mountains ◽  
Poisonous Plants ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
Plant Poisoning

Afghanistan is a landlocked country, having high mountains and high percentage (46%) of permanent pastures. Many types of plants including different species of poisonous grow in the country. Many species of wild and domestic animals have free access to these poisonous plants. In developed countries, poisoning is counted as one of the most important problem for animals, but in Afghanistan it is remained among inconsiderable illness as compared to infectious or metabolic diseases. Yearly, several outbreaks of unknown diseases occur in those areas which are rich of poisonous plants and cause serious economic consequences and human health concerns. The effects of poisonous plants on animals in Afghanistan and its common clinical signs have been remained unrecognized. In this review, we investigate the most common poisonous plants to animals present in Afghanistan and its related clinical signs for early diagnosis of plant poisoning in domestic animals. This review will help readers to distinguish poisonous plants, toxic parts, poisoning signs and the areas where they grow.

Lethal Toxic Encephalopathy Due to Childhood Shigellosis in a Developed Country

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 1189-1193
Author(s):  
Avner Goren ◽  
Serem Freier ◽  
Justen H. Passwell
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Toxic Encephalopathy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Patients Âgés ◽  
Shigella Species

Shigellosis results in considerable morbidity in endemic areas, but mortality is rare in developed countries. All pediatric deaths (n = 15) in Israel following shigellosis in the past 10 years were reviewed. The patients' ages ranged from 5 months to 11 years; there were eight boys and seven girls. Three were institutionalized mentally retarded patients, 11 were healthy children. Twelve had definite clinical signs of brain death within 48 hours of onset of disease. Cause of death in all patients was consistent with toxic encephalopathy. No other systemic complication was implicated as the cause of death except for one case consistent with a "Reye-like" syndrome. Shigella species were as follows: 8 flexneri, 4 sonnei, 1 dysenteriae, and 2 were not identified. Case-control study of these patients vs surviving, hospitalized patients with shigellosis showed similar severity of fever, diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration and similar incidence of convulsions. Headache was a prominent feature of patients who died; 5 of 7 verbal patients complained of this symptom as opposed to 2 of 20 in the control group (P < .01). There were no significant differences in the hematological and biochemical profile (except for an increased incidence of hyponatremia in the study group), pattern of shigella species, or antibiotic sensitivity. These findings indicate that mortality from shigellosis in a developed country is due primarily to the toxic encephalopathy syndrome.

Fragmented Responses towards Global Governance: The Indian Context

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-84
Author(s):  
Sheila Rai
Keyword(s):  
Global Governance ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Global Institutions ◽  
Southern States ◽  
International Donor ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
Donor Agencies ◽  
The Masses

The liberalisation dice of the globalisation game has been loaded in favour of developed countries. The recipe of Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) prescribed by the World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF) and other international economic institutions has proved detrimental to developing countries like India where poverty is pervasive and scarcity of basic amenities crippling. 1 The SAP syndrome has manifested in lockouts, industrial takeovers, closures, massive retrenchments and weakening/diluting of labour laws, etc. Service sectors such as hospitals and schools have also been adversely affected under pressures from international donor agencies. The unsavoury social and economic consequences on the marginal sections have therefore led to a series of protests and demonstrations. The struggle in all its complexities is both ideological and practical. Pressure to alter the pace and intensity of liberalisation, and change ‘scorecards’ of growth, security and redistribution have gained momentum. The propensity of the elite to coalesce with the predominant forces of globalisation and ignore the basic urges of the masses further adds to the complexities. Evidently, the cataclysmic change augured by global governance on the society, politics and economics is multifaceted. The response of the southern states, namely, India, to this crossfire between the dictates of the global institutions vis-à-vis the complexities of the protests and demands of the classes and masses has been critically analysed in this article. The ongoing attempts to assuage the brutal edges of poverty and provide security and protection are also scrutinised.

scholarly journals Florfenicol - pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of oral formulations in domestic animals: A systematic review

2005 ◽  
Vol 59 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 635-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon Scuka
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Oral Solution ◽  
Favorable Effect ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Oral Formulations

Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is a major economic problem for swine producers world-wide. Pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of florfenicol oral formulations in domestic animals were evaluated. For this purpose the systematic review and meta-analysis were done. In vitro efficacy of florfenicol showed that this drug is highly effective against most important respiratory pathogens. All these facts are shown in our survey. Three studies in pigs were relevant to include in the meta-analysis, which showed that results in the florfenicol group were better than in comparative control groups in all observed parameters: clinical signs, lung lesions and resolution of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (P<0,001). A second meta-analysis with 7 studies showed that the usage of florfenicol reduces mortality in pig herds with PRDC (P<0.05). Other field trials in pigs using florfenicol oral forms where reviewed. After treatment with florfenicol oral solution there was a significant drop of mortality in both groups of pigs (P<0.01); eg. one using florfenicol oral solution in treating PRDC (n=85) and another mixed pneumoenteric infection (n=54). Analysis of data when using premix in pigs (n=118) also suggests that a medicated premix has a favorable anti-infectious effect on pigs, irrespective of the group of animals or the evolution stage of the disease. Finally, favorable effect of florfenicol in treating swine ileitis was also presented. Regarding their pharmacokinetics, in vitro and clinical efficacy of florfenicol oral forms, they should be considered as a powerful tool for combating complex infections that are frequently met in intensive animal production.

scholarly journals Viral hepatitis E: A disease of humans and animals

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 449-462
Author(s):  
Branislav Kureljusic ◽  
Vojin Ivetic ◽  
Bozidar Savic ◽  
Jasna Kureljusic ◽  
Nemanja Jezdimirovic
Keyword(s):  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Pig Farms ◽  
The Usa

The hepatitis E virus is ubiquitous in all parts of the world where pig production exists. The infection occurs in several animal species and its course is mostly asymptomatic. Viral strains isolated from pigs and humans are genetically similar, which indicates a potential zoonotic nature of the disease, and the possibility that pigs, and perhaps also other species of animals diseased with viral hepatitis E are a source of infection to humans. The pig hepatitis E virus, which is similar to the hepatitis E virus in humans, was isolated and described for the first time in the USA in 1997. The infection of pigs with hepatitis E virus occurs through faeco-oral transmission, by ingestion of feed and water contaminated with the virus, or through direct contact between infected and healthy animals. The pathogenesis of this infection in pigs differs from its pathogenesis in humans and it has not been sufficiently examined in all its aspects. Even though viral hepatitis E in pigs has been described as a subclinical disease, some authors describe changes in the concentration of certain biochemical parameters in blood serum of the infected pigs. Histologically, a mild to moderate lymphotic-plasma cellular infiltration is observed in livers of infected pigs, as well as focal areas of hepatocyte necrosis. Viral hepatitis E is an endemic disease of humans in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. In developed countries, hepatitis E sporadically occurs in humans, but it is becoming of increasing importance in particular in Japan, North America, and Europe, because the populations of these areas travel extensively to the endemic regions or as a result of the consumption of thermally untreated meat of wild boar and products made from thermally untreated meat. Pork products can be contaminated with hepatitis E virus. Further proof that indicates the zoonotic potential of this virus and places this diseases among the group of professional diseases of farmers and veterinarians is the finding of antibodies to hepatitis E virus in farmers and veterinarians who work on pig farms without showing any clinical signs of the disease. Having in mind the fact that viral hepatitis E has been proven in pig farms in Serbia and neighboruign countries, there should be strict respect of biosecutiry measures from the episootiological and epidemiological aspects, and the principle of good production and hygiene practice should be adhered to on pig farms. This disease should in future also be included in the legal regulations of our country in order to ensure the production of products of animal origin that are safe from the aspect of hygiene.

scholarly journals Cell-Type–Specific, Ketohexokinase-Dependent Induction by Fructose of Lipogenic Gene Expression in Mouse Small Intestine

2020 ◽  
Vol 150 (7) ◽  
pp. 1722-1730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arwa Al-Jawadi ◽  
Chirag R Patel ◽  
Reilly J Shiarella ◽  
Emmanuellie Romelus ◽  
Madelyn Auvinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Lipogenic Gene ◽  
Lipogenic Genes ◽  
Lipogenic Gene Expression ◽  
Small Intestinal

ABSTRACT Background High intakes of fructose are associated with metabolic diseases, including hypertriglyceridemia and intestinal tumor growth. Although small intestinal epithelia consist of many different cell types, express lipogenic genes, and convert dietary fructose to fatty acids, there is no information on the identity of the cell type(s) mediating this conversion and on the effects of fructose on lipogenic gene expression. Objectives We hypothesized that fructose regulates the intestinal expression of genes involved in lipid and apolipoprotein synthesis, that regulation depends on the fructose transporter solute carrier family 2 member a5 [Slc2a5 (glucose transporter 5)] and on ketohexokinase (Khk), and that regulation occurs only in enterocytes. Methods We compared lipogenic gene expression among different organs from wild-type adult male C57BL mice consuming a standard vivarium nonpurified diet. We then gavaged twice daily for 2.5 d fructose or glucose solutions (15%, 0.3 mL per mouse) into wild-type, Slc2a5-knockout (KO), and Khk-KO mice with free access to the nonpurified diet and determined expression of representative lipogenic genes. Finally, from mice fed the nonpurified diet, we made organoids highly enriched in enterocyte, goblet, Paneth, or stem cells and then incubated them overnight in 10 mM fructose or glucose. Results Most lipogenic genes were significantly expressed in the intestine relative to the kidney, liver, lung, and skeletal muscle. In vivo expression of Srebf1, Acaca, Fasn, Scd1, Dgat1, Gk, Apoa4, and Apob mRNA and of Scd1 protein increased (P &lt; 0.05) by 3- to 20-fold in wild-type, but not in Slc2a5-KO and Khk-KO, mice gavaged with fructose. In vitro, Slc2a5- and Khk-dependent, fructose-induced increases, which ranged from 1.5- to 4-fold (P &lt; 0.05), in mRNA concentrations of all these genes were observed only in organoids enriched in enterocytes. Conclusions Fructose specifically stimulates expression of mouse small intestinal genes for lipid and apolipoprotein synthesis. Secretory and stem cells seem incapable of transport- and metabolism-dependent lipogenesis, occurring only in absorptive enterocytes.

scholarly journals Relevance of Biomarkers Currently in Use or Research for Practical Diagnosis Approach of Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis

Children ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 309
Author(s):  
Maura-Adelina Hincu ◽  
Gabriela-Ildiko Zonda ◽  
Gabriela Dumitrita Stanciu ◽  
Dragos Nemescu ◽  
Luminita Paduraru
Keyword(s):  
High Mortality ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Extremely Low Birth Weight ◽  
Invasive Infection ◽  
Acute Phase Reactants ◽  
Hematological Indices ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Early Onset Sepsis

Neonatal early-onset sepsis (EOS) is defined as an invasive infection that occurs in the first 72 h of life. The incidence of EOS varies from 0.5–2% live births in developed countries, up to 9.8% live births in low resource settings, generating a high mortality rate, especially in extremely low birth weight neonates. Clinical signs are nonspecific, leading to a late diagnosis and high mortality. Currently, there are several markers used for sepsis evaluation, such as hematological indices, acute phase reactants, cytokines, which by themselves do not show acceptable sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of EOS in neonates. Newer and more selective markers have surfaced recently, such as presepsin and endocan, but they are currently only in the experimental research stages. This comprehensive review article is based on the role of biomarkers currently in use or in the research phase from a basic, translational, and clinical viewpoint that helps us to improve the quality of neonatal early-onset sepsis diagnosis and management.

Herd health monitoring in dairy farms – discover metabolic diseases. An overview

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (04) ◽  
pp. 246-255
Author(s):  
Simone Gruber ◽  
Rolf Mansfeld
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Herd Health ◽  
Associated Production ◽  
Production Diseases

AbstractThe transition period, 3 weeks before and 3 weeks after calving, is inevitably accompanied by a negative energy balance, which sometimes causes metabolic disturbances, such as ketosis. Subclinical ketosis (SCK) is defined as an increase in the β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration to ≥ 1.2 mmol/l in the blood. According to a recent study, a value of ≥ 0.7 mmol/l of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in the blood indicates the potential development of the poor metabolic adaption syndrome (PMAS). With a herd prevalence of 21 %, and an incidence of approximately 40 % within the first 2 weeks after calving, SCK is a relevant herd health problem. The milk yield decreases in the first 2 weeks postpartum by 3–5.3 kg/d for each ketotic cow, and the total milk reduction through the whole lactation period of 305 days averages 112 kg (SD 89 kg). Although the cow does not display any clinical signs of ketosis at this stage, the risk of developing associated production diseases like retained placenta, metritis, displaced abomasum, lameness and clinical ketosis increases and the expected performance in terms of milk production will decrease. The herd health status deteriorates and the risk for early culling increases. Another impact factor is the financial aspect, which includes costs for early death, reduced milk production, reproduction losses, and associated production diseases. In the literature, the calculated costs per SCK case vary between $ 78 and $ 289. The gold standard diagnostic test for SCK is the photometric measurement of BHB in blood. This method is accurate, but results are delayed due to the required laboratory analysis. There are also some rapid cow-side tests, i. e. urine or milk strip tests available to identify ketotic cows. The common disadvantage of these methods is that they are not suitable for herd health monitoring because of the need to collect samples from each cow manually and the high rates of false negative results. However, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is suitable for herd health monitoring. It is already being used for the analysis of milk composition. This inexpensive, rapid and simple technique has a specificity of 83.8 % and a sensitivity of 82.4 %. Therefore, FTIR is an early and easy method for detecting ketotic cows, that could help reduce financial and performance losses associated with ketosis.

scholarly journals Asymptomatic malaria: building bridges with communities through patients in Côte d’Ivoire

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Hounsa ◽  
D Yao ◽  
A R Attia ◽  
M Gokpéya ◽  
K J Sackou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Asymptomatic Malaria ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Côte D'ivoire ◽  
Household Members

Abstract Background In malaria-endemic areas, asymptomatic carriers are a reservoir of parasites that contribue to the persistence of malaria transmission. In Côte d’Ivoire, this situation is poorly documented. The objective of our study was to assess the frequency and socio-environmental factors associated with asymptomatic malaria in the town of Assuefry, located in the northeast of Côte d’Ivoire, a region where malaria prevalence remains high. Methods A cross-sectional study in two stages was conducted from October to December 2018, first at the Urban Health Center (UHC) in Assuefry and then in the households. The sample size calculated for patients was 162 extrapolated to 201 people. All persons received at the CSU who had clinical symptoms of malaria and a positive Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) were included. In the households of these index subjects, a follow-up survey allowed active RDT screening for malaria among all household members with no clinical signs of malaria. The socio-environmental factors taken into account were: the area of residence (urban or peri-urban), domestic animals husbandry, water storage at home, nearby garbage dump, wastewater collection and disposal system, type of housing and number of people in the household. Results The frequency of asymptomatic malaria was 341 (38.8%) out of 879 household members visited. Both female and male gender was concerned (51% vs. 49%). The 5 to 25 years old group concentrated nearly 82% of all cases. Only domestic animals husbandry was associated with asymptomatic malaria at the household level (p = 0.021). Conclusions The high frequency of asymptomatic malaria found in this study is a challenge for the National Malaria Control Program in Côte d’Ivoire. This should be taken into account while organizing control strategies. Key messages The frequency of asymptomatic malaria in Côte d’Ivoire is high. Control strategies must take into account in the guidelines the challenges of detecting and treating asymptomatic malaria. For the judicious use of antimalarial drugs, any subject with a positive RDT without clinical signs of malaria should receive a ‘Drop - Thick’ before treatment.

scholarly journals Dimorphic metabolic and endocrine disorders in mice lacking the constitutive androstane receptor

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Céline Lukowicz ◽  
Sandrine Ellero-Simatos ◽  
Marion Régnier ◽  
Fabiana Oliviero ◽  
Frédéric Lasserre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Hepatic Steatosis ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Constitutive Androstane Receptor ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity

AbstractMetabolic diseases such as obesity, type II diabetes and hepatic steatosis are a public health concern in developed countries. The metabolic risk is gender‐dependent. The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), which is at the crossroads between energy metabolism and endocrinology, has recently emerged as a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. In this study we sought to determine its role in the dimorphic regulation of energy homeostasis. We tracked male and female WT and CAR deficient (CAR−/−) mice for over a year. During aging, CAR−/− male mice developed hypercortisism, obesity, glucose intolerance, insulin insensitivity, dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis. Remarkably, the latter modifications were absent, or minor, in female CAR−/− mice. When ovariectomized, CAR−/− female mice developed identical patterns of metabolic disorders as observed in male mice. These results highlight the importance of steroid hormones in the regulation of energy metabolism by CAR. They unveil a sexually dimorphic role of CAR in the maintenance of endocrine and metabolic homeostasis underscoring the importance of considering sex in treatment of metabolic diseases.

Spring poisoning hazards

Livestock ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-85
Author(s):  
Nicola Bates
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Poisonous Plants ◽  
Allium Species ◽  
Cardiac Effects ◽  
Conium Maculatum ◽  
Toxic Plants ◽  
Neurological Effects

Poisoning in the spring may occur in livestock from exposure to glyphosate which is used prior to sowing of plant crops or from ingestion of poisonous plants. Glyphosate is of low toxicity but many products contain a carrier which is irritant to tissues. Plant poisoning may occur because other forage is unavailable and hungry animals will eat unpalatable toxic plants if other food sources are scare. Some plants such as bluebell (Hyacinoides species) and ransom (wild garlic, Allium urinsum) grow in profusion in the spring. Bluebells cause gastrointestinal and cardiac effects and Allium species cause anaemia. Some plants are more toxic in the spring as concentrations of toxic compounds are high compared with other times of the year. This is the case with hemlock (Conium maculatum) and water hemlock (Cicuta virosa). Both these plants cause neurological effects and water hemlock, in particular, causes very rapid onset of clinical signs. Spring flowering plants such as Rhododendron and Pieris species are commonly associated with poisoning, particularly in ruminants. Both these species contain grayanotoxins which cause gastrointestinal and cardiac effects. Access to areas where poisonous plants are known to grow should be restricted and good quality forage provided. Treatment options for management of poisoning in livestock are limited and, in some cases, the only sign of exposure is sudden death.

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