Prevalence and herd-level risk factors of bovine tuberculosis in the State of Santa Catarina

With the aim of supporting the strategic planning of the National Program for Control and Eradication of Brucellosis and Tuberculosis, different Brazilian states have been conducting cross-sectional studies, coordinated by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Supply and with scientific support from the University of São Paulo and the University of Brasilia. In Santa Catarina, the State Animal Health Agency (CIDASC) conducted a study on bovine tuberculosis (TB) prevalence and assessment of risk factors in 2012. The state was divided into five regions and, in each region, independent sampling was performed in two steps: (i) cattle herds with reproductive activity were randomly selected; and (ii) in each herd, a sample of females aged 24 months or older underwent the intradermal comparative tuberculin test. A questionnaire was used to collect data on production characteristics and management practices that could be associated with the tuberculosis infection. Herd prevalence of bovine TB was 0.50% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.074–0.93%) while the prevalence of TB in adult females was 0.06% (95% CI: 0–0.12%). No significant difference in the prevalence of infected herds and of positive females was observed among the five regions. The logistic regression model revealed that herds with 19 or more females showed an odds ratio (OR) of 7.68 (95% CI: 1.22–48.39) compared to smaller herds, while dairy herds presented an OR of 10.43 (95% CI: 2.00–54.25) relative to beef or dual-purpose herds. The results suggest that dairy herds, in which animals are kept in partial or total confinement, and larger herds, which tend to acquire animals more often, are at a higher risk of bovine TB. Given the low prevalence and the type of higher-risk properties, a bovine TB surveillance system should be targeted at the state’s dairy basins, particularly the western region that accounts for the major industries and more intensive dairy farms.

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Prevalence and herd-level risk factors of bovine tuberculosis in the State of Goiás, Brazil

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n5supl2p3625 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (5Supl2) ◽

pp. 3625 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Willian Vilela Rocha ◽

Valéria De Sá Jayme ◽

Ana Lourdes Arrais de Alencar Mota ◽

Wilia Marta Elsner Diederichsen de Brito ◽

Glauciane Ribeiro de Castro Pires ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Bovine Tuberculosis ◽

Protective Factor ◽

Management Practices ◽

Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Livestock Production ◽

The State ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Strong Concentration ◽

Herd Level

Bovine tuberculosis results in economic losses in livestock production and poses a risk to public health. This study aimed to characterize the epidemiological status of bovine tuberculosis in adult cows in the state of Goiás, Brazil. The state was divided into three sampling strata, corresponding to different livestock production circuits. A total of 18,659 animals were tested with the comparative cervical tuberculin test (CCT), in 300 randomly sampled bovine herds per stratum. An epidemiological questionnaire was used to identify health and management practices that may be associated with the presence of tuberculosis infection in the herd. In Stratum 1, dominated by beef cattle, no animals reacted to the CCT. In Stratum 2, which covers the main dairy regions of the state, the prevalence was estimated at 8.67% [5.73 to 12.74%] for herds and at 0.9% [0.21 to 1.58%] for animals. In Stratum 3, characterized by a mix of dairy, beef and dual-purpose herds, the prevalence was estimated at 1.00% [0.21 to 2.89] for herds and 0.30% [0.10 to 0.49 %] for animals. The overall prevalence in the state of Goiás was 3.43% [2.20 to 4.67%] for herds and 0.30% [0.10 to 0.49%] for animals. The multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that herd-level risk factors associated with the presence of the bovine tuberculosis are: the location of the herd in Stratum 2 (OR = 12.05 [3.52 to 41.28]) and the number of times a cow is milked per day (OR = 6.27 [2.72 to 14.44]). Regular veterinary care was identified as a protective factor (OR = 0.38 [0.15-0.94]). These results indicate that bovine tuberculosis is endemic in the state; its spatial distribution is heterogeneous with a strong concentration in dairy regions. The most intensive dairy farms are those with the highest risk, which is consistent with what other authors’ found elsewhere in Brazil. The epidemiological information generated by this study provides information for planning of risk-based surveillance actions, and justifies the adoption of free-herd certification programs for bovine tuberculosis in the main dairy regions of Goiás.

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Prevalence and risk factors for bovine tuberculosis in the State of São Paulo, Brazil

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n5supl2p3673 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (5Supl2) ◽

pp. 3673 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ricardo Augusto Dias ◽

Francisco Miroslav Ulloa-Stanojlovic ◽

Ana Paula Cunha Belchior ◽

Rodrigo De Souza Ferreira ◽

Rita Coelho Gonçalves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Bovine Tuberculosis ◽

Animal Health ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Fixed Number ◽

The State ◽

São Paulo ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Apparent Prevalence ◽

Primary Sample

A cross sectional study was carried out between May and November 2011 to investigate the epidemiological situation of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The state was divided into seven regions. Three hundred farms from each region, with reproductive activity, were randomly chosen and included as primary sample units. A fixed number of bovine females, older than 2 years of age, were randomly selected and tested, using the comparative cervical tuberculin test. An epidemiological questionnaire based survey was conducted in the selected farms. Our results show that in the state of São Paulo, the apparent prevalence of positive farms was 9% (95% confidence interval, 95% CI = 7.8 – 10.5%). The prevalence in the individual regions varied between 3.5% (95% CI = 1.7 ? 6.8%) and 13.9% (95% CI = 10.2 – 18.8%). The apparent prevalence of positive animals in the state was 1.3% (95% CI = 0.9 – 1.7%) and varied from 0.3% (95% CI = 0.2 – 0.6%) to 2.5% (95% CI = 1.4 – 4.5%) in the regions. The risk factors associated with tuberculosis in the state were (i) number of adult females in a herd is ? 24 (Odds ratio, OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.32 – 2.75), (ii) type of farm enterprise (dairy: OR = 2.70, 95% CI = 1.40 – 5.21; mixed: OR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.08 – 3.82), (iii) milking process (milking parlor: OR = 4.12, 95% CI = 1.46 – 11.64; portable milking machine: OR = 2.94, 95% CI = 1.42 – 6.09), and (iv) pasture sharing (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.07 – 2.33). The state of São Paulo should implement a structured surveillance system to detect and mitigate the disease. Further, an efficient animal health education program, which encourages the farmers to test replacement animals for bTB prior to introduction in their herds and to avoid pasture sharing with farms of unknown sanitary conditions should also be implemented.

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Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) Survey among Veterinarians, and Risk Factors Relating to Antimicrobial Use and Treatment Failure in Dairy Herds of India

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10020216 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 216 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Deepthi Vijay ◽

Jasbir Singh Bedi ◽

Pankaj Dhaka ◽

Randhir Singh ◽

Jaswinder Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Treatment Failure ◽

Management Practices ◽

Animal Health ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Antibiotic Usage ◽

World Health ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Dairy Herds ◽

Cross Sectional Survey

The indiscriminate usage of antimicrobials in the animal health sector contributes immensely to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The present study aims to assess the antimicrobial usage pattern and risk factors for AMR in animal husbandry sector of India. A cross-sectional survey about Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) among veterinarians was carried out using a questionnaire comprising of 52 parameters associated with antibiotic use and the emergence of AMR in dairy herds. Respondents’ KAP scores were estimated to rank their level of knowledge, attitude, and practice. Furthermore, risk factors associated with treatment failure were analyzed by univariable and multivariable analyses. Out of a total of 466 respondents, the majority had average knowledge (69.5%), neutral attitude (93.2%), and moderate practice (51.3%) scores toward judicious antibiotic usage. Veterinarians reported mastitis (88.0%), reproductive disorders (76.6%), and hemoprotozoan infections (49.6%) as the top three disease conditions that require antibiotic usage. Most of the veterinarians (90.6%) resorted to their “own experience” as the main criteria for antibiotic choice. The use of the highest priority critically important antimicrobials (HPCIA) listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in animals, particularly quinolones (76.8%) and third-generation cephalosporins (47.8%), has been reported. On multivariable regression analysis of the risk factors, the lack of cooperation of the dairy farmers in the completion of a prescribed antibiotic course by the veterinarian and the demand for antibiotic use even in conditions not requiring antibiotic use were found to be significantly associated with the outcome variable “treatment failure” having respective odds of 1.8 (95%CI: 1.1–3.0) and 3.6 (95%CI: 2.3–5.8) (p < 0.05). The average KAP score of veterinarians, poor farm management practices, lack of awareness among farmers on prudent antibiotic use, and lack of antibiotic stewardship are the significant factors that need attention to combat the rising AMR in veterinary sector in India.

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Evaluating the Bovine Tuberculosis Eradication Mechanism and Its Risk Factors in England’s Cattle Farms

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18073451 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (7) ◽

pp. 3451

Author(s):

Tabassom Sedighi ◽

Liz Varga

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Bovine Tuberculosis ◽

Animal Health ◽

Dynamic Bayesian Network ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Domain Experts ◽

Actual Experience ◽

Complex Evaluation ◽

Risk Areas ◽

Cattle Farms

Controlling bovine tuberculosis (bTB) disease in cattle farms in England is seen as a challenge for farmers, animal health, environment and policy-makers. The difficulty in diagnosis and controlling bTB comes from a variety of factors: the lack of an accurate diagnostic test which is higher in specificity than the currently available skin test; isolation periods for purchased cattle; and the density of active badgers, especially in high-risk areas. In this paper, to enable the complex evaluation of bTB disease, a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) is designed with the help of domain experts and available historical data. A significant advantage of this approach is that it represents bTB as a dynamic process that evolves periodically, capturing the actual experience of testing and infection over time. Moreover, the model demonstrates the influence of particular risk factors upon the risk of bTB breakdown in cattle farms.

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Bovine Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) Outbreak Duration in Cattle Herds in Ireland: A Retrospective Observational Study

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9100815 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 815

Author(s):

Andrew W. Byrne ◽

Damien Barrett ◽

Philip Breslin ◽

Jamie M. Madden ◽

James O'Keeffe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Observational Study ◽

Mycobacterium Bovis ◽

Bovine Tuberculosis ◽

Animal Health ◽

Herd Size ◽

Policy Formation ◽

Nitrogen Loading ◽

Management Policy ◽

Retrospective Observational Study

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) outbreaks, caused by Mycobacterium bovis infection, are a costly animal health challenge. Understanding factors associated with the duration of outbreaks, known as breakdowns, could lead to better disease management policy development. We undertook a retrospective observational study (2012–2018) and employed Finite Mixture Models (FMM) to model the outcome parameter, and to investigate how factors were associated with duration for differing subpopulations identified. In addition to traditional risk factors (e.g., herd size, bTB history), we also explored farm geographic area, parcels/farm fragmentation, metrics of intensity via nitrogen loading, and whether herds were designated controlled beef finishing units (CBFU) as potential risk factors for increased duration. The final model fitted log-normal distributions, with two latent classes (k) which partitioned the population into a subpopulation around the central tendency of the distribution, and a second around the tails of the distribution. The latter subpopulation included longer breakdowns of policy interest. Increasing duration was positively associated with recent (<3 years) TB history and the number of reactors disclosed, (log) herd size, beef herd-type relative to other herd types, number of land parcels, area, being designated a CBFU (“feedlot”) and having high annual inward cattle movements within the “tails” subpopulation. Breakdown length was negatively associated with the year of commencement of breakdown (i.e., a decreasing trend) and non-significantly with the organic nitrogen produced on the farm (N kg/hectare), a measure of stocking density. The latter finding may be due to confounding effects with herd size and area. Most variables contributed only moderately to explaining variation in breakdown duration, that is, they had moderate size effects on duration. Herd-size and CBFU had greater effect sizes on the outcome. The findings contribute to evidence-based policy formation in Ireland.

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Seroprevalence of infectious bursal disease and its potential risk factors in backyard chicken production of Waliso district, South Western Shoa Zone, Ethiopia

Veterinary Integrative Sciences ◽

10.12982/vis.2022.009 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 95-105

Author(s):

Chala Bedasa ◽

◽

Ararsa Duguma ◽

Asamenew Tesfaye ◽

Tadele Tolosa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Animal Health ◽

Infectious Bursal Disease ◽

Flock Size ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Bursal Disease ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Backyard Chicken

A cross sectional study on infectious bursal disease was conducted in apparently healthy backyard chicken at Waliso district of Southwestern Shoa, central oromia, Ethiopia from from November, 2018 to October, 2019. A total of 282 chickens were randomly selected to estimate seroprevalence of IBD infection and to identify the likely potential risk factors for the disease. Serum samples collected and serological test conducted in laboratory at National Animal Health Diagnosis and Investigation Center Sebeta, Ethopia. Out of 282 serum samples tested 224 were positive for indirect ELISA technique and the overall seroprevalence of IBDV in the study area was found to be 79.43% at individual level. Educational level of owners, kebeles and flock size significantly affect seroprevalence of IBD in the study area. The effect of difference in managements like source of replacement, frequency of house cleaning, use of disinfectant and isolation practice has a significant effect on IBDV sero-prevalence. A lower seroprevalence of IBDV was reported in good hygienic level of house (26.7%) than poor level of chicken house hygiene (96.4%) with statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). The seroprevalence of IBDV in the present study associated with chicken management, flock size, owner education level and other animal related risk factors for occurrence of the disease. Therefore, awareness on chicken health management, and importance of immunization would help to minimize the prevalence of the disease and play crucial role in the control of the disease. Furthermore, characterizing virus strains circulating in the area in future study is recommended.

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The measure of effectiveness of a short-term 2-week intensive Cardiac Rehabilitation program in decreasing levels of anxiety and depression

Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease ◽

10.4081/monaldi.2018.858 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 88 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Floriana Caccamo ◽

Simone Saltini ◽

Enrico Carella ◽

Roberto Carlon ◽

Cristina Marogna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiac Rehabilitation ◽

Trait Anxiety ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Rehabilitation Program ◽

The State ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Paired Samples ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Anxiety Subscale

Research on heart disease have found a strong and consistent evidence of association between some psychosocial risk factors, including depression, anxiety, self-efficacy, lack of social support and outcome of disease. Depression increases the risk of cardiac death and is highly predictive of reduced adherence to recommended treatments; anxiety appears to be linked to adverse cardiac outcomes. It was demonstrated that Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) leads to substantial improvements and positive outcomes because combines the prescription of physical activity with the modification of risk factors and aims to reduce symptoms related to the disease and the risk of new cardiovascular events. The main objective of this study is to determine if a short and intense CR program can produce a positive impact on anxious and depressive symptoms revealed in cardiac patients, confirming results of previous researches. The protocol was proposed to all patients referred for an outpatient CR after an acute event who attended the short 2-week intensive rehabilitation program. A total of 157 patients recruited at the operating unit of Cardiology, in the Hospital of Cittadella (Italy), was included in the analysis. The Beck Depression Inventory-II and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Y were administered to the patients. SPSS 17.0 was used for statistical analysis. T-tests for paired samples were used to evaluate differences between the beginning and the end of the CR program. There was a statistically significant difference between the beginning and the end of the CR program. Results for paired samples showed significant differences in all factors of the BDI-II and in the total score. In addition, a statistically significant difference was found even in the state - anxiety subscale. No significant difference was detected for the trait anxiety. According to recent studies, this research shows that the CR program has a significant impact on levels of anxiety and depression, because all activities focus their commitment on changing the patient’s personal beliefs and perception of illness, promoting the exchange of information and sharing of concerns and fears, increasing the patient’s resilience with the aim of enabling him/her to reorganize positively his/her personal, family and professional sphere.

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Using abattoir surveillance and producer surveys to investigate the prevalence and current preventative management of Caseous lymphadenitis in Merino flocks in Australia

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an11271 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 52 (7) ◽

pp. 675 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

R. D. Bush ◽

R. Barnett ◽

I. J. Links ◽

P. A. Windsor

Keyword(s):

Western Australia ◽

Management Practices ◽

New South ◽

Animal Health ◽

New South Wales ◽

Surveillance Data ◽

Caseous Lymphadenitis ◽

South Wales ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Livestock Health

The prevalence of Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) in Australia was estimated to be 5.2% using 2009 abattoir surveillance data from all States supplied by Animal Health Australia involving 5029 lines comprising 1 339 463 sheep. This is a decrease from the 26% estimated in a similar study in 1995. There was a significant difference (P < 0.001) in CLA prevalence between all states except Tasmania and Victoria (P = 0.75) with prevalences of 12.8 and 12.9%, respectively. Western Australia recorded the lowest prevalence with 1.0%. The average CLA prevalence for New South Wales was 5.3% and within three surveyed Livestock Health and Pest Authority regions (Tablelands, Central North and Central West) was 2.9, 4.9 and 4.4%, respectively. The attitude of the majority of producers surveyed in these three Livestock Health and Pest Authority areas was that CLA was of little or no significance (75%) but were aware of the need for CLA control with ~68% using 6-in-1 vaccine, though only 39.9% as recommended. It appears that the prolonged use of CLA vaccination has been successful in reducing the prevalence of CLA across Australia and particularly in New South Wales. Further improvements in communication of information on preventative management practices associated with lice control, importance of using an approved vaccination program, plus increasing producers’ awareness of the importance of CLA control, are indicated.

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Study on Prevalence of Lungworm Infection and Associated Risk Factors of Cattle and Sheep Slaughtered at Gondar Elfora Abattoir, North West Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-708236/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Baye Wodaje ◽

Samrawit Melkamu ◽

Basazenew Bogale

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Body Condition ◽

Body Condition Score ◽

Animal Health ◽

Age Groups ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

North West ◽

Adult Age ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Cattle And Sheep

Abstract Background: Lungworms are parasitic nematode round worms that infest the lungs of ruminants. The infections have wide distribution in the world including Ethiopia. Epidemiological distribution of lung worm depends more on pasture contamination by carrier animals. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, postmortem findings and laboratory testing (detecting lungworm larvae in faces). The aims of this study were to determine the current prevalence, identifying the species and assess the possible risk factors of lung worm infection in cattle and sheep at Gondar Elfora abattoir.Result: Out of 500 animals (240 cattle and 260 sheep) both coprological and postmortem examination were conducted. The overall occurrence of lungworm infection in both cattle and sheep were 3.75% and 7.31% respectively. The prevalence of lung worm in cattle and sheep in ante mortem inspection with respiratory problem was 8.00% and 19.51% respectively. Coprological prevalence of infection: in young and adult age groups of cattle was 7.04% and 2.37% and in sheep 6.8% and 7.9% respectively. With regard to body condition (poor, medium and good) having the prevalence of 13.64%, 3.3% and 0.00% in cattle and 16.2%, 5.35% and 7.33% in sheep respectively. It has significant difference with body condition score of cattle and sheep (p<0.05 The occurrence of identified lung worm in cattle was Dictyocaulus viviparous (3.75%); in sheep Dictyocaulus filaria (52.63%) higher than Muellerius capillaries (36.84%) followed by Protostrongylus rufescens(10.53%). Over all prevalence in cattle and sheep were 1.67% and 8.08% respectively. Finding with respect to young and adult age groups of cattle was 4.23%, 0.59%, and in sheep 7.48% and 8.85%. The identified lung worm species in sheep, mixed infection (42.85%) was higher than Dictyocaulus filarial (28.57%) followed by Muellerius capillaries (19.05%) and Protostrongylus rufescens (9.52%). Conclusions: Generally lungworm infection has a great effect on animal health and production. It needs emphasis to prevent and control to overcome this problem.

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The variable prevalence of bovine tuberculosis among dairy herds in Central Ethiopia provides opportunities for targeted intervention

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0254091 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. e0254091

Author(s):

Gizat Almaw ◽

Andrew J. K. Conlan ◽

Gobena Ameni ◽

Balako Gumi ◽

Alemseged Alemu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Bovine Tuberculosis ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Herd Size ◽

P Value ◽

Dairy Herds ◽

Individual Animal ◽

Central Ethiopia ◽

High Prevalence

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important disease for dairy productivity, as well as having the potential for zoonotic transmission. Previous prevalence studies of bTB in the dairy sector in central Ethiopia have suggested high prevalence, however, they have been limited to relatively small scale surveys, raising concerns about their representativeness. Here we carried out a cross sectional one-stage cluster sampling survey taking the dairy herd as a cluster to estimate the prevalence of bTB in dairy farms in six areas of central Ethiopia. The survey, which to date is by far the largest in the area in terms of the number of dairy farms, study areas and risk factors explored, took place from March 2016 to May 2017. This study combined tuberculin skin testing and the collection of additional herd and animal level data by questionnaire to identify potential risk factors contributing to bTB transmission. We applied the single intradermal cervical comparative tuberculin (SICCT) test using >4mm cut-off for considering an individual animal as positive for bTB; at least one reactor animal was required for a herd to be considered bTB positive. Two hundred ninety-nine dairy herds in the six study areas were randomly selected, from which 5,675 cattle were tested. The overall prevalence of bTB after standardisation for herd-size in the population was 54.4% (95% CI 48.7–60%) at the herd level, and it was 24.5% (95% CI 23.3–25.8) at the individual animal level. A Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) with herd and area as random effect was used to explore risk factors association with bTB status. We found that herd size, age, bTB history at farm, and breed were significant risk factors for animals to be SICCT positive. Animals from large herds had 8.3 times the odds of being tuberculin reactor (OR: 8.3, p-value:0.008) as compared to animals from small herds. The effect of age was strongest for animals 8–10 years of age (the oldest category) having 8.9 times the odds of being tuberculin reactors (OR: 8.9, p-value:<0.001) compared to the youngest category. The other identified significant risk factors were bTB history at farm (OR: 5.2, p-value:0.003) and cattle breed (OR: 2.5, p-value: 0.032). Our study demonstrates a high prevalence of bTB in central Ethiopia but with a large variation in within-herd prevalence between herds, findings that lays an important foundation for the future development of control strategies.

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