scholarly journals Energy value of babassu cake as substitute bulk in sheep diets

2021 ◽  
pp. 1967-1980
Author(s):  
Kélvia Jácome de Castro ◽  
◽  
Silas Primola Gomes ◽  
Iran Borges ◽  
Fabrícia Rocha Chaves Miotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Linear Response ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Babassu Cake

The aim of this study was to evaluate the energy value of diets containing babassu cake as a replacement for Tifton-85 hay (70, 140, 210, 280 and 350 g kg-1 dry matter, DM), using the technique of indirect calorimetry. Twenty-five castrated male Santa Inês sheep, with an average body weight of 49.6 + 9.4 kg, were used in a completely randomised design. The trial was carried out in an individual open-flow respirometry chamber for small ruminants, with each animal remaining for 24 hours inside the chamber. Gross energy and net energy intake were not affected by adding the cake. Digestible energy intake and metabolisable energy intake showed a linear response, ranging from 145.44 to 178.40 and from 121.85 to 158.08 kcal kg-0.75 day-1 respectively. The energy lost through faeces and methane (% of gross energy intake, GEI) showed decreasing linear behaviour, while the caloric increase, in %GEI, showed a quadratic response. The values for digestible energy and metabolisability presented an increasing linear response. The partial efficiency of use of metabolisable energy for maintenance ranged from 0.71 to 0.81, and showed a quadratic response; however, the net energy values did not differ. For every 10 g of added by-product, there was a reduction of 0.31 g of methane per kg of DM intake. The addition of babassu cake to replace up to 350 g kg-1 DM in sheep diets increases the energy efficiency of the diet and reduces methane emission by the animals.

Energy partition, nutritional energy requirements and methane production in F1 Holstein × Gyr bulls, using the respirometric technique

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 1253
Author(s):  
A. L. Ferreira ◽  
A. L. C. C. Borges ◽  
R. C. Mourão ◽  
R. R. Silva ◽  
A. C. A. Duque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Partition ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

The nutritional energy requirements of animals for maintenance and weight gain, such as the energy partition of the diet, were determined in different feeding plans. Fifteen F1 Holstein × Gyr, non-castrated male bovines with a mean initial liveweight of 302 kg were used. The diets were corn silage and concentrate, formulated to enable gains of 100, 500 and 900 g/day, called low, medium and high weight gains, respectively. Tests of digestibility and metabolism were conducted to determine energy losses through faeces, urine and methane emissions. Heat production was determined using respirometry chamber. Net energy for maintenance was calculated as the antilogarithm of the intercept of the regression of the logarithm of the heat production, as a function of the metabolisable energy intake. Retained energy was obtained by subtracting the heat production from the metabolisable energy intake. With the increased consumption of dry matter, there was an increase in faecal and urinary energy loss. Retained energy increased linearly with the metabolisable energy intake. The net energy for gain in the diet did not differ among the treatments, such as the efficiency of use of metabolisable energy for weight gain kg (0.34). The net energy for maintenance was 312 kJ/kg LW0.75, and the metabolisable energy for maintenance was 523 kJ/kg LW0.75. The daily methane production (g/day) increased with the dry matter level and the daily loss represented 5.31% of the gross energy consumption.

scholarly journals Kandungan Energi Bruto, Energi Tercerna dan Energi Metabolis Pakan Cair Fermentasi Berbahan Biji Asam Utuh pada Babi Grower

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Redempta Wea ◽  
Bernadete Barek Koten ◽  
Christian Abimayu Morelaka
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Liquid Feed ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Gross Energy

Tamarind seeds have a high energy content but have limited use for pigs because the seed coat is tough and contains anti-nutrient tannins. Therefore, liquid feed fermentation technology is carried out. The aim of this research was to assess the gross energy, digestible energy, and metabolic energy content of liquid feed fermentation (Lff) with different fermentation times in growing pigs. The research materials were whole tamarind seeds, bran, corn, meat and bone meal, and soybean meal. The study used a completely randomized design and consisted of 5 treatments and 5 replications. Treatment = Lf0: Lff time 0 days; Lf1: Lff for 7 days, Lf2: Lff for 14 days, Lf3: Lff for 21days, Lf4: Lff for 28 days fermentation. The research variables were the energy content of the ration and the prediction of digestible energy and metabolic energy value. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan's advanced test. The results showed that the Lff with different fermentation time had a significant effect (P <0,05) on gross energy, digestible energy, and metabolic energy value. The best value of energy is Lff for 21 days. It was concluded that the time for fermentation of liquid feed made from tamarind seeds which can produce good energy content, digestibility, and metabolic energy is 21 days.

Partition of dietary energy by sheep fed fresh ryegrass (Lolium perenne) with a wide-ranging composition and quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1008
Author(s):  
C. A. Ramírez-Restrepo ◽  
G. C. Waghorn ◽  
H. Gillespie ◽  
H. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Sulfur Hexafluoride ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Predicted Values

Context Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is an important forage in temperate ruminant agricultural systems, but its quality and composition is highly variable and can become dominated by senescent material during summer and dry periods. Nutritive value is often predicted on the basis of chemical composition and calculated metabolisable energy (ME), which is rarely measured. Aim To measure the partition of energy from ryegrasses with widely varying proportions of leaf and senescent material, among faeces, urine and methane (CH4) in sheep. Methods Three experiments were undertaken with two groups of young wether sheep, fed seven diets of freshly cut ryegrass, at maintenance levels of intake to measure the partition of dietary energy among faeces, urine and CH4, enabling ME to be calculated. Across the seven diets, green leaf accounted for 16.0–87.6% of feed offered, whereas senescent material ranged from 2.8% to 65.0% and nitrogen (N) ranged between 8.6 and 31.2 g/kg DM. Measured ME was compared with predicted values based on digestible energy. Methane emissions were determined by both open-circuit respiration chambers and sulfur hexafluoride marker dilution. Key results Apparent digestibility (g/100 g) of DM ranged from 51.8 to 75.3 and N from 26.7 to 73.9. The percentage of the gross energy of feeds partitioned to CH4 (chamber) was 6.01–7.42, and 1.77–5.69 to urine. Effects of digestibility on CH4 yields (g/kg DM intake) were minor and the sum of energy losses to CH4 and urine were 13.5–17.6% of digestible energy (DE) intake, suggesting an underestimation of ME when predicted from DE. Use of sulfur hexafluoride substantially overestimated CH4 emissions when the permeation tubes had been in the sheep for 80 days. Conclusions A high proportion of senescent material in ryegrass had little effect on CH4 yields from sheep and energy losses to urine were mostly less than 3% of energy intake and were related to dietary N concentration. Implications Dietary ME calculated from DE is likely to be underestimated when ryegrass contains a high proportion of senescent material, due to reduced urinary energy losses, as CH4 yields are largely unaffected by maturity or senescence.

scholarly journals Estimating digestible energy values of feeds and diets and integrating those values into net energy systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 953-961 ◽  
Author(s):  
William P Weiss ◽  
Alexander W Tebbe
Keyword(s):  
Energy System ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Nutrient Analysis ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Important Variation ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Gross Energy

Abstract The California Net Energy System (CNES) used a combination of measured and tabular metabolizable energy (ME) values and changes in body composition gain to determine net energy requirements for maintenance and gain and their corresponding dietary concentrations. The accuracy of the CNES depends on the accuracy of the feed ME values. Feed or diet ME values can be measured directly but are expensive and require specialized facilities; therefore, most ME values are estimated from digestible energy (DE) values, which are often estimated from the concentration of total digestible nutrients (TDN). Both DE and TDN values are often from tables and not based on actual nutrient analysis. The use of tabular values eliminates important within-feed variation in composition and digestibility. Furthermore, the use of TDN to estimate DE does not account for important variation in the gross energy value of feeds. A better approach would be to estimate DE concentration directly from nutrient composition or in vitro (or in situ) digestibility measurements. This approach incorporates within-feed variation into the energy system and eliminates the issues of using TDN. A widely used summative equation based on the commonly measured feed fractions (ash, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and fat) has been shown to accurately estimate DE concentrations of many diets for cattle; however, deficiencies in that equation have been identified and include an overestimation of DE provided by fat and an exaggerated negative effect of intake on digestibility. Replacing the nonfiber carbohydrate term (which included everything that was not measured) in the equation with measured starch concentration and residual organic matter (i.e., nonfiber carbohydrate minus starch) should improve accuracy by accounting for more variation in starch digestibility. More accurate estimates of DE will improve the accuracy of ME values, which will ultimately lead to more accurate NE values.

Statistical properties of proportional residual energy intake as a new measure of energetic efficiency

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 248-253
Author(s):  
Pouya Zamani
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Net Energy Intake ◽  
Residual Energy Intake

Traditional ratio measures of efficiency, including feed conversion ratio (FCR), gross milk efficiency (GME), gross energy efficiency (GEE) and net energy efficiency (NEE) may have some statistical problems including high correlations with milk yield. Residual energy intake (REI) or residual feed intake (RFI) is another criterion, proposed to overcome the problems attributed to the traditional ratio criteria, but it does not account for production or intake levels. For example, the same REI value could be considerable for low producing and negligible for high producing cows. The aim of this study was to propose a new measure of efficiency to overcome the problems attributed to the previous criteria. A total of 1478 monthly records of 268 lactating Holstein cows were used for this study. In addition to FCR, GME, GEE, NEE and REI, a new criterion called proportional residual energy intake (PREI) was calculated as REI to net energy intake ratio and defined as proportion of net energy intake lost as REI. The PREI had an average of −0·02 and range of −0·36 to 0·27, meaning that the least efficient cow lost 0·27 of her net energy intake as REI, while the most efficient animal saved 0·36 of her net energy intake as less REI. Traditional ratio criteria (FCR, GME, GEE and NEE) had high correlations with milk and fat corrected milk yields (absolute values from 0·469 to 0·816), while the REI and PREI had low correlations (0·000 to 0·069) with milk production. The results showed that the traditional ratio criteria (FCR, GME, GEE and NEE) are highly influenced by production traits, while the REI and PREI are independent of production level. Moreover, the PREI adjusts the REI magnitude for intake level. It seems that the PREI could be considered as a worthwhile measure of efficiency for future studies.

Energetic efficiency of fattening sheep. I. Utilization of low-fibre and high-fibre food mixtures

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 100 ◽  
Author(s):  
N McCGraham
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Castrate Male ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Maize Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

The energy, carbon, and nitrogen exchanges of nine castrate male sheep in moderately fat condition were determined with the aid of closed-circuit indirect calorimetry. Five of the sheep were kept on a diet containing equal parts of chopped lucerne hay and chopped wheaten hay (mixture A). The other four were given a pelleted 5:4:1 mixture of lucerne hay, maize meal, and peanut meal (mixture B). Each mixture was given at five different rates and each sheep was fasted on two occasions. Digestible energy averaged 62% for mixture A and 76% for mixture B, irrespective of feeding level. Of this, 10% was lost as methane and 5 to 13%, depending on level of feeding, in the urine, leaving on the average 81% metabolizable. Thus metabolizable energy amounted to 51 and 62% of the gross energy intake with mixtures A and B respectively, while net energy was 89 and 97% of the metabolizable energy intake at the lowest level of feeding and 61 and 69% at the highest. At any given level of metabolizable energy, mixture B provided 30% more digestible nitrogen than mixture A, but, allowing for differences between sheep in nitrogen economy, any additional energy obtained from mixture B was stored in fat. Consideration of the present results, along with data from earlier experiments with fattening sheep and cattle, showed that the net availability of metabolizable energy, both for maintenance and fattening, decreases regularly as the quantity of digestible fibre increases. Net energy could be estimated more accurately from this relation than by use of the commonly used factors of Kellner.

scholarly journals Energetic parameters in pregnant and lactating rat (Lasiopodomys brandtii) fed high- or low-fibre diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-142
Author(s):  
O. O. Adewumi ◽  
X. Y. Zhang ◽  
D. De-Hua Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Fibre Diet ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Lasiopodomys Brandtii

The effect of diet quality (high-fibre (HF) or low-fibre (LF)) on energetic parameters in pregnant and lactating rats (Lasiopodomys brandtii) was examined. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in body mass of voles prior to dietary acclimation and during pregnancy. Energetic parameters (dry matter, gross energy, digestible energy intake and digestibility) as well as body mass of pups was not significantly (p>0.05) affected by diet quality. Low fibre diet caused a decreased (p<0.05) in feed and gross energy intake and increased (p<0.001) digestible energy intake at mid lactation while digestibility was significantly increased at early lactation. Liver and kidney were significantly (p<0.05) lighter in voles on low fibre diet. No significant difference was observed between diets for metabolic rate. These results revealed that rats can compensate for poor quality (HF) diet physiologically by increasing food intake and decreasing digestible energy intake and digestibility to keep reproductive performance unaffected. The most energetically demanding period of breeding cycle of rat was mid lactation.

Effect of feed type on methane produced by sheep

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 28-28
Author(s):  
Angela Moss ◽  
D I Givens
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Methane Gas ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Gaseous Loss

The loss of digestible energy from ruminant feeds as methane gas is often assumed to be about 0.08 of gross energy (GE) intake. This represents a significant loss of feed energy and recently concern has been expressed about the importance of methane as a gas which contributes to global warming. As methane is a gaseous loss, its measurement requires specialised equipment. Therefore the metabolisable energy (ME) content of many feedstuffs is estimated using a predicted methane energy loss.

scholarly journals Energy metabolism of pregnant zebu and crossbred zebu dairy cattle

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246208
Author(s):  
Helena Ferreira Lage ◽  
Ana Luiza da Costa Cruz Borges ◽  
Ricardo Reis e Silva ◽  
Alan Maia Borges ◽  
José Reinaldo Mendes Ruas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Partition ◽  
Restricted Diet ◽  
Heat Increment ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

The purpose of this study was to determine the energy partition of pregnant F1 Holstein x Gyr with average initial body weight (BW) of 515.6 kg and Gyr cows with average initial BW of 435.1 kg at 180, 210 and 240 days of gestation, obtained using respirometry. Twelve animals in two groups (six per genetic group) received a restricted diet equivalent to 1.3 times the net energy for maintenance (NEm). The proportion of gross energy intake (GEI) lost as feces did not differ between the evaluated breeds and corresponded to 28.65% on average. The daily methane production (L/d) was greater for (P<0.05) F1 HxG compared to Gyr animals. However, when expressed as L/kg dry matter (DM) or as percentage of GEI there were no differences between the groups (P>0.05). The daily loss of energy as urine (mean of 1.42 Mcal/d) did not differ (P>0.05) between groups and ranged from 3.87 to 5.35% of the GEI. The metabolizable energy intake (MEI) of F1 HxG animals was greater (P < 0.05) at all gestational stages compared to Gyr cows when expressed in Mcal/d. However, when expressed in kcal/kg of metabolic BW (BW0,75), the F1 HxG cows had MEI 11% greater (P<0.05) at 240 days of gestation and averaged 194.39 kcal/kg of BW0,75. Gyr cows showed no change in MEI over time (P>0.05), with a mean of 146.66 kcal/kg BW0. 75. The ME used by the conceptus was calculated by deducting the metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) from the MEI, which was obtained in a previous study using the same cows prior to becoming pregnant. The values of NEm obtained in the previous study with similar non-pregnant cows were 92.02 kcal/kg BW0.75 for F1 HxG, and 76.83 kcal/kg BW0.75 for Gyr (P = 0.06). The average ME for pregnancy (MEp) was 5.33 Mcal/d for F1 HxG and 4.46 Mcal/d for Gyr. The metabolizability ratio, averaging 0.60, was similar among the evaluated groups (P>0.05). The ME / Digestible Energy (DE) ratio differed between groups and periods evaluated (P<0.05) with a mean of 0.84. The heat increment (HI) accounted for 22.74% and 24.38% of the GEI for F1 HxG and Gyr cows, respectively. The proportion of GEI used in the basal metabolism by pregnant cows in this study represented 29.69%. However, there were no differences between the breeds and the evaluation periods and corresponded to 29.69%. The mean NE for pregnancy (NEp) was 2.76 Mcal/d and did not differ between groups and gestational stages (P>0.05).

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