scholarly journals How Singapore’s Sovereign Debt Risk Has Changed from 2016 to 2021

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Tara Kou
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Sovereign Debt ◽  
External Debt ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Baseline Risk ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Oil Crisis ◽  
Net Export

In this paper, I build an economic model and adapt it to fit Singapore’s economic and historical background. My empirical analysis is based on data about external debt to GDP, foreign investment, and net export products and partners. But I also address concerns about risk factors coming from covid and the oil crisis. In my analysis, even in the worst case, Singapore is not going to be worse than the Netherlands in the IIR rating, which corresponds to an IIR rating of 90. In contrast to my baseline, risk assessment for Singapore is a rating of 93.

Bone stress injuries in male distance runners: higher modified Female Athlete Triad Cumulative Risk Assessment scores predict increased rates of injury

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 237-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Kraus ◽  
Adam S Tenforde ◽  
Aurelia Nattiv ◽  
Kristin L Sainani ◽  
Andrea Kussman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Cumulative Risk ◽  
Baseline Risk ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Bone Stress ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Stress Injuries ◽  
Independent Variable

ObjectivesBone stress injuries (BSI) are common in runners of both sexes. The purpose of this study was to determine if a modified Female Athlete Triad Cumulative Risk Assessment tool would predict BSI in male distance runners.Methods156 male runners at two collegiate programmes were studied using mixed retrospective and prospective design for a total of 7 years. Point values were assigned using risk assessment categories including low energy availability, low body mass index (BMI), low bone mineral density (BMD) and prior BSI. The outcome was subsequent development of BSI. Statistical models used a mixed effects Poisson regression model with p<0.05 as threshold for significance. Two regression analyses were performed: (1) baseline risk factors as the independent variable; and (2) annual change in risk factors (longitudinal data) as the independent variable.Results42/156 runners (27%) sustained 61 BSIs over an average 1.9 years of follow-up. In the baseline risk factor model, each 1 point increase in prior BSI score was associated with a 57% increased risk for prospective BSI (p=0.0042) and each 1 point increase in cumulative risk score was associated with a 37% increase in prospective BSI risk (p=0.0079). In the longitudinal model, each 1 point increase in cumulative risk score was associated with a 27% increase in prospective BSI risk (p=0.05). BMI (rate ratio (RR)=1.91, p=0.11) and BMD (RR=1.58, p=0.19) risk scores were not associated with BSI.ConclusionA modified cumulative risk assessment tool may help identify male runners at elevated risk for BSI. Identifying risk factors may guide treatment and prevention strategies.

scholarly journals Dynamic prediction model and risk assessment chart for cardiovascular disease based on on-treatment blood pressure and baseline risk factors

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Teramukai ◽  
Yasuyuki Okuda ◽  
Shigeru Miyazaki ◽  
Ryuzo Kawamori ◽  
Masayuki Shirayama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Prediction Model ◽  
Baseline Risk ◽  
Dynamic Prediction

Fall Risk Assessment and Risk Factors of Inpatients in Armed Forces Hospital

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-53
Author(s):  
Kyung-Wan Seo ◽  
Jeong-Ok Lee ◽  
Sun-Young Choi ◽  
Min-Jung Park
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Fall Risk ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Fall Risk Assessment

Diagnostic scales for suicide risk assessment

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-79
Author(s):  
L. Gelda ◽  
L. Nesterovich
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Suicide Risk Assessment ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Psychometric Instruments ◽  
High Incidence

The problem of adequate diagnostic tools use for suicide risk assessment т medical research and practice is of extreme importance because of the high incidence of suicide in the population of psychotic patients and the high vulnerability of the latter to the known risk factors. The article provides ап overview of the existing psychometric instruments (scales) used to assess the risk of suicide in psychiatry as well as in general medicine.

Risk assessment of Campylobacter species in shellfish: identifying the unknown

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Teunis ◽  
A. Havelaar ◽  
J. Vliegenthart ◽  
G. Roessink
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Considerable Uncertainty ◽  
Risk Estimates ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Campylobacter Infection ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

Shellfish are frequently contaminated by Campylobacter spp, presumably originating from faeces from gulls feeding in the growing or relaying waters. The possible health effects of eating contaminated shellfish were estimated by quantitative risk assessment. A paucity of data was encountered necessitating many assumptions to complete the risk estimate. The level of Campylobacter spp in shellfish meat was calculated on the basis of a five-tube, single dilution MPN and was strongly season-dependent. The contamination level of mussels (&lt;1/g) appeared to be higher than in oysters. The usual steaming process of mussels was found to completely inactivate Campylobacter spp so that risks are restricted to raw/undercooked shellfish. Consumption data were estimated on the basis of the usual size of a portion of raw shellfish and the weight of meat/individual animal. Using these data, season-dependent dose-distributions could be estimated. The dominant species in Dutch shellfish is C. lari but little is known on its infectivity for man. As a worst case assumption, it was assumed that the infectivity was similar to C. jejuni. A published dose-response model for Campylobacter-infection of volunteers is available but with considerable uncertainty in the low dose region. Using Monte Carlo simulation, risk estimates were constructed. The consumption of a single portion of raw shellfish resulted in a risk of infection of 5–20% for mussels (depending on season; 95% CI 0.01–60%). Repeated (e.g. monthly) exposures throughout a year resulted in an infection risk of 60% (95% CI 7–99%). Risks for oysters were slightly lower than for mussels. It can be concluded that, under the assumptions made, the risk of infection with Campylobacter spp by eating of raw shellfish is substantial. Quantitative risk estimates are highly demanding for the availability and quality of experimental data, and many research needs were identified.

scholarly journals Cumulative Risks from Stressor Exposures and Personal Risk Factors in the Workplace: Examples from a Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5850
Author(s):  
Mary A. Fox ◽  
Richard Todd Niemeier ◽  
Naomi Hudson ◽  
Miriam R. Siegel ◽  
Gary Scott Dotson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Cumulative Risk ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Exposure Limits ◽  
Personal Risk ◽  
Personal Risk Factors

Protecting worker and public health involves an understanding of multiple determinants, including exposures to biological, chemical, or physical agents or stressors in combination with other determinants including type of employment, health status, and individual behaviors. This has been illustrated during the COVID-19 pandemic by increased exposure and health risks for essential workers and those with pre-existing conditions, and mask-wearing behavior. Health risk assessment practices for environmental and occupational health typically do not incorporate multiple stressors in combination with personal risk factors. While conceptual developments in cumulative risk assessment to inform a more holistic approach to these real-life conditions have progressed, gaps remain, and practical methods and applications are rare. This scoping review characterizes existing evidence of combined stressor exposures and personal factors and risk to foster methods for occupational cumulative risk assessment. The review found examples from many workplaces, such as manufacturing, offices, and health care; exposures to chemical, physical, and psychosocial stressors combined with modifiable and unmodifiable determinants of health; and outcomes including respiratory function and disease, cancers, cardio-metabolic diseases, and hearing loss, as well as increased fertility, menstrual dysfunction and worsened mental health. To protect workers, workplace exposures and modifiable and unmodifiable characteristics should be considered in risk assessment and management. Data on combination exposures can improve assessments and risk estimates and inform protective exposure limits and management strategies.

scholarly journals Comparative risk assessment for the development of cardiovascular diseases in the Hungarian general and Roma population

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Piko ◽  
Zsigmond Kosa ◽  
Janos Sandor ◽  
Roza Adany
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Average Risk ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Roma Population

AbstractCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the number one cause of death globally, and the early identification of high risk is crucial to prevent the disease and to reduce healthcare costs. Short life expectancy and increased mortality among the Roma are generally accepted (although not indeed proven by mortality analyses) which can be partially explained by the high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) among them. This study aims to elaborate on the prevalence of the most important CVD risk factors, assess the estimation of a 10-year risk of development of fatal and nonfatal CVDs based on the most used risk assessment scoring models, and to compare the Hungarian general (HG) and Roma (HR) populations. In 2018 a complex health survey was accomplished on the HG (n = 380) and HR (n = 347) populations. The prevalence of CVRS was defined and 10-year cardiovascular risk was estimated for both study populations using the following systems: Framingham Risk Score for hard coronary heart disease (FRSCHD) and for cardiovascular disease (FRSCVD), Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE), ACC/AHA Pooled Cohort Equations (PCE) and Revised Pooled Cohort Equations (RPCE). After the risk scores had been calculated, the populations were divided into risk categories and all subjects were classified. For all CVD risk estimation scores, the average of the estimated risk was higher among Roma compared to the HG independently of the gender. The proportion of high-risk group in the Hungarian Roma males population was on average 1.5–3 times higher than in the general one. Among Roma females, the average risk value was higher than in the HG one. The proportion of high-risk group in the Hungarian Roma females population was on average 2–3 times higher compared to the distribution of females in the general population. Our results show that both genders in the Hungarian Roma population have a significantly higher risk for a 10-year development of cardiovascular diseases and dying from them compared to the HG one. Therefore, cardiovascular interventions should be focusing not only on reducing smoking among Roma but on improving health literacy and service provision regarding prevention, early recognition, and treatment of lipid disorders and diabetes among them.

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