Technological Characterization and Use of Babassu Residue (Orbygnia phalerata Mart.) in Particleboard

The wood-based panel industry is growing all over the world, and in many countries the raw material is becoming increasingly inadequate and increasingly expensive. Therefore, new inputs are needed to reduce production costs. The residue of babassu palm fruit after nut extraction process is an alternative, due to its fibrous characteristics, the high availability in the large agroindustrial complexes in the North of Brazil and the low cost. Thus the research was: (i) to determine the mechanical characteristics (tensile strength and elasticity), physicochemical characteristics (density, pH, extractives content and chemical composition) and micro-structural of the babassu residue, comparing it with the particles of Pinus sp., used in commercial panels; (ii) to evaluate the quality of panels manufactured with babassu residue by physical conditions (swelling in thickness and water absorption) and mechanical characterization (elasticity and rupture) based on Brazilian Technical Standards (NBR 14810-2: 2013), American (ANSI A208.1: 2009) and European (EN 312: 2003). Statistical analysis of the data was performed with the aid of Infostat software through analysis of variance using Tukey test at the 5% probability level. The babassu residue has technological characteristics that allow its use in particleboard production. However, there are particularities that may compromise its use, such as high silica content and high density. Particleboard made from babassu residue presented mechanical performance above that required by current normative documents. However, for the physical properties, especially for the porosity of the particleboard of babassu, the obtained values were lower than the required minimum.

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Oxidation and Corrosion Behavior of New Low-Cost Ti-7Fe-3Al and Ti-7Fe-5Cr Alloys from Titanium Hydride Powders

Metals ◽

10.3390/met10020254 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 254 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eduardo Reverte ◽

Sophia A. Tsipas ◽

Elena Gordo

Keyword(s):

Titanium Hydride ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Low Cost ◽

Production Costs ◽

Raw Material ◽

Temperature Oxidation ◽

Ti Alloys ◽

Manufacturing Procedure ◽

Ti Powder ◽

Oxidation And Corrosion

High production costs of Ti alloys usually hinders their use in industry sectors like the automotive and hence, low-cost titanium alloys could broaden titanium alloy usage. This work presents the study of three alloys— Ti-Fe, Ti-Fe-Al, and Ti-Fe-Cr—produced by powder metallurgy methods. The design of the compositions was aimed at reducing cost and enhance the oxidation and corrosion resistance while not decreasing the mechanical performance. The use of titanium hydride as raw material instead of Ti powder is highlighted as a key feature in the design and manufacturing procedure of the alloys. Introducing a dehydrogenation process during sintering favors the densification process while reducing the oxygen contamination and the production cost. There is a lack of studies focused on the implementation of affordable PM Ti alloys in high demanding environments. Therefore, a study of high temperature oxidation resistance and electrochemical behavior was performed.

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Cereal bar with cassava bagasse: chemical composition and sensory acceptance

Brazilian Journal of Food Research ◽

10.3895/rebrapa.v7n2.3520 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 42

Author(s):

Aparecida De Fátima Oliveira Silva ◽

Leila Maria Girondi ◽

Suellen Jensen Klososki ◽

Tatiana Colombo Pimentel ◽

Carlos Eduardo Barão

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Low Cost ◽

Good Alternative ◽

Production Costs ◽

Raw Material ◽

Brazil Nuts ◽

Sensory Acceptance ◽

Cassava Bagasse ◽

Hedonic Scale ◽

Cereal Bars

Cassava bagasse, regarded as an agricultural residue can be used as raw material in the development of new products. Cereal bars are foods that have increasingly gained consumers because of the practical use. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding cassava bagasse (0, 8 and 25%) on the chemical composition and sensory acceptance of coconut cereal bars with Brazil nuts. Cereal bars with cassava bagasse had higher moisture, protein and carbohydrates (fiber) contents than cereal bars without bagasse, lower ash contents and similar fat content. The addition of cassava bagasse caused a decrease in the acceptance of the cereal bars only in the concentration of 25%, however, the products had hedonic values greater than 7 in a 9-point hedonic scale and acceptability indices higher than 80%, indicating that consumers moderately liked them. It can be concluded that the use of up to 25% cassava bagasse in the cereal bar formulation yields products with improved nutritional value and appropriated consumer acceptance. The addition of cassava bagasse to food products is a good alternative in the use of this byproduct, due to the sensory characteristics of the obtained products and the reduction of production costs, because the cassava bagasse has low cost and increases the production yield.

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Application of a Biosurfactant Produced by Bacillus cereus UCP 1615 from Waste Frying Oil as an Emulsifier in a Cookie Formulation

Fermentation ◽

10.3390/fermentation7030189 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 189

Author(s):

Italo J. B. Durval ◽

Beatriz G. Ribeiro ◽

Jaciana S. Aguiar ◽

Raquel D. Rufino ◽

Attilio Converti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Bacillus Cereus ◽

Low Cost ◽

Physicochemical Characteristics ◽

Mouse Fibroblast ◽

Production Costs ◽

Waste Frying Oil ◽

Kidney Epithelial Cell ◽

High Production ◽

Emulsifying Capacity

Biosurfactants have attracted increasing interest from the food industry due to their emulsifying, foaming and solubilizing properties. However, the industrial use of microbial biosurfactants has been hampered by the high production costs related mainly to the use of expensive substrates. The search for low-cost alternative substrates is one of the strategies adopted to overcome this problem. In the present study, a biosurfactant produced by Bacillus cereus UCP1615 by fermentation in a medium supplemented with waste frying soybean oil as a low-cost substrate was evaluated as a bioemulsifier for the production of cookies. The biosurfactant was evaluated for its emulsifying capacity against different vegetable oils, antioxidant activity and toxicity, demonstrating favorable results for use in food. In particular, it showed satisfactory antioxidant activity at the tested concentrations and no cytotoxicity to the L929 (mouse fibroblast) and Vero (monkey kidney epithelial) cell lines using the MTT assay. The biosurfactant was then added at different concentrations (0.25, 0.5 and 1%) to a standard cookie dough formulation to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of the product. Cookies formulated with the biosurfactant exhibited similar energy and physical characteristics to those obtained with the standard formulation but with a lower moisture content. The biosurfactant also ensured a good preservation of the cookie texture after 45 days of storage. These results suggest that the biosurfactant has a potential application as a green emulsifier in accordance with the demands of the current market for biocompatible products.

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Production and Optimization of Bio-Based Silica Nanoparticle from Teff Straw (Eragrostis tef) Using RSM-Based Modeling, Characterization Aspects, and Adsorption Efficacy of Methyl Orange Dye

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2022/9770520 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 2022 ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

Temesgen Abeto Amibo ◽

Surafel Mustefa Beyan ◽

Tsegaye Markos Damite

Keyword(s):

Methyl Orange ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Silica Nanoparticle ◽

Physicochemical Characteristics ◽

Silica Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Eragrostis Tef ◽

Rotating Speed

The brown teff straw was utilized in this study to produce silica using the sol-gel technique. After pretreatment, the raw material of brown teff straw was characterized. The data were analyzed using the central composite design and response surface technique, and four independent parameters, namely, temperature, NaOH concentration, rotational speed, and extraction time, were evaluated for process optimization. Before extracting silica with an alkaline solution, the silica content in the ash was determined using an AAS spectrometer. The silica content of teff straw ash is around 92.89%. The ash was treated with NaOH solution in the concentrations range of 1 M to 3 M (0.5 M interval). The extraction time varied at intervals of 55, 70, 85, 100, and 115 minutes. Temperatures were changed using magnetic stirrer equipment in the range of 80°C to 100°C (5°C interval). At 350 rpm, 400 rpm, 450 rpm, 500 rpm, and 550 rpm, the rotating speed was adjusted. The best extraction conditions for amorphous silica were 1.50 M NaOH, 109.99 min, 94.98°C, and a rotating speed of 499.57 rpm, with a maximum yield of 85.85%. XRD and FTIR analyses were used to assess the physicochemical characteristics of the extracted silica. The aqueous solutions of methyl orange were used to test the adsorption efficiency of silica. The percent of removal efficiency for methyl orange was 90.48%.

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Mechanical Performance and Durability Evaluation of Sandstone Concrete

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering ◽

10.1155/2020/2417496 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fayong Yang ◽

Haibin Li ◽

Guijuan Zhao ◽

Ping Guo ◽

Wenbo Li

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Crack Resistance ◽

Mineral Composition ◽

Frost Resistance ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Low Cost ◽

Mass Loss Rate ◽

Raw Material ◽

Inspection Time ◽

Cement Stabilized Base

Enlarging local raw material utilization and reducing project costs is a new trend in the construction field. Under this background, sandstone was utilized in a cement-stabilized base in this study. The mineral composition of sandstone and the proportion of each mineral composition in the parent rock were analyzed using X-ray diffraction. To verify its feasibility, sandstone, syenite, marble, and basalt aggregates were selected to test the mechanical properties and road performance of the four aggregate concretes at 7, 28, 90, and 180 days. The test results showed that although the sandstone slump was the lowest at 60, the workability met the requirement. Compressive strength, tensile elasticity modulus, and axial tensile strength of concrete increased with age in all the concrete specimens, and the strength at each inspection time of sandstone was equivalent to that of marble, lower than that of basalt but higher than that of syenite. The early compressive strength of sandstone concrete is slightly lower than the compressive strength of marble concrete, and the 7 d and 28 d strengths were lower than 14% and 11%, respectively, but their 90 d and 180 d compressive strengths were the same. The crack resistance and frost resistance of sandstone were slightly inferior to those of syenite but better than those of basalt and marble. After 300 freeze-thaw cycles of the four aggregate concretes, the mass-loss rate of the test specimens was less than 5%, indicating that the frost resistance can meet the requirements. The various technical indexes of sandstone mixture could meet the current industry standards, and crack resistance, frost resistance, and fatigue resistance were good, which verified the feasibility of using sandstone for cement-stabilized base and provided a low-cost alternative for road construction.

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Evaluation of the Effects of Surface Treatment Methods on the Properties of Coral Aggregate and Concrete

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14226784 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (22) ◽

pp. 6784

Author(s):

Jinming Liu ◽

Boyu Ju ◽

Wei Xie ◽

Ting Zhou ◽

Haiying Xiao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Performance ◽

Low Cost ◽

Concrete Surface ◽

Raw Material ◽

Lower Strength ◽

Load Bearing Capacity ◽

Granulated Blast Furnace Slag ◽

Aggregate Effect ◽

Compound Modification ◽

Furnace Slag

Coral concrete has low cost and convenient materials, making it an excellent raw material for processing. However, its lower strength limits the application of coral concrete. Surface modification is expected to increase the properties of porous coral concrete. In this study, single and compound modification treatments were applied to the surface of a coral aggregate to improve its properties for promoting the mechanical performance of coral concrete. The results showed that the micro-aggregate effect and pozzolanic activity of granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and the permeability and polycondensation of sodium silicate (SS) could be mutually promoted. The GBFS and SS could effectively fill the pores of the coral aggregate, enhancing the properties of the aggregate, such as density and load-bearing capacity, and reducing the water absorption and crushing index by more than 50%. GBFS and SS could intensify and accelerate the hydration of cement, and generate a large number of hard hydration products at the interfacial transition zone (ITZ), which could strengthen the bonding between the aggregate and mortar, improving the strength of the ITZ. The compressive strength of the coral concrete was significantly increased.

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Transesterifikasi In Situ Minyak Biji Pepaya Menjadi Metil Ester dengan Co-Solvent N-Heksana Menggunakan Microwave

Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan ◽

10.33795/jtkl.v4i1.148 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 17

Author(s):

Elvianto Dwi Daryono ◽

Adi Sintoyo ◽

Rendi Chandra Gunawan

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Acid Number ◽

Production Costs ◽

Raw Material ◽

Heating Process ◽

Optimum Yield

Dalam berat kering biji pepaya mengandung minyak hingga 30% sehingga berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai bahan baku biodiesel. Transesterifikasi in situ merupakan langkah sederhana dalam menghasilkan biodiesel yaitu dengan cara mengeliminasi proses ekstraksi dan pemurnian minyak sehingga dapat menghemat biaya produksi dan memberikan hasil yang memuaskan. Reaksi satu fase dapat dibentuk dengan menambahkan co-solvent yang dapat meningkatkan kelarutan minyak. N-heksana merupakan co-solvent yang paling baik karena murah, tidak reaktif dan bertitik didih rendah (68oC) sehingga dapat dipisahkan secara co-distilasi bersama-sama dengan metanol. Gelombang mikro dapat merambat melewati cairan sehingga proses pemanasan akan berlangsung lebih efektif dan proses pembuatan biodiesel dapat dilakukan lebih singkat. Pada penelitian ini variasi daya yang digunakan adalah 30%, 50% dan 70% dari 399 watt serta waktu reaksi yaitu 2, 4, 6, 8 dan 10 menit. Hasil kemudian dianalisa menggunakan GC (Gas Chromatography). Didapatkan yield optimum sebesar 89,25% pada daya sebesar 70% dan waktu reaksi 8 menit. Yield optimum memiliki densitas sebesar 0,86 g/cm3 dan memiliki angka asam 0,28 mg KOH/g sampel. Hasil tersebut telah memenuhi SNI 7182:2015.In the dry weight of papaya seed oil contains up to 30%, so the potential to be used as raw material for biodiesel. Transesterification in situ is a simple step to produce biodiesel that is by eliminating extraction process and refining of oil so it can save on production costs and give satisfactory results. The reaction of one phase can be formed by adding a co-solvent to increase the solubility of oils. N-hexane is a co-solvent that is best because it is inexpensive, non-reactive and low boiling point (68°C) so that it can be separated by co-distillation with methanol. Microwave can propagate passed through the liquid so that the heating process will take place more effectively and the process of making biodiesel can be made shorter. In this study the variation of power used is 30%, 50% and 70% of 399 watts and the reaction time is 2,4,6,8 and 10 minutes. Results were analyzed by GC (Gas Chromatography). The optimum yield was 89.25% at 70% power and reaction time 8 minutes. The optimum yield has a density of 0.86 g / cm 3 and has an acid number of 0.28 mg KOH/g sample. These results have met the SNI 7182:2015.

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PENGARUH VARIASI VARIABEL REAKSI PADA PROSES EKSTRAKSI REAKTIF MESOKARP SAWIT UNTUK MENGHASILKAN BIODIESEL

Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU ◽

10.32734/jtk.v4i4.1509 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 18-24

Author(s):

Pascalis Novalina ◽

Arya Josua S ◽

Taslim ◽

Tjahjono Herawan

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Dimethyl Carbonate ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Production Costs ◽

Raw Material ◽

Reactive Extraction ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

High Yield ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

Dialkyl Carbonates

The conventional method for the production of biodiesel needed the oil that is extracted from the biomass before it can be transesterified into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Reactive extraction can be used to produce biodiesel with high-yield, low production costs, reduce the reaction time and the use of reagents and co-solvents, making it easier to produce biodiesel. In this study, reactive extraction applied to produce biodiesel from palm fruit mesocarp extracted using dimethyl carbonate as a solvent and reagents, and novozym®435 as a catalyst. Methanol was replaced by dialkyl carbonates, particularly dimethyl carbonate. Dimethyl carbonate can be used as a solvent and as a reagent, so reactive extraction is very easy to apply. The parameters will be study are reaction temperature (50, 60, and 70 °C), reaction time (8, 16, 24 hours), the molar ratio of reactants (50: 1, 60: 1, 70: 1 n/n ), the concentration of novozym® 435 (5%, 10%, 15% wt).The results showed that the highest biodiesel yield can be achivied at conditions temperature of 60 °C, reaction time 24 hours, molar ratio of reactants palm mesocarp to DMC 1:60, and novozym®435 concentration of 10wt%. The results showed that the synthesis of biodiesel via reactive extraction using palm mesocarp as raw material requires a low production cost.

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Processing, Characteristics, and Potential Application of Red Palm Oil - A review

International Journal of Oil Palm ◽

10.35876/ijop.v3i2.47 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 40-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kartika Okta Purnama ◽

Dwi Setyaningsih ◽

Erliza Hambali ◽

Darmono Taniwiryono

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Food Product ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Raw Material ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

Food Industries ◽

Red Palm Oil ◽

Essential Components ◽

Specific Food

Crude palm oil (CPO) is produced from the extraction process of palm fruit pulp. Palm oil contains essential components in the form of triglycerides, mostly as fatty acids, namely palmitic acid, oleic, and linoleic. However, palm oil also contains minor phytonutrients, such as carotene, tocopherol, and tocotrienol. Palm oil has been widely used in the food and non-food industries. As a raw material in various products, palm oil undergoes a refinery process to remove unlike free fatty acids (FFA), odors, and colors (reddish to bright yellow). In this process, phytonutrients are degraded and damaged so that the content becomes very low. Phytonutrients in the CPO has not been fully utilized their benefits for human health. One of the palm oil products that contain high phytonutrient compounds is red palm oil. There are two types of red palm oil, namely virgin red palm oil (VRPO) and red palm oil derived from CPO (RPO). VRPO is produced from direct extraction of oil palm fruit, while RPO is produced from the neutralization of CPO and deodorization at low temperatures to reduce FFA levels. Both of these products contain high phytonutrients, such as carotene, tocopherol, and tocotrienol. This paper reviews several studies on the processing, characteristics, and potential use of red palm oil in food and non-food products. The application of red palm oil in margarine as a specific food product has the potential to be further studied.

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Manufacturing of Lightweight Aggregates as an Auspicious Method of Sewage Sludge Utilization

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13245635 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (24) ◽

pp. 5635

Author(s):

Jerzy Korol ◽

Marcin Głodniok ◽

Aleksander Hejna ◽

Tomasz Pawlik ◽

Błażej Chmielnicki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Compressive Strength ◽

Sewage Sludge ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Low Cost ◽

High Volume ◽

Specific Weight ◽

Raw Material ◽

Lightweight Aggregates ◽

Commercial Products

Sewage sludge is a high-volume and low-cost waste commonly generated worldwide, so its utilization is a vital issue. The application of this waste in the manufacturing of lightweight aggregates was investigated. The process was performed using intensive mixers with volumes of 5 and 30 L, as well as the industrial 500 L mixer. Then, granulates were sintered in a tube furnace. The influence of composition and mixer size on the particle size, microstructure, mechanical performance, and stability of lightweight aggregates in different environments was analyzed. The best results were obtained for a 500 L mixer, enhancing the industrial potential of the presented process. Increasing the share of sewage sludge in the composition of aggregates enhanced their porosity and reduced the specific weight, which caused a drop in compressive strength. Nevertheless, for all analyzed materials, the mechanical performance was superior compared to many commercial products. Therefore, sewage sludge can be efficiently applied as a raw material for the manufacturing of lightweight aggregates. The presented results confirm that a proper adjustment of composition allows easy the tailoring of aggregates’ performance and cost.

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