scholarly journals Urea Fertilizer Placement Impacts on Corn Growth and Nitrogen Utilization in a Poorly-Drained Claypan Soil

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank E. Johnson II ◽  
Kelly A. Nelson ◽  
Peter P. Motavalli
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Fertilizer Placement ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Urea Fertilizer ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Claypan Soil ◽  
The Impact

<p>Practices to increase nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) include selecting appropriate N fertilizer sources and application methods, but minimal research has focused on these practices in poorly-drained claypan soils which are prone to N loss. This research assessed the impact of different urea fertilizer placement practices on corn (<em>Zea mays</em> L.) production and N utilization in a poorly-drained claypan soil. Field trials were conducted in 2014 and 2015 in Missouri. Treatments consisted of pre-plant deep banding (20 cm) urea at 202 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> or urea plus a nitrification inhibitor (NI) (nitrapyrin) compared to pre-plant urea broadcast surface-applied or incorporated to a depth of 8 cm. In 2014, incorporating urea, deep banding urea, and deep banding urea plus NI had higher yields (&gt; 10%) of corn compared to the control with grain yields ranging from 13.73 to 14.05 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>. In 2015, grain yields were lower than in 2014, ranging from 4.1 to 7.9 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>. Deep placing banded urea with a NI yielded an increase in grain yield up to 48% compared to the other treatments. Rainfall amounts were higher in 2015, which could have resulted in poorer root growth and greater N loss in deep banded treatments. In 2014, deep banding urea with a NI produced the highest NUE. Similar to NUE, silage tissue N concentrations in 2014 were greater with deep banded urea plus NI, while in 2015 silage tissue N concentrations were higher with surface applied urea. The results suggest that urea fertilizer incorporation including deep banding may improve corn grain production, N uptake, and NUE, but response was affected by climatic conditions. The addition of an NI may be an important safeguard when deep banding urea in years with excessive precipitation.</p>

scholarly journals Effect of natural and growing conditions on the contentof phenolics in potatoes with different flesh colour

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 368-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Hamouz ◽  
J. Lachman ◽  
K. Hejtmánková ◽  
K. Pazderů ◽  
M. Čížek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorogenic Acid ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Flesh Colour ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
The Impact

In precise field trials in the Czech Republic from 2004&ndash;2008 the impact of location conditions, varieties with yellow, purple and red flesh and mineral fertilization on the content of total polyphenols (TP) and chlorogenic acid was investigated. The highest TP contents were reported at two locations with extreme climatic conditions; in those under stress due to low temperatures in the vegetation period at the mountainous area Stachy (5.89 mg TP/g DM) and those under drought stress in the warm lowland location Přerov nad Labem with light sandy soil (5.81 mg TP/g DM). The five-year experiment with the purple-fleshed Valfi variety (13.29 mg TP/g DM) reached 2.46 to 3.18 times higher content of TP in comparison with eight yellow-fleshed varieties. The yellow-fleshed Karin variety (5.39 mg TP/g DM) outperformed TP content of other yellow-fleshed varieties by 3.1 to 29.1%. In another experiment conclusive differences between the eight varieties with purple and red flesh were found; the highest TP content was detected in cv. Violette (25.9 mg TP/g DM) with the darkest purple flesh. As to the chlorogenic acid content similar relationships between varieties were found as in the case of TP. High linear correlation (r = 0.8536) was found between the content of chlorogenic acid and the content of TP. Among the treatments of mineral N, P, K and Mg fertilization, the content of TP was only affected by a treatment with a higher dose of K and Mg, causing a decrease in TP content.

scholarly journals Pronitridine Nitrification Inhibitor With Urea Ammonium Nitrate for Corn

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly A. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
Agronomic Efficiency ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Claypan Soil ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate

Nitrification inhibitors have been used to enhance the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers. This research evaluated the effectiveness of nontreated urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) at 0, 67, 135, 202, and 270 kg N ha-1 as well as UAN treated with nitrification inhibitors (pronitridine at 9.4 and 18.8 L ha-1 or nitrapyrin at 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1) to enhance N uptake and increase yield of corn (Zea mays L.). The study took place from 2012-2014 in upstate Missouri on a claypan soil. During the experiments, environmental conditions (high, medium, and low yielding years) affected corn response to pronitridine and nitrapyrin. In general, UAN plus pronitridine at 9.4 L ha-1 had similar effects on corn compared pronitridine at a higher (18.7 L ha-1) rate. During a high-yielding year (2014), in order to produce yields equivalent to 67 kg N ha-1 plus pronitridine at 9.4 L ha-1 or nitrapyrin, UAN needed to be increased 14 to 19%. Similarly, the amount of nontreated UAN needed to be increased 8 to 11% for yields to be equivalent to UAN at 135 kg N ha-1 plus pronitridine at 9.4 L ha-1 or nitrapyrin. Grain N removal and agronomic efficiency was highest with pronitridine at 9.4 L ha-1 and nitrapyrin combined with 67 and 135 kg N ha-1, respectively. This research indicates that pronitridine was as effective as nitrapyrin when added to a pre-emergence application of UAN placed between the rows in a dribble band.

scholarly journals Integration of measures to mitigate reactive nitrogen losses to the environment from grazed pastoral dairy systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 152 (S1) ◽  
pp. 45-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. MONAGHAN ◽  
C. A. M. DE KLEIN
Keyword(s):  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N Loss ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Mitigation Options ◽  
N Efficiency ◽  
Farm Systems ◽  
Dairy Systems ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARYThe need for nitrogen (N) efficiency measures for dairy systems is as great as ever if we are to meet the challenge of increasing global production of animal-based protein while reducing N losses to the environment. The present paper provides an overview of current N efficiency and mitigation options for pastoral dairy farm systems and assesses the impact of integrating a range of these options on reactive N loss to the environment from dairy farms located in five regions of New Zealand with contrasting soil, climate and farm management attributes. Specific options evaluated were: (i) eliminating winter applications of fertilizer N, (ii) optimal reuse of farm dairy effluent, (iii) improving animal performance through better feeding and using cows with higher genetic merit, (iv) lowering dietary N concentration, (v) applying the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) and (vi) restricting the duration of pasture grazing during autumn and winter. The Overseer®Nutrient Budgeting model was used to estimate N losses from representative farms that were characterized based on information obtained from detailed farmer surveys conducted in 2001 and 2009. The analysis suggests that (i) milk production increases of 7–30% were associated with increased N leaching and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission losses of 3–30 and 0–25%, respectively; and (ii) integrating a range of strategic and tactical management and mitigation options could offset these increased N losses. The modelling analysis also suggested that the restricted autumn and winter grazing strategy resulted in some degree of pollution swapping, with reductions in N leaching loss being associated with increases in N loss via ammonia volatilization and N2O emissions from effluents captured and stored in the confinement systems. Future research efforts need to include farm systems level experimentation to validate and assess the impacts of region-specific dairy systems redesign on productivity, profit, environmental losses, practical feasibility and un-intended consequences.

Nitrogen rate and timing effects on growth and yield of drill-sown rice

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Dunn ◽  
T. S. Dunn ◽  
B. A. Orchard
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
The Impact

Eight rice experiments were established at two sites in the Riverina district of south-eastern Australia in the 2012–13 and 2013–14 seasons. Two semi-dwarf rice varieties were drill-sown and nitrogen (N) fertiliser (urea) was applied at different rates at the 4-leaf stage before permanent water (pre-PW) and at panicle initiation (PI). The research assessed the impact of timing of N application on grain yield, compared the apparent N recovery of N fertiliser applied at the two stages, and determined an application strategy for N to obtain consistently high grain yields for current, semi-dwarf rice varieties when drill-sown. The apparent N recoveries achieved were 59% for N applied pre-PW and 25% for N applied at PI, averaged across years, sites, varieties and N rates. Grain yield increased significantly with increased rate of N applied at both stages, but the rate of increase from N applied at PI decreased as the rate of N applied pre-PW increased. The grain yield increase for N applied pre-PW was due to increased number of panicles at maturity and increased number of florets per panicle. Nitrogen applied at PI increased dry matter at maturity and number of florets per panicle. Application of N at PI increased grain yield over that when no N was applied; however, at low PI N-uptake levels, application of N at PI is not enough to achieve high grain yields. Therefore, sufficient N should be available to the crop from a combination of soil- and pre-PW-applied N for the crop to reach a level of N uptake at PI whereby high yields can be achieved. Nitrogen applied at PI did not appear to increase the potential for cold-induced floret sterility as much as pre-PW-applied N. Further research is required to confirm this in other seasons and for other rice varieties.

scholarly journals Polymer-Coated Urea in Broadcast or Furrow Application in the Corn-Palisadegrass Intercropping System

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Estevam Munhoz de Almeida ◽  
José Laércio Favarin ◽  
Felipe Brendler Oliveira ◽  
Clovis Pierozan Junior ◽  
Silas Maciel de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Broadcast Application ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Polymer Coated Urea ◽  
Slow Release Urea ◽  
Application Forms

Polymer coated urea (PCU) have the potential to increase nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) by the release of N following crop demand while reducing losses by volatilization, leaching and denitrification. However, the NUE of PCU is still unclear especially in systems of corn-palisadegrass intercropping. Broadcast application of urea result in ammonia volatilization losses, new technologies must be adopted in order to allow broadcast application of urea. The aim of this research was to evaluate NUE from PCU in the corn-palisadegrass intercropping system and the viability of the broadcast application using PCU. Two field trials were carried out in a 4 &times; 2 factorial design including fertilization treatments and application forms. Fertilization treatments were: Conventional Urea topdressing (CUT); Conventional Urea at corn planting (CUP); PCU applied at planting to release in 30 days (PCU30); PCU mixture applied at planting to release in 30 and 60 days (PCU30+60); and application forms: broadcast placement and in furrow. 15N-urea was used for the determination of NUE. The corn yield and palisadegrass above-ground biomass were not affected by the fertilization treatments or application forms. PCU did not increase N uptake and the NUE by corn or palisadegrass in relation to urea. The N uptake from fertilizer by palisadegrass intercropped with corn is less than 1% of all N uptake on the intercropping system and at most 2% of the N fertilizer applied. The slow release urea does not enable the broadcast application and its efficiency depended upon the same climatic conditions as those of the conventional urea.

Etridiazole may conserve applied nitrogen and increase yield of irrigated cotton

Soil Research ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1287 ◽  
Author(s):  
IJ Rochester ◽  
H Gaynor ◽  
GA Constable ◽  
PG Saffigna
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Cotton Production ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Cotton Crop ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
Crop N Uptake ◽  
Crop Maturity

Recovery of applied N is often poor in irrigated cotton production in Australia, due to N loss through biological denitrification in the heavy clay soils. We envisaged that the N loss through denitrification could be reduced by limiting the soil nitrate concentration by applying a nitrification inhibitor with the fertilizer. We applied the nitrification inhibitor etridiazole in three field experiments in two cotton-growing seasons (1991-1993). The nitrification of ammonium-N applied as urea or anhydrous ammonia, the cotton crop N uptake and lint yield were monitored; recovery of 15N-labelled urea applied to microplots was assessed at crop maturity. In the first experiment, urea was applied at rates of 0 and 80 kg N ha-1 with etridiazole (applied as Terrazole EC). The recommended etridiazole rate (300 g ha-1) was compared with nil, half and double that rate. In the fertilized treatments where etridiazole was applied, nitrification of ammonium was retarded for more than 2 months, cotton crop N uptake was increased by 28% at maturity and lint yield increased by 18%, relative to the control. Etridiazole application had little effect on soil N concentrations, crop N uptake or lint yield in the unfertilized treatments. Fertilizer recovery was significantly improved from 35 to 50% with etridiazole application. The second experiment (in the following year) was conducted under commercial conditions. Etridiazole was applied with urea at 86, 119 and 154 kg N ha-1. As in Experiment 1, nitrification was delayed, crop N uptake was enhanced at crop maturity and lint yield was significantly increased by 46 kg ha-1 (3% greater than the control) with etridiazole application. In the third experiment, anhydrous ammonia was applied at rates from 0 to 175 kg N ha-1, with and without etridiazole. Recovery of 15N-labelled urea was not significantly altered by etridiazole application from the relatively high (69%) recovery in the control treatment. Maximum lint yield was 130 kg ha-1 (6.9%) higher in the etridiazole treatments, but required the application of additional N to achieve it. These experiments indicated that etridiazole was cost-effective in increasing lint yield of irrigated cotton and conserved applied N where substantial denitrification loss occurred.

scholarly journals Optimal timing for post emergence applications of nicosulfuron for weed control in maize

2006 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 250-254
Author(s):  
T.K. James ◽  
A. Rahman ◽  
M. Trolove
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides ◽  
The Impact

Field trials were conducted over three growing seasons to ascertain optimal timing for post emergence application of nicosulfuron in maize when no preemergence herbicides were used Nicosulfuron (60 g/ha) was applied at 1 to 7 weeks after maize emergence Dry matter and leaf area of maize plants grass and broadleaf weeds were determined at the time of treatment Maize grain yields were used as the major determinant to assess the impact of different timings of postemergence weed control The early season (weeks 13) weed control achieved with nicosulfuron was excellent but subsequent germination of weeds occurred In weeks 47 the larger weeds took longer to brown off and die back Results showed that both the biomass and ground cover of weeds were important in determining the duration of the optimal application window When weeds remained uncontrolled and achieved 100 ground cover grain yields were significantly reduced This occurred at weeks 3 5 and 6 after emergence in the three trials

Impact of roof shading on building energy performance in warm & humid climatic places of India

2020 ◽  
pp. 50-64
Author(s):  
Kuladeep Kumar Sadevi ◽  
Avlokita Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
General Assumption ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Passive Cooling ◽  
Base Case ◽  
U Value ◽  
The Impact

With the rise in awareness of energy efficient buildings and adoption of mandatory energy conservation codes across the globe, significant change is being observed in the way the buildings are designed. With the launch of Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) in India, climate responsive designs and passive cooling techniques are being explored increasingly in building designs. Of all the building envelope components, roof surface has been identified as the most significant with respect to the heat gain due to the incident solar radiation on buildings, especially in tropical climatic conditions. Since ECBC specifies stringent U-Values for roof assembly, use of insulating materials is becoming popular. Along with insulation, the shading of the roof is also observed to be an important strategy for improving thermal performance of the building, especially in Warm and humid climatic conditions. This study intends to assess the impact of roof shading on building’s energy performance in comparison to that of exposed roof with insulation. A typical office building with specific geometry and schedules has been identified as base case model for this study. This building is simulated using energy modelling software ‘Design Builder’ with base case parameters as prescribed in ECBC. Further, the same building has been simulated parametrically adjusting the amount of roof insulation and roof shading simultaneously. The overall energy consumption and the envelope performance of the top floor are extracted for analysis. The results indicate that the roof shading is an effective passive cooling strategy for both naturally ventilated and air conditioned buildings in Warm and humid climates of India. It is also observed that a fully shaded roof outperforms the insulated roof as per ECBC prescription. Provision of shading over roof reduces the annual energy consumption of building in case of both insulated and uninsulated roofs. However, the impact is higher for uninsulated roofs (U-Value of 3.933 W/m2K), being 4.18% as compared to 0.59% for insulated roofs (U-Value of 0.33 W/m2K).While the general assumption is that roof insulation helps in reducing the energy consumption in tropical buildings, it is observed to be the other way when insulation is provided with roof shading. It is due to restricted heat loss during night.

THE IMPACT OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS ON THE BIOLOGICAL YIELD OF SUGAR BEET CROP (BETA VULGARIS L. VAR. SACCHARIFERA)

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 1281-1284
Author(s):  
Petar Petrov ◽  
Bojan Mitrovski
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Qualitative Properties ◽  
New Production ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Random Block ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
Sugar Beet Crop ◽  
The Impact

Due to the great economic significance of the sugar beet, the new production trends are aimed at improving the quantitative and qualitative properties and one of the basic agro technical measures that is directly dependent on the yield and quality of the turnip is the properly conducted plant nutrition. Exporting high quantities of nutrients from the soil, the sugar beet requires application of advanced agro-technology, primarily application of adequate and controlled nutrition and irrigation. Application of this measure, in combination with soil processing, has sustained influence over the following cultures in the crop rotation in terms of nutrients regiment and fight against weeds.In order to determine the effects of mineral fertilizers on sugar beet, field experiment was conducted on fluvisol soil. The experiment is set according to a random block system, following the standard methods of agricultural chemistry for conducting field trials. The experiment includes eight variants, as follows: 1. Control (non-fertilized), 2. NP, 3. NK, 4. PK, 5. NPK, 6. N2PK, 7. N2P2K, 8. N3PK.In the phase of technological maturity of sugar beet, collection of the vegetative material and measurement of the height of the biological yield of the turnips was carried out. Based on the survey results, it can be concluded that the variant N2P2K has achieved the highest yield of swollen roots, i.e. 69.330 kg/ha. The highest yield of leafy greens was achieved in the variant N3PK, i.e. 41.920 kg/ha, which indicates the fact that nitrogen has direct influence over the vegetation mass of sugar beet.

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