scholarly journals Characteristics of blooming, floral nectaries and nectar of Malus sargentii Rehd.

2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-25
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska ◽  
Marta Dmitruk
Keyword(s):  
Apple Tree ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Flower Opening ◽  
Flowering Duration ◽  
Flower Visitation ◽  
Orange Yellow ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
Beginning Of Flowering ◽  
Floral Nectaries ◽  
Nectariferous Tissue

In the years 2007-2008, the flowering biology of <i>Malus sargentii</i>, an ornamental apple tree native to Japan, was studied in the conditions of Lublin (Poland). The daily rate of flower opening, flowering duration and flower visitation by insects were determined. The amount of nectar produced per flower and sugar content in the nectar were investigated. The size of nectaries and the micromorphology of their surface were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the greatest amount of flowers opened between 11.00 and 13.00. During this time, the largest number of insects was observed in the flowers. Bees (90%) were predominant among the insects, with a much smaller number of bumblebees (6%) and butterflies (4%). The flower life span was 5 days. Over this period, the flower produced, on the average, 0.71 mg of nectar with an average sugar content of 32%. The nectaries of <i>Malus sargentii</i> are orange-yellow coloured and they represent the hypanthial type. Due to the protrusion of the nectariferous tissue, they are classified as automorphic nectaries. The surface of the epidermal cells of the nectary was distinguished by distinct cuticle folds. A small number of stomata were located only in the basal part of the nectary. At the beginning of flowering, all stomata were closed, but secretion traces were observed near well-developed outer cuticular ledges.

scholarly journals Flowering, fruiting and physiology of apple tree under different irrigation levels in the Brazilian semiarid region

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cíntia Martins De Oliveira ◽  
Welson Lima Simões ◽  
Paulo Roberto Coelho Lopes ◽  
José Bezerra Da Silva ◽  
Emanoel Jurema Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Total Soluble Sugar ◽  
Brazilian Semiarid ◽  
Opposite Behavior ◽  
Irrigation Levels

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation levels on flowering, fruit set, carbohydrate and protein content and gas exchange, of apple varietiesin the Brazilian semiarid region. The experimental design was a randomized block with split plots with five replications and four plot irrigation levels (60, 80, 100, and 120% of the reference evapotranspiration (ETo)) and the subplots with two cultivars (Juliet and Princess). As a result, it was found that the number of flowers (NFL), fruits (NFR), shoot percentage (SP) and fruit set (FS) were higher in cv. Juliet. The number of buds (NB) and the fertility index (FI) were higher in cv. Princess. With regard to metabolites, reducing sugar content (RS) had no significant effect among cultivars. The non-reducing sugar content (NRS), total soluble sugar (TSS) and total soluble proteins (TSP) were higher in cv. Princess. As for irrigation depths, TSP, sprouting, flowering and fruit set increased along with the amount of water applied, while the RS, NRS and TSS contents had the opposite behavior.

scholarly journals Elevated CO2 Impacts on Plant–Pollinator Interactions: A Systematic Review and Free Air Carbon Enrichment Field Study

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 512
Author(s):  
Liam M. Crowley ◽  
Jonathan P. Sadler ◽  
Jeremy Pritchard ◽  
Scott A. L. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Flowering Duration ◽  
Flower Visitation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Syrphid Flies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Plant Pollinator

The impact of elevated CO2 (eCO2) on plant–pollinator interactions is poorly understood. This study provides the first systematic review of this topic and identifies important knowledge gaps. In addition, we present field data assessing the impact of eCO2 (150 ppm above ambient) on bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta)–pollinator interactions within a mature, deciduous woodland system. Since 1956, only 71 primary papers have investigated eCO2 effects on flowering time, floral traits and pollination, with a mere 3 studies measuring the impact on pollination interactions. Our field experiment documented flowering phenology, flower visitation and seed production, as well as the abundance and phenology of dominant insect pollinators. We show that first and mid-point flowering occurred 6 days earlier under eCO2, but with no change in flowering duration. Syrphid flies and bumble bees were the dominant flower visitors, with peak activity recorded during mid- and late-flowering periods. Whilst no significant difference was recorded in total visitation or seed set between eCO2 and ambient treatments, there were clear patterns of earlier flowering under eCO2 accompanied by lower pollinator activity during this period. This has implications for potential loss of synchrony in pollination systems under future climate scenarios, with associated long-term impacts on abundance and diversity.

A half-day flowering pattern helps plants sharing pollinators in an oceanic island community

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Xiangping Wang ◽  
Tong Zeng ◽  
Mingsong Wu ◽  
Dianxiang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Oceanic Island ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Flower Opening ◽  
Flower Visitation ◽  
Visitation Rates ◽  
Island Community ◽  
Plant Pollinator

Abstract The temporal pattern of flower opening and closure is a feature of the biology of many plant species, particularly those inhabiting oceanic islands where flowering generally lasts for only a few hours per day. Additionally, flower visitors often seek different floral sources on a timely basis, thus the relative timing of interactions is central to their status in pollination competition, or in the facilitation of pollination among co-flowering plants sharing pollinators. However, few studies have examined the impacts of daily temporal variation in flowering patterns on the pollinator network and competition on a community scale. In order to examine whether the daily pattern of flower opening and closure can impose temporal dynamics on interspecific interactions within a single day, plant–pollinator interaction networks (AM subweb and PM subweb) were quantified, and the relevant interactions between the two subwebs were compared using the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity of visitation frequencies in an oceanic island community (Paracel Islands, South China Sea). The role of species within networks and its variation between two subwebs were assessed by calculating the species-level specialization and species strength of each plant and pollinator species. The quantitative plant–pollinator interaction dissimilarity between morning and afternoon subsets was 0.69, and this value dropped to 0.58 when considering plant species flowering throughout the day. In our study, this dissimilarity between the two subwebs might be explained by the morning peak activity rather than a preference for morning flowers. No significant differences were detected in the species-level specialization and species strength of plants flowering all day from morning to afternoon at the community level. The flower visitation rates of native honeybee Apis cerana were not significantly different between morning and afternoon for most of the whole-day flowering plants. However, plant species only flowering either in the morning or the afternoon differed in the rate of visitation by A. cerana. The analyses of variation in the visitation rates of pollinators shared by plants within a single day in the studied community suggest that daily structuring at a community level and half-day staggered flowering during the morning or afternoon might reduce competitive interactions in oceanic insular habitats.

scholarly journals The Influence of Agrotechnological Tools on cv. Rubin Apples Quality

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 463
Author(s):  
Kristina Laužikė ◽  
Nobertas Uselis ◽  
Giedrė Samuolienė
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
The World

With the growing demand for quality food in the world, there is a new ambition to produce high-quality apples seeking reduced cultivation costs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of agrotechnological tools on the quality of cv. Rubin apples during the harvest. The apple tree (Malus domestica Borkh.) cv. Rubin was grafted on dwarfing rootstocks P60, planted in single rows spaced 1.25 m between trees and 3.5 m between rows. Six agrotechnological tools were used—hand pruning, mechanical pruning, trunk incision, calcium-prohexadione, summer pruning and mechanical pruning one side, changing sides annually. The agrotechnical tools had no significant effect on accumulation of most sugars and elements, malic, folic and succinic acids in the fruits. Mechanical pruning resulted in significant accumulation of phenolic compounds, antioxidants, ascorbic acid, but reduced the amount of glucose compared to hand pruning. However, the trunk incision or spraying with ca-prohexadione together with mechanical pruning had no significant effect on sugar content but resulted in significantly higher amounts of phenols, antioxidants, ascorbic acid, Fe and Mn and reduced starch and citric acid.

scholarly journals Flower opening and vase life of gladiolus cultivars: the sensitivity to ethylene and the carbohydrate content

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Cavalcante Da Costa ◽  
Fernando Luiz Finger
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Flower Opening ◽  
Total Soluble Sugars ◽  
Total Soluble Sugar

Vase life is one of the most important characteristics in the quality of cut flowers. The carbohydrate content of petals from each cultivar can be a decisive factor to vase life of gladiolus flowers. Despite exposure to ethylene does not affect the life of open florets of gladiolus flowers, it may reduce the flower’s commercial life due the occurrence of flower buds abortion. This study thus aimed to evaluate the flower opening and the vase life of gladiolus flowers according to ethylene sensitivity and carbohydrate content of each cultivar. The gladiolus cultivars used in Experiment I were  ‘Amsterdam’, ‘Blue Frost’, ‘Gold Field’, ‘Green Star’, ‘Jester’, ‘Lavender’, ‘Red Beauty’, ‘Rose Supreme’, ‘Traderhorn’, and ‘Verônica’. Stems were stored in airtight chambers and exposed to the ethylene concentrations of 0, 0.1, 1.0, 10, 100, and 1000 μL L−1 for 24 h. Subsequently, flower stem were placed in a test tube with distilled water when were evaluated for percentage of flower opening and vase life. In Experiment II, three cultivars (‘Amsterdam’, ‘Red Beauty’, and ‘Verônica’) were chosen based on the lowest, medium, and highest vase life in Experiment I, respectively. Total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, and starch contents were evaluated in five flower developmental stages. No effect of ethylene on the flower opening or alterations in flower opening between cultivars. The vase life of gladiolus flowers differed between cultivars regardless of ethylene action. ‘Verônica’ and ‘Amsterdam’, which had the highest and lowest vase life, respectively, differed as to the total soluble sugar content. Ethylene does not influence the flower opening or vase life of the gladiolus cultivars studied. In these cultivars, the maintenance of flower opening is attributed to total soluble sugars content, which, in turn, is a major determinant of the vase life.

COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO THE SELECTION OF COMPOUND COMPONENTS FOR THE CREATION OF FRUIT-CHOCOLATE GLAZE WITH THE INCREASED NUTRITION VALUE

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Э.В. МАЗУКАБЗОВА ◽  
Н.В. ЛИНОВСКАЯ ◽  
И.М. СВЯТОСЛАВОВА
Keyword(s):  
Melting Point ◽  
Cocoa Butter ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Crystallization Time ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
Plant Powders ◽  
The Difference

Исследованы сырьевые компоненты с целью разработки рецептуры шоколадной глазури повышенной пищевой ценности. Установлены основные параметры кристаллизации образцов масла какао и эквивалентов масла какао (ЭМК): температура застывания Tmax (20,6–21,5)°C и (19,6–20,0)°C; продолжительность кристаллизации τmax64–69 мин и 70–75 мин соответственно. Определен коэффициент кристаллизации по показателю BCI (Buhler Crystallization Index): для масла какао 3,5–4,7; для ЭМК 2,3–3,0. Установлено: масло какао и ЭМК имеют различные характеристики кристаллизации, что прогнозирует отличие в процессе их структурирования при производстве шоколадной глазури. Изучены характеристики кристаллизации какао тертого: температура застывания Tmax (20,4–20,8)°C, время кристаллизации τmax 35,2–45,3 мин. Изучены физико-химические свойства растительных порошков: массовая доля влаги 3,6–6,2%; рН 3,5–6,8. Исследован гранулометрический состав: доля фракций с размером частиц менее 200 мкм составляет 97,8–99,6%. По результатам исследований разработана рецептура фруктово-шоколадной глазури с использованием ЭМК с оптимальными кристаллизационными свойствами и порошка малины. Замена части сахарной пудры (21,5%) на порошок малины в рецептуре глазури привела к снижению ее сахароемкости за счет уменьшения содержания углеводов на 4,3 г на 100 г продукта. В разработанном полуфабрикате увеличилось содержание пищевых волокон в 3,7 раза, что составило 3,38 г на 100 г продукта, или 11,3% среднесуточной нормы потребления, а также минеральных веществ, % среднесуточной нормы: калия 19,6; фосфора 25,4; железа 25,0. The raw materials investigated with the aim of developing a chocolate glaze recipe with increased nutritional value. Main parameters of crystallization of the samples of cocoa butter: melting point, Tmax, (20,6–21,5)°C; duration of crystallization, τmax, 64–69 min; and equivalents of cocoa butter (CBE): melting point, Tmax, (19,6–20,0)°C; the duration of crystallization, τmax, 70–75 min. The coefficient of crystallization according to BCI (Buhler Crystallization Index) for cocoa butter BCI 3,5–4,7; for the CBE BCI 2,3–3,0. It is established that cocoa butter and CBE have different characteristics of crystallization, which predicts the difference in the process of structuring in the production of chocolate glaze. The characteristics of the crystallization of cocoa mass were studied: melting point, Tmax, (20,4–20,8)°C, crystallization time, τmax, 35,2–45,3 min. Physical and chemical properties of plant powders are studied: the mass fraction of moisture is (3,6–6,2)%; pH 3,5–6,8; granulometric composition: the fractions with particle size less than 200 microns is 97,8 – 99,6%. Based on the results of the research, the recipe of fruit-chocolate glaze developed using CBE with the optimum crystallization properties and raspberry powder. Replacing part of the powdered sugar (21,5%) with raspberry powder in the glaze recipe resulted in a decrease in its sugar content by reducing the carbohydrate content by 4,3 g per 100 g of product. In the developed semi-finished product, the content of dietary fibers increased 3,7 times, which amounted to 3,38 g per 100 g of the product, or 11,3% of the average daily consumption rate, as well as minerals, % of the average daily rate: potassium 19,6; phosphorus 25,4; iron 25,0.

scholarly journals Apple Fruit Growth and Quality Depend on the Position in Tree Canopy

Plants ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Darius Kviklys ◽  
Jonas Viškelis ◽  
Mindaugas Liaudanskas ◽  
Valdimaras Janulis ◽  
Kristina Laužikė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Maturity Parameters

Modern apple orchard systems should guarantee homogeneity of fruit internal and external qualities and fruit maturity parameters. However, when orchards reach productive age, a variation of these parameters takes place and mostly it is related to uneven light distribution within the tree canopy. The aim of the study was to evaluate the canopy position’s effect on fruit internal and external quality parameters. This is the first study where all the main fruit quality and maturation parameters were evaluated on the same trees and were related to the light conditions and photosynthetic parameters. Four fruit positions were tested: top of the apple tree, lower inside part of the canopy, and east and west sides of the apple tree. Fruit quality variability was significant for fruit size, blush, colour indices, total sugar content, dry matter concentration, accumulation of secondary metabolites and radical scavenging activity. Fruit position in the canopy did not affect flesh firmness and fruit maturity parameters such as the starch index, Streif index and respiration rate. At the Lithuanian geographical location (55°60’ N), significantly, the highest fruit quality was achieved at the top of the apple tree. The tendency was established that apple fruits from the west side of the canopy have better fruit quality than from the east side and it could be related to better light conditions at the west side of the tree. Inside the canopy, fruits were distinguished only by the higher accumulation of triterpenic compounds and higher content of malic acid. Light is a main factor of fruit quality variation, thus all orchard management practices, including narrow two-dimensional tree canopies and reflecting ground covers which improve light penetration through the tree canopy, should be applied.

scholarly journals Comparison of features of the epidermis and the size of the floral nectary in four species of the genus Cotoneaster Med.

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirosława Chwil ◽  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Floral Nectary ◽  
Cuticular Ornamentation ◽  
Floral Nectaries ◽  
Nectariferous Tissue ◽  
Nectar Flow ◽  
Scanning Electron

The investigations involved four species of the <i>Cotoneaster</i> genus: <i>C. divaricatus</i>, <i>C. horizontalis</i>, <i>C. lucidus</i>, <i>C. praecox</i>, which are commonly grown for decorative purposes. In Poland, these plants bloom in May and June and are a source of abundant spring nectar flow for insects. The floral nectaries of the above-mentioned species were examined using stereoscopic, light, and scanning electron microscopy in order to assess their size and epidermal microstructure. In the plants studied, the upper part of the hypanthium is lined by nectariferous tissue. The nectaries in the four species vary in terms of their sizes. Nectar is secreted onto the surface of the epidermis through anomocytic, slightly elongated or circular stomata. The largest stomata on the nectary epidermis were found in the flowers of <i>C. horizontalis</i>, and the smallest ones in <i>C. divaricatus</i>.Their size and location in relation to other epidermal cells were taxon-specific. The highest density of stomata in the nectary epidermis was found in <i>C. divaricatus</i> (205 per mm<sup>2</sup>), whereas <i>C. horizontalis</i> flowers exhibited the lowest (98 per mm<sup>2</sup>) stomatal density. The cuticular ornamentation on the nectary epidermis surface was diverse. The stomatal indices calculated for the nectary epidermis were considerably lower than for the leaves in the particular species.

scholarly journals Salt Tolerance of Tomato Plants as Affected by Stage of Plant Development

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1260-1263 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.M. del Amor ◽  
V. Martinez ◽  
A. Cerdá
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Plant Growth Stages ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Beginning Of Flowering ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

In order to simulate the usage of brackish irrigation water in greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. cv. Daniela) culture in perlite, plants were supplied with nutrient solutions containing 0, 20, 40, and 60 mm NaCl. The three highest salinity treatments were applied at three different plant growth stages, during early vegetative growth [16 days after transplanting, (DAT)], beginning of flowering (36 DAT), and starting fruit development (66 DAT). Salt tolerance of tomato plants increased when the application of salinity was delayed. Salinity significantly decreased size and number of marketable fruits, but increased fruit quality by increasing total soluble solids and sugar content. Leaf and fruit calcium and potassium concentrations were decreased significantly by increasing salinity levels. This was compensated for the accumulation of sodium. Anion accumulation was increased by increasing chloride concentration. These results indicate that it is feasible to use brackish water for growing tomato with minimum yield losses if salt concentration and duration of exposure are carefully monitored.

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