The occurrence of Papaver rhoeas L. in agrocenoses of the buffer zone of the Roztocze national Park compared to other regions of Poland

The paper tries to determine the environmental amplitude as well as the optimal conditions for the vegetation of Papaver rhoeas in the agrocoenoses of the Roztocze National Park's buffer zone, as compared to other Polish regions. The analysis is based on certain habitat and anthropogenic factors. Based on the author's own research and the data quoted in the literature, it has been found that Papaver rhoeas occurs in the associations and communities of the Caucalidion and Aperion alliances accompanying cereal and rape crops as well as in the Polygono-Chenopodion and Panico-Setarion alliances accompanying root crops. Papaver rhoeas demonstrates a large environmental scale, as its presence has been noted in low- and highlands, in foothills, in river valleys as well as on slopes. Moreover, it teams up with various types of soils (of a wide range of acidity, moisture as well as trophic and thermal conditions) and complexes. Papaver rhoeas occurs most often and in the largest numbers in winter crops in the Lathyro-Melandrietum and Caucalidio-Scandicetum association which belongs to the Caucalidion alliance and in the Consolido-Brometum, Vicietum tetraspermae papaveretosum and V. t. consolidetosum association from the Aperion alliance. As far as root crops are considered, Papaver rhoeas shows up in the Lamio-Veronicetum politae association from the Polygono- Chenopodion alliance. It prefers chalky and Jurassic rendzinas containing CaCO3 and other fertile loam and loess soils which belong to wheat complexes, with their pH ranging from slightly acid to alkaline (Eutric Vertisols, chernozem, brown soil, alluvial soil) and which are moderately moist, warm, medium-rich in nitrogen and with good soil biological activity. In the foothill areas, it dominates on alluvial soils in the river valleys; rarely has it been spotted on the slopes. Papaver rhoeas rarely occurs on the lightest sandy soils of the weak and very weak rye complexes and weak cereal-fodder complexes. The distribution of Papaver rhoeas reflects the soil conditions in a given area.

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Reducing leaching using the threshold nitrate root-uptake phenomena

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-8780 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Kurtzman ◽

Beeri Kanner ◽

Yehuda Levy ◽

Ido Nitsan ◽

Asher Bar-Tal

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Land ◽

Root Zone ◽

Threshold Concentration ◽

Wet Season ◽

Annual Crops ◽

Wide Range ◽

Irrigated Crops ◽

Winter Crops ◽

Leaching Fraction ◽

Direct Results

Reducing nitrate leaching from agricultural land to aquifers is a high priority concern for more than a half a century. Theory and observations of a threshold concentration of nitrate in the root-zone (Cmax), from which the leachate concentration increases at higher rates with increasing root-zone nitrate concentration, are presented. Cmax is derived both by direct results from container experiments with varying nitrogen (N) fertigation, and as calibration parameter in N-transport models beneath commercial agricultural plots. For five different crops, Cmax ranged between 20-45 mg/l of NO3-N derived from experiments and models. However, for lettuce, which was irrigated with a large leaching fraction, a Cmax could not be defined. For the crops irrigated and fertilized in the warm/dry season (corn and citrus) experiments show a dramatic change in leachate concentrations and simulations reveal a wide range of sensitivity of leachate NO3-N concentration to Cmax. Annual crops that are irrigated and fertilized in the cool/wet season (e.g. potato in Mediterranean climate) showed a distinct Cmax yet less dramatic than the summer-irrigated crops in the container experiment, and smaller impact of Cmax in models. Simulations showed that for summer-irrigated crops maintaining fertigation at C<Cmax has a significant effect on deep leachate concentrations, whereas for the winter annual crops the simulations revealed no threshold. It is suggested that for summer-irrigated crops fertigation below Cmax robustly serves the co-sustainability of intensive agriculture and aquifer water quality, for the winter crops it is suggested but benefits are not robust. For short season, small root-system crops (lettuce) efforts should be made to detach the crop from the soil.

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Root crops agroforestry for greening the sustainability of green revolution

International Journal of Agricultural Research Innovation and Technology ◽

10.3329/ijarit.v8i1.38226 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 26-37

Author(s):

Y Widodo ◽

S Wahyuningsih ◽

JS Utomo ◽

A Subagio

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Forest Canopy ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Green Revolution ◽

Forest Conversion ◽

World Population ◽

Root Crops ◽

Wide Range ◽

Agro Forestry

Green revolution started at mid of twentieth century was the answer of anxiousness reminded by Malthusian that food scarcity problems in relation with population growth. In concurrence with exploitation of fossil fuel for agriculture mechanization as well as agrochemicals in the form of inorganic fertilizer and pesticide, green revolution by introducing high yielding varieties of cereals and grains was able to nourish the world population by increasing productivity. Indeed, from beginning of mechanization with fossil fuel based as advised by Rudolf Diesel then Arrhenius would be affected to the release of CO2 to the atmosphere and consequently exaggerating climate change as suffered by current and future generations. Under green revolution based on cereals and grains affected forest conversion into open agricultural land, because both commodities are sun-loving crops, which are hate to the shade. On the other hand, to slow the severity of climate change natural forest must be conserved tightly. Entering third millennium demand of food production with ecologically friendly is stronger. Hence, green revolution needs to be amended into greener perspectives. Thus, implementation of agro-forestry into wide range of agro-ecological zone is urgently innovated. Fortunately, shade tolerant of root crops has significant advantage to be developed under agro-forestry. Under shade of forest canopy at basal forest strata, root crops are able to sequester CO2 to be converted into carbohydrate and other compounds to provide food for the dweller. Back to nature is not only a slogan, with root crops under agro-forestry is a reality; fresh root up to 30 t ha-1 can be harvested yearly as the source of food and renewable fuel as well. This potential is very worthy to improve and greening the existing green revolution to be more sustainable.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 8 (1): 26-37, June, 2018

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Plant communities of cultivated fields of the Podlaski Przełom Bugu mesoregion part vi. communities of root crops on compact soils

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.2010.026 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

pp. 235-257

Author(s):

Zofia Rzymowska

Keyword(s):

Plant Communities ◽

Small Proportion ◽

Root Crops ◽

Mass Occurrence ◽

Suitable Habitats ◽

River Valleys ◽

Farm Buildings

Analysis of plant communities accompanying root crops on compact soils is presented in the paper. It is the next part of the review of plant communities of agrocenoses of the Podlaski Przełom Bugu (Podlasie Bug Gorge) mesoregion. The studied phytocoenoses were identified on the basis of 103 phytosociological relevés, made according to the Braun-Blanquet method. In the studied agrocenoses, plots of the associations Lamio-Veronicetum politae, Galinsogo-Setarietum and Oxalido-Chenopodietum polyspermi from the Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi alliance were noted. Small patches of Lamio-Veronicetum and Oxalido-Chenopodietum were rarely noted in the studied area due to a small proportion of suitable habitats. In the area of Podlaski Przełom Bugu mesoregion, phytocoenoses of Oxalido-Chenopodietum developed in the river valleys on fertile muds and black soils. Typical plots of Galinsogo-Setarietum distinguishable by the mass occurrence of Galinsoga parviflora were only observed in the vicinity of farm buildings. Intermediate communities between Panico-Setarion and Polygono-Chenopodion polyspermi as well as phytocoenoces of Echinochloo-Setarietum typicum - subvariant with Veronica persica and Echinochloo-Setarietum fumarietosum - were also quite frequently noted in root crops on compact soils.

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Modelling soil temperature and moisture and corresponding seasonality of photosynthesis and transpiration in a boreal spruce ecosystem

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions ◽

10.5194/hessd-9-6419-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 6419-6455

Author(s):

S. H. Wu ◽

P.-E. Jansson

Keyword(s):

Soil Temperature ◽

Transition Period ◽

Temperature Response ◽

Net Ecosystem Exchange ◽

Ecosystem Model ◽

Heat Fluxes ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Eddy Flux ◽

Flux Tower ◽

Wide Range

Abstract. Recovery of photosynthesis and transpiration is strongly restricted by low temperatures in air and/or soil during the transition period from winter to spring in boreal zones. The extent to which air temperature (Ta) and soil temperature (Ts) influence the seasonality of photosynthesis and transpiration of a boreal spruce ecosystem was investigated using a process-based ecosystem model (CoupModel) together with eddy covariance (EC) data from one eddy flux tower and nearby soil measurements at Knottåsen, Sweden. A Monte Carlo based uncertainty method (GLUE) provided prior and posterior distributions of simulations representing a wide range of soil conditions and performance indicators. The simulated results showed sufficient flexibility to predict the measured cold and warm Ts in the moist and dry plots around the eddy flux tower. Moreover, the model presented a general ability to describe both biotic and abiotic processes for the Norway spruce stand. The dynamics of sensible heat fluxes were well described the corresponding latent heat fluxes and net ecosystem exchange of CO2. The parameter ranges obtained are probably valid to represent regional characteristics of boreal conifer forests, but were not easy to constrain to a smaller range than that produced by the assumed prior distributions. Finally, neglecting the soil temperature response function resulted in fewer behavioural models and probably more compensatory errors in other response functions for regulating the seasonality of ecosystem fluxes.

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Germination Ecology of Two Australian Populations of African turnipweed (Sisymbrium thellungii)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/wsc.2018.55 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 66 (6) ◽

pp. 752-757 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gulshan Mahajan ◽

Amar Matloob ◽

Michael Walsh ◽

Bhagirath S. Chauhan

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Burial Depth ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Wide Range ◽

Water Ph ◽

Winter Crops ◽

Residue Study

AbstractAfrican turnipweed (Sisymbrium thellungiiO. E.Schulz) is an emerging problematic broadleaf weed of the northern grain region of Australia. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of temperature, light, salinity, pH, seed burial depth, and the amount of wheat crop residue on germination and emergence of two AustralianS. thellungiiweed populations (population C, cropped area; population F, fence line). Both populations behaved similarly across different environmental conditions, except in the residue study. Although the seeds of both populations ofS. thellungiicould germinate under complete darkness, germination was best (~95%) under light/dark conditions at the 20/10 C temperature regime. Both populations ofS. thellungiigerminated over a wide range of day/night temperatures (15/5, 20/10, 25/15, and 30/20 C). Osmotic stress had negative effects on germination, with 54% seeds (averaged over populations) able to germinate at −0.1MPa. Complete germination inhibition for both populations was observed at −0.8MPa osmotic potential. Both populations germinated at sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations ranging from 50 to 100 mM, beyond which germination was completely inhibited. There were substantial reductions in seed germination, 32% (averaged over populations) under highly acidic conditions (pH 4.0) as compared with the control (water: pH 6.4). Seed germination of both populations on the soil surface was 77%, and no seedlings emerged from a burial depth of 1 cm. The addition of 6 Mg ha−1of wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) residue reduced the emergence of the C and F populations ofS. thellungiiby 75% and 64%, respectively, as compared with the control (no residue). Information gathered from this study provides a better understanding of the factors favorable for germination and emergence ofS. thellungii, which will aid in developing management strategies in winter crops, especially wheat, barley (Hordeum vulgareL.), and chick pea (Cicer arietinumL.).

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Sonchus oleraceus (common sowthistle).

10.1079/cpc.50584.20210100271 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Julissa Rojas-Sandoval ◽

Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez ◽

A. I. Popay

Keyword(s):

Sand Dunes ◽

Cultivated Land ◽

Construction Sites ◽

Burned Areas ◽

Sonchus Oleraceus ◽

The Earth ◽

Large Numbers ◽

Disturbed Areas ◽

Wide Range ◽

Winter Crops

Abstract S. oleraceus is a common seed crop contaminant and has been carried either deliberately or accidentally by humans to almost every corner of the earth, where it invades mainly open and disturbed areas. It grows in a wide variety of environments on a wide range of substrates - roadsides, cultivated land, gardens, construction sites, sand dunes, logged or burned areas, on walls, mountain slopes, and near water. Once introduced to a new area the plants spread quickly because they grow and flower quickly and produce copious wind- and bird-dispersed seeds that germinate quickly in large numbers. They invade many cropped areas, especially among vegetable and winter crops. They are almost perfect 'designer weeds'. Additionally, this species has small light seeds which are easily dispersed by wind and water.

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Electrooxidation enables highly regioselective dearomative annulation of indole and benzofuran derivatives

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-019-13829-4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Kun Liu ◽

Wenxu Song ◽

Yuqi Deng ◽

Huiyue Yang ◽

Chunlan Song ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Thermal Conditions ◽

Kinetic Studies ◽

Added Value ◽

High Yield ◽

Paramagnetic Resonance ◽

Good Efficiency ◽

Rate Determining Step ◽

Wide Range

AbstractThe dearomatization of arenes represents a powerful synthetic methodology to provide three-dimensional chemicals of high added value. Here we report a general and practical protocol for regioselective dearomative annulation of indole and benzofuran derivatives in an electrochemical way. Under undivided electrolytic conditions, a series of highly functionalized five to eight-membered heterocycle-2,3-fused indolines and dihydrobenzofurans, which are typically unattainable under thermal conditions, can be successfully accessed in high yield with excellent regio- and stereo-selectivity. This transformation can also tolerate a wide range of functional groups and achieve good efficiency in large-scale synthesis under oxidant-free conditions. In addition, cyclic voltammetry, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and kinetic studies indicate that the dehydrogenative dearomatization annulations arise from the anodic oxidation of indole into indole radical cation, and this process is the rate-determining step.

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Simulation of the Responses of Dry Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to Irrigation

Transactions of the ASABE ◽

10.13031/trans.12386 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 60 (6) ◽

pp. 1983-1994 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mónica Espadafor ◽

Lairson Couto ◽

Morethson Resende ◽

Delbert W. Henderson ◽

Margarita García-Vila ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽

Simulation Model ◽

Soil Water ◽

Yield Response ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Dry Beans ◽

Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽

Management Options ◽

Crop Simulation ◽

Wide Range

Abstract. AquaCrop is a crop simulation model developed by the FAO aimed at assessing the yield response to water supply. Once the model is calibrated and validated, it is a useful tool to simulate crop yields under different management options or climatic and soil conditions. Until now, AquaCrop has not been parameterized for dry beans ( L.), and thus our objective was to calibrate and validate the model for this crop using experiments performed 40 years ago at Davis, California. A set of parameters derived from the calibration with one irrigation experiment was used to validate the model using five experiments carried out in 1977 and 1978 that had treatments vastly differing in irrigation depth and frequency. Yield predictions over a wide range of values (<1 to 3.5 t ha-1) were very good, with RMSE of 0.16 t ha-1 and Willmott’s d of 0.978. Seasonal ET was also accurately predicted by the model (RMSE = 40 mm, d = 0.930), as also evidenced by comparing the lysimeter measured ET of 489 mm against the lysimeter simulated ET of 501 mm. Canopy cover and the time course of biomass were adequately simulated as well. Even though total soil water extraction was well simulated, the simulated soil water distribution with depth differed from measured values in the dryland treatment. We conclude that AquaCrop can now be used for the simulation of dry beans in different environments, and we emphasize the value of carefully conducted field experiments for the validation of crop simulation models. Keywords: AquaCrop, Calibration and validation, Dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Irrigation, Simulation model, Water stress.

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Winter temperatures in the second half of the sixteenth century in the central area of the Iberian Peninsula

Climate of the Past ◽

10.5194/cp-4-357-2008 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 357-367 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

T. Bullón

Keyword(s):

Sixteenth Century ◽

Iberian Peninsula ◽

Statistical Treatment ◽

Central Area ◽

Thermal Conditions ◽

Reference Station ◽

Wide Range ◽

Winter Temperatures ◽

Spanish Archives ◽

Ordinal Index

Abstract. This paper studies the winter temperatures of the second part of the sixteenth century in the central area of the Iberian Peninsula. A large number of historical documents that are stored in many different Spanish archives were consulted in order to carry out this research. The data was first arranged and weighted according to the intensity and significance of the meteorological phenomena described and, subsequently, these values were assigned an ordinal index ranging from +4 to −4. The statistical treatment applied is based on the reconstruction of temperatures equivalent to this ordinal index, expressed as anomalies of the 1961–1990 period, belonging to a reference station located at the approximate geographical center of the area under study. The results show winter thermal conditions different from current ones that, for the most part, stay below the reference average and that occurred with a wide range of variability. The influence that thermal conditions had on the evolution of some environmental aspects are considered based on the forest exploitation problem information and on the wine harvest production.

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