How the shadow economy can be detected in National Accounts

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-37
Author(s):  
Sami Oinonen ◽  
Matti Virén
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Shadow Economy ◽  
Household Savings ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Consumption Growth ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Household Disposable Income ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Accurate Indicator

The paper examines how indicators of the shadow economy correspond to the National Accounts values. More precisely, we focus on household accounts assuming that the shadow economy should be visible in the difference between household income and consumption, as household (disposable) income is grossly underreported. Household consumption seems therefore to be a more accurate indicator in this context, as most shadow economy income is eventually spent on consumption. This implies that household savings figures should be negatively related to the values of the shadow economy; consequently, if the values relating to the shadow economy are high, savings should be low, or even negative, and vice versa. We verify this hypothesis using European cross-country data covering the years 1991–2017 with the application of MIMIC model calculations as a point of reference. The estimation results lend very little support to the hypothesis assuming that the shadow economy depresses household savings, even though we can otherwise explain comparatively well the cross-country variation in household savings and consumption growth rates.

PENGARUH PENDAPATAN RUMAH TANGGA TERHADAP KONSUMSI DAGING (SAPI, BABI DAN AYAM ) DI DESA SEA I KECAMATAN PINELENG

ZOOTEC ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Richie A.F. Osak ◽  
V V.J Panelewen ◽  
J. Pandey ◽  
I. D.R Lumenta
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Village

ABSTRACT THE EFFECT OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME ON MEAT CONSUMPTION (BEEF, PORK AND CHIKEN) AT THE VILLAGE OF SEA I, PINELENG DISTRICT.This study aims to determine the magnitude of meat consumption (beef, porl and chiken) of household based on income levels in the Village of Sea I, Pineleng district and to determine the effect of household income on meat consumption (beef, porl and chiken) in the Village of Sea I, Pineleng district. Formulation of research problem is how much they purchased meat (beef, porl and chiken) consumption household in the Village of Sea I, Pineleng district. This study was conducted in the Village of Sea I, Pineleng district. Study was conducted using a survey method, and data were obtained through primary data and secondary data. Determination of the location (rural sample) in the study was conducted by purposive sampling method. Number of samples used in this study were 30 people. Data of this study were analyzed by descriptive and mathematical analysis methods. Income indicated the amount of income earned in a month household, whether they were from the household head or sourced from other household members who work and earn income. From the money earned, the highest number of respondents had incomes between 1.000.000 to 3.000.000/month with the percentage of 70 %, while the number of respondents with the smallest income was less than 1.000.000/month with the percentage of 16.67 %. The difference of income held by the respondents in the Village of Sea I, would have an impact on the amount of meat purchases each month. This was in accordance with the opinion Sukirno (2002) stating that most of the disposable income is used to buy food and clothing. Most of the meat consumed by people in the Village of Sea I was pork and chicken meat compared to beef, it was because the price of beef was relatively expensive compared to the price of pork and chicken meat. Based on research results, pork was the most meat consumed by family respondents about 21 families with the percentage of 70 % of respondents, followed by chicken meat about 18 families with the percentage of 60 % of respondents, and beef by 8 families with the percentage of 26 respondents, 67 % of domestic poultry and meat about 6 families with the percentage of 20 % of respondents. Based on the results of research, it can be concluded that household income significantly affect the consumption of meat in the Village of Sea I, Pineleng district and the average consumption of meat in the Village of Sea I, Pineleng district was about 8,9  kg/capita/year, below the national target of 10,3  kg/capita/year.   Key Words : Household income, meat consumption, Sea I Village.

Stability and mutual impact of perception of parental pressure and infants' social support – A study based on the difference between employment status and household income

2021 ◽  
pp. 002072092199705
Author(s):  
Yong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Working Mothers ◽  
Social Research ◽  
Research Report ◽  
Parental Pressure ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Stability

The purpose of this study is to explore the stability and interaction between parental pressure and social research report, as well as the role of employment status and family income levels in this process. This study used a special study on Korean children (PSKC) 2–4 waves. Use t-test, correlation and autoregressive cross-delay modeling to analyze the data. The main findings of this study are: First, over time, parental pressure and mother’s social research report are consistent. Secondly, the pressure of motherhood and childcare has an obvious lagging effect on upbringing, and vice versa. Third, there is no significant difference between working mothers and non-working mothers in terms of the stability of working parents' pressure, social research report and social research report for children's pressure channels. However, parental pressure can only predict the social research report of working mothers. Fourth, there is no significant difference between the stability and interaction of these two structures in household income levels. In short, the results show that, over time, parental pressure is consistent with mother’s social research report. The results also show that there is a significant cross-lag effect between the mothers’ perceptions of mutual pressure analysis. In the process from parental pressure to social research report, I found the difference between working and non-working mothers. The advantage of this study is that the expected longitudinal design was adopted during infancy and the priority between the two structures can be considered. The results of this study can be used as a source of intervention plans to help parents withstand severe parenting pressure and lack of social research report.

Plaidoyer for the unique tourism accounts (dilemas, difficulties and questions)

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-134
Author(s):  
Vladimir Stipetić
Keyword(s):  
National Economy ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
System Of National Accounts ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
European System ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Comparative Results ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Given

Tourism is recognised as an important economic, social and cultural factor in modem societies. However, statisticians still face an enormous challenge when it comes to measuring the economic importance of tourism for given national economy. In his paper author examines the position of tourism in System of National Accounts (SNA-as presented in the version from 1993) and in European System of Accounts (acronym ESA, from 1995). He comes to the conclusion that is impossible to get the full answers on the importance of tourism for the given national economy within those frameworks. The main reason for such conclusion he has found in the fact that tourism is the multifacet activity, with difficult concept to define, let alone measure. He gets the proof for his conclusion comparing the different methodologies for defining who is the tourist, finding six different criterias in application at the moment. The results obtained are, of course, differing considerably, what makes them strictly incompatibles. The comparison of such data is for that reason difficult to make and the comparative results are of limited use. Author advocates a need to make on international level a Unified Tourism Economic Account (UTEA), covering the main activities of tourism sector. He regards the existing work by OECD and WTO as a good basis for further work. Only when majority countries would make UTEA, based on accepted methodology, could be the cross-country comparison made on scientific basis.

scholarly journals The role of vibrationally excited oxygen and nitrogen in the ionosphere during the undisturbed and geomagnetic storm period of 6-12 April 1990

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 589-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Pavlov
Keyword(s):  
Loss Rate ◽  
Boltzmann Distribution ◽  
Rate Coefficients ◽  
Ion Chemistry ◽  
Vibrationally Excited ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
F Region ◽  
Neutral Temperature ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Excited Nitrogen

Abstract. We present a comparison of the observed behavior of the F-region ionosphere over Millstone Hill during the geomagnetically quiet and storm periods of 6–12 April 1990 with numerical model calculations from the IZMIRAN time-dependent mathematical model of the Earth's ionosphere and plasmasphere. The major enhancement to the IZMIRAN model developed in this study is the use of a new loss rate of O+(4S) ions as a result of new high-temperature flowing afterglow measurements of the rate coefficients K1 and K2 for the reactions of O+(4S) with N2 and O2. The deviations from the Boltzmann distribution for the first five vibrational levels of O2(v) were calculated, and the present study suggests that these deviations are not significant. It was found that the difference between the non-Boltzmann and Boltzmann distribution assumptions of O2(v) and the difference between ion and neutral temperature can lead to an increase of up to about 3 or a decrease of up to about 4 of the calculated NmF2 as a result of a respective increase or a decrease in K2. The IZMIRAN model reproduces major features of the data. We found that the inclusion of vibrationally excited N2(v > 0) and O2(v > 0) in the calculations improves the agreement between the calculated NmF2 and the data on 6, 9, and 10 April. However, both the daytime and nighttime densities are reproduced by the IZMIRAN model without the vibrationally excited nitrogen and oxygen on 8 and 11 April better than the IZMIRAN model with N2(v > 0) and O2(v > 0). This could be due to possible uncertainties in model neutral temperature and densities, EUV fluxes, rate coefficients, and the flow of ionization between the ionosphere and plasmasphere, and possible horizontal divergence of the flux of ionization above the station. Our calculations show that the increase in the O+ + N2 rate factor due to N2(v > 0) produces a 5-36 decrease in the calculated daytime peak density. The increase in the O++ O2 loss rate due to vibrational-ly excited O2 produces 8-46 reductions in NmF2. The effects of vibrationally excited O2 and N2 on Ne and Te are most pronounced during the daytime.Key words. Ion chemistry and composition · Ionosphere – atmosphere interactions · Ionospheric disturbances

scholarly journals Trends of HCl, ClONO<sub>2</sub>, and HF column abundances from ground-based FTIR measurements in Kiruna (Sweden) in comparison with KASIMA model calculations

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4669-4677 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kohlhepp ◽  
S. Barthlott ◽  
T. Blumenstock ◽  
F. Hase ◽  
I. Kaiser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Model Data ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Total Column

Abstract. Trends of hydrogen chloride (HCl), chlorine nitrate (ClONO2), and hydrogen fluoride (HF) total column abundances above Kiruna (Northern Sweden, 67.84° N, 20.41° E) derived from nearly 14 years (1996–2009) of measurement and model data are presented. The measurements have been performed with a Bruker 120 HR (later Bruker 125 HR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and the chemistry-transport model (CTM) used was KASIMA (KArlsruhe SImulation model of the Middle Atmosphere). The total column abundances of ClONO2 and HF calculated by KASIMA agree quite well with the FTIR measurements while KASIMA tends to underestimate the HCl columns. To calculate the long-term trends, a linear function combined with an annual cycle was fitted to the data using a least squares method. The precision of the resulting trends was estimated with the bootstrap resampling method. For HF, both model and measurements show a positive trend that seems to decrease in the last few years. This suggests a stabilisation of the HF total column abundance. Between 1996 and 2009, KASIMA simulates an increase of (+1.51±0.07) %/yr which exceeds the FTIR result of (+0.65±0.25) %/yr. The trends determined for HCl and ClONO2 are significantly negative over the time period considered here. This is expected because the emission of their precursors (chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons) has been restricted in the Montreal Protocol in 1987 and its amendments and adjustments. The trend for ClONO2 from the FTIR measurements amounts to (−3.28±0.56) %/yr and the one for HCl to (−0.81±0.23) %/yr. KASIMA simulates a weaker decrease: For ClONO2, the result is (−0.90±0.10) %/yr and for HCl (−0.17±0.06) %/yr. Part of the difference between measurement and model data can be explained by sampling and the stronger annual cycle indicated by the measurements. There is a factor of about four between the trends of HCl and ClONO2 above Kiruna for both measurement and model data.

scholarly journals Risk, opportunities and reasons of the household debt changes: The case of an emerging economy

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 476-484
Author(s):  
Sisimogang Tracy Seane ◽  
Gisele Mah ◽  
Paul Saah
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Price Index ◽  
Consumer Price Index ◽  
Debt Service ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
Household Debt ◽  
Household Savings ◽  
Income Household ◽  
Household Disposable Income

In the past decades, household debt in both developed and developing countries have been increasing. With an increase in the standard of living, household debt is also bound to increase. This paper examines the cointegration and causal link among household disposable income, household savings, and debt service ratio, lending interest rate, consumer price index and household debt in South Africa. An Autoregressive Distributed Lag and Granger causality techniques was used to analyse data collected from the South African Reserve Bank and Quantec from 1984 to 2014. The results of Autoregressive Distributed Lag test revealed cointegrating relationships between household debt and debt service ratio as well as household debt and lending interest rate. However, there is no long run cointegrating relationship between household disposable income, household savings and consumer price index with household debt. The Granger causality results revealed that household disposable income, household savings, debt service ratio, lending interest rate, consumer price index do Granger cause household debt in South Africa. Policy makers should thus target these variables in order to reduce household debt in South Africa.

scholarly journals THE DETERMINANTS OF HOUSEHOLD SAVINGS IN POLAND

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Szopiński
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Household Savings ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
The Family ◽  
Statistical Relationships

The relevant literature provides an array of factors determining the propensity of households to save. There is no unanimity among researchers as to the direction of statistical relationships among some variables such as, e.g. household income, the place of residence or concerns regarding the worsening of financial circumstances, and a household’s propensity to save. The aim of this article is to verify the statistical relationships between the amount of savings of Polish households and their attributes, such as: income, biological type of the family, and the size of the place of residence. The author of the article analyses the responses provided by Polish households with regard to the size of their savings measured as a multiple of their income. The data under analysis were collected during a panel study Diagnoza społeczna 2015 (ang. Social Diagnosis 2015). Higher earnings were accompanied by higher levels of savings. It was more common for households from bigger cities to have higher earnings. Taking into consideration the biological type of the family, childless marriages and people, who lived alone, declared having the highest savings.

Cross-Listing Audit Fee Premiums: Theory and Evidence

2009 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 1429-1463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong-Hag Choi ◽  
Jeong-Bon Kim ◽  
Xiaohong Liu ◽  
Dan A. Simunic
Keyword(s):  
Home Country ◽  
Audit Fees ◽  
Legal Liability ◽  
Listed Firms ◽  
Cross Listing ◽  
Audit Fee ◽  
Legal Regimes ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACT: We study the effects of cross-listings on audit fees. We first develop a model in which legal environments play a crucial role in determining the auditor's legal liability. Our model and analysis predict that auditors charge higher fees for firms that are cross-listed in countries with stronger legal regimes than they do for non-cross-listed firms and that the cross-listing audit fee premium increases with the difference in the strength of legal regimes between the cross-listed foreign country and the home country. We then empirically test these predictions. The results of our cross-country regressions strongly support our predictions. In addition, we find no significant cross-listing fee premium for firms that are cross-listed in countries whose legal regimes are. no stronger than those of their home countries. This suggests that cross-listing audit fee premiums are associated with increased legal liability and not with increased audit complexity per se. Our findings help explain why cross-listing premiums occur and what determines their magnitude.

scholarly journals Forecasting of Households Consumption Expenditure with Nonparametric Regression: The Case of Turkey

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
Noyan Aydin ◽  
Taner Akmercan
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Household Size ◽  
High Income ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Parametric Regression ◽  
Household Disposable Income ◽  
R Programming ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The relationship between household income and expenditure is important for understanding how the shape of the economic dynamics of the households. In this study, the relationship between household consumption expenditure and household disposable income were analyzed by Locally Weighted Scatterplot Smoothing Regression which is a nonparametric method using R programming. This study aimed to determine relationship between variables directly, unlike making any assumptions are commonly used as in the conventional parametric regression. According to the findings, effect on expenditure with increasing of income and household size together increased rapidly at first, and then speed of increase decreased. This increase can be explained by having greater compulsory consumption expenditure relatively in small households. Besides, expenditure is relatively higher in middle and high income levels according to low income level. However, the change in expenditure is limited in middle and is the most limited in high income levels when household size changes.

Consumption growth, the interest rate, and financial sophistication

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-370
Author(s):  
TULLIO JAPPELLI ◽  
MARIO PADULA
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Euler Equation ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Elasticity Of Substitution ◽  
Consumption Growth ◽  
Portfolio Returns ◽  
Italian Survey ◽  
The Interest Rate

AbstractWe propose a model in which financial sophistication improves portfolio returns and therefore the incentive to substitute consumption intertemporally. The model delivers an Euler equation in which consumption growth is positively correlated with financial sophistication. We test the model's prediction using panel data on consumption and financial sophistication drawn from the Italian Survey of Household Income and Wealth. We find that consumption growth is positively correlated with financial sophistication, as predicted by the model. We also provide estimates of the intertemporal elasticity of substitution in the range between 0.4 and 0.6.

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