Synthesis of Nano-structured materials for storing hydrogen as an alternative source to fossil fuels derivatives.

Fossil fuels have been the mainstream of energy supply and a major source of foreign exchange earnings for the Federal Government of Nigeria, in spite of being an unrenewable and unsustainable source of energy. Nigeria is yet to tap into the full benefits after privatising its power sector, including the new global evolution in the energy sector and the resulting increasing demand for renewable energy sources, which some consider to be cheaper and more environmentally friendly than fossil fuels and their allied products. Energy security is a challenge to socio-economic development in Nigeria, due to the country’s over-dependency on fossil fuels. In terms of their impact and the potentials to preserve energy sources for longevity and sustainability, however, fossil fuels will come to be seen as an out-dated alternative in the power sector as the energy industry evolves. The implications for Nigeria’s oil sector will not be limited to dwindling crude oil prices. The concerns include poor energy utilisation in Nigeria and the need to promote energy efficiency and sustainability. They have led to the formulation of new energy policies around the world to serve as a vehicle for translating solutions into reality. This study has adopted a library-based legal research method with a comparative approach. The study reveals that it is the lack of a coherent legal framework with incentives for using renewable energy that is largely seen as the key issue causing slow uptake of renewable energy as an alternative source of energy in Nigeria. As well as the need for a coherent legal framework on energy and incentives for using renewable energy sources, the study advocates stringent enforcement of existing energy regulatory policies.

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The U.S. Role and Policy in Central Asia: Energy and Beyond

Arts Faculty Journal ◽

10.3329/afj.v4i0.12931 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 33-51

Author(s):

AKM Iftekharul Islam

Keyword(s):

National Security ◽

Central Asia ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

The United States ◽

Global Strategy ◽

Energy Resources ◽

Energy Potential ◽

Alternative Source ◽

The Arts ◽

The U.S

A significant geopolitical consequence of the demise of the Soviet Union1 in the international arena is the rise of intense political and commercial competition for control of the vast energy resources of the newly independent and vulnerable states of the Caucasus and Central Asia. These energy resources and, in particular, the oil and natural gas deposits have now become the apple of discord in Central Asia introducing a new chapter in the Great Game of control over Eurasia (Hill 1997: 200). The region has great energy potential and is strategically important. The United States has varied and at times competing interests in Central Asia. In the past few years, real and present dangers to the U.S. national security especially Islamist terrorism and threats to the energy supply, have affected the U.S. policy in Central Asia. The region, which includes the five post-Soviet states of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, as well as Afghanistan and the Caspian basin, plays an important part in the U.S. global strategy in view of its proximity to Russia, China, India, Pakistan, Iran, and other key regional actors. No less important are its ethno-religious composition and vast deposits of oil, gas, coal, and uranium. Literally, the U.S. interests in Central Asia can be summarized in three simple words: security, energy, and democracy. Moreover, a key U.S. national security concern is the diversification of energy sources and the Caspian region is a significant alternative source of fossil fuels. In this article a critical analysis will be attempted on the U.S. policy and role in central Asia. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/afj.v4i0.12931 The Arts Faculty Journal Vol.4 July 2010-June 2011 pp.33-51

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Preparation and Characterization of Nanocomposite Calcium Doped Ceria Electrolyte With Alkali Carbonates (NK-CDC) for SOFC

ASME 2010 8th International Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology Conference: Volume 2 ◽

10.1115/fuelcell2010-33325 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Ghazanfar Abbas ◽

Rizwan Raza ◽

Muhammad Ashraf Chaudhry ◽

Bin Zhu

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Electrochemical Impedance ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Precipitation Method ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Doped Ceria ◽

Alternative Source ◽

Calcium Doped ◽

Co Precipitation

The entire world’s challenge is to find out the renewable energy sources due to rapid depletion of fossil fuels because of their high consumption. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) are believed to be the best alternative source which converts chemical energy into electricity without combustion. Nanostructured study is required to develop highly ionic conductive electrolyte for SOFCs. In this work, the calcium doped ceria (Ce0.8Ca0.2O1.9) coated with 20% molar ratio of two alkali carbonates (CDC-M: MCO3, where M = Na and K) electrolyte was prepared by co-precipitation method in this study. Ni based electrode was used to fabricate the cell by dry pressing technique. The crystal structure and surface morphology was characterized by X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). The particle size was calculated in the range of 10–20nm by Scherrer’s formula and compared with SEM and TEM results. The ionic conductivity was measured by using AC Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) method. The activation energy was also evaluated. The performance of the cell was measured 0.567W/cm2 at temperature 550°C with hydrogen as a fuel.

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Application of response surface methodology for optimization of growth and lipids in Scenedesmus abundans using batch culture system

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/c4ra01179a ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (42) ◽

pp. 22129-22140 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Chelladurai Chellamboli ◽

Muthiah Perumalsamy

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Response Surface ◽

Batch Culture ◽

Culture System ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Biofuel Production ◽

Alternative Source ◽

System P

Owing to an increased demand for fuel and the depletion of fossil fuels, an alternative source such as algae is currently being exploited for biofuel production.

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Bioenergia em Moçambique: tecnologias de produção, uso e aspetos sustentáveis

Desenvolvimento Socioeconômico em Debate ◽

10.18616/rdsd.v6i1.5777 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 60

Author(s):

António Gonçalves Fortes ◽

Baltazar Raimundo

Keyword(s):

Fossil Fuels ◽

Management Problem ◽

Energy Sustainability ◽

Alternative Source ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Economic Problems ◽

Legal Context ◽

Production Technologies ◽

Solid Liquid ◽

The Relationship

Face aos problemas socioambientais e econômicos resultantes do uso dos combustíveis fósseis, Moçambique vem implementado diversos projetos de inclusão das energias renováveis (ER) na matriz energética nacional. Uma alternativa promissora é o uso da bioenergia, com vista a explorar seu potencial para produção de energia de forma sustentável. Nessa perspectiva, este artigo objetiva realizar a caracterização do setor de biomassa e bioenergia em Moçambique, através das tecnologias usadas no processamento, o contexto legal e os aspetos sustentáveis na produção e utilização desta fonte. Os resultados mostram que a biomassa (sólida, liquida e gasosa) pode ser utilizada diretamente para geração de calor e/ou eletricidade. A biomassa lenhosa é a mais usada pela população moçambicana para fins domésticos, e casualmente, para fins comercial e industrial. Concluir que, para o atual cenário nacional, a inclusão da biomassa derivada de rejeitos urbanos e industriais pode resolver, em simultâneo, o problema energético e de gestão de resíduos. É sustentável a relação entre a produção de alimento – geração de energia – preservação do meio ambiente. E o uso de tecnologias eficientes na geração dos biocombustíveis reduz os impactos ambientais e a dependência dos combustíveis fósseis, para além de promover os serviços de maior qualidade, contribuir para o aumento da eficiência de conversão e na sustentabilidade energética, especialmente na área rural.Palavras chaves: bioenergia; fonte alternativa; tecnologias de produção; sustentabilidade.Bioenergy in Mozambique: production technologies, use and sustainable aspectsABSTRACTIn view of the socio-environmental and economic problems resulting from the use of fossil fuels, Mozambique has implemented several projects to include renewable energies (RE) in the national energy matrix. A promising alternative is the use of bioenergy, with a view to exploring its potential for sustainable energy production. In this perspective, this article aims to characterize the bioenergy sector in Mozambique, through the technologies used in the conversion, the legal context and the sustainable aspects in the production and use of this source. The results show that biomass (solid, liquid and gaseous) can be used directly to generate heat and/or electricity. Woody biomass is the most used by the Mozambican population for domestic purposes, and casually, for commercial and industrial purposes. To conclude that, for the current national scenario, the inclusion of biomass derived from urban and industrial waste can simultaneously solve the energy and waste management problem. The relationship between food production - energy generation - preservation of the environment is sustainable. And the use of efficient technologies in generation of biofuels reduces environmental impacts and dependence on fossil fuels, in addition to promoting higher quality services, contributing to increasing conversion efficiency and energy sustainability, especially in rural areas.Keywords: bioenergy; alternative source; production technologies; sustainability.

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Algae Based Bio-Plastics: Future of Green Economy

10.5772/intechopen.100981 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Arathi Sreenikethanam ◽

Amit Bajhaiya

Keyword(s):

Genetic Engineering ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Industrial Sector ◽

Culture Conditions ◽

Green Economy ◽

Environmental Damage ◽

Alternative Source ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Global Environmental ◽

Feasible Alternative

Plastic has become one of the most crucial requirements of the modern-day living. The continuous reliance on the petroleum-based, non-biodegradable plastics has resulted in increased global environmental damage and rapid depletion of fossil fuels. Bioplastic, with remarkably similar properties to petroleum-based plastics is a promising alternative to overcome these emerging challenges. Despite the fact that algae and cyanobacteria are feasible alternative source for bio-plastic, there have been limited studies on strain selection and optimization of culture conditions for the bio plastic production. Naturally, algae and cynobacteria can accumulate higher amount of metabolites under stress conditions however one of the recent study on genetic engineering of Synechocystis sp. coupled with abiotic stresses showed up to 81% of increase in PHB level in the transformed lines. This chapter provides summary of various studies done in the field of algal bio-plastics, including bioplastic properties, genetic engineering, current regulatory framework and future prospects of bioplastic. Further the applications of bioplastics in industrial sector as well as opportunities and role of bio plastic in green economy are also discussed.

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PEMBUATAN BIOBRIKET DARI GAMBUT DAN AMPAS TEBU SEBAGAI SUMBER BELAJAR MATERI ILMU KIMIA DAN PERANANNYA

Konfigurasi Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia dan Terapan ◽

10.24014/konfigurasi.v1i1.4064 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 113

Author(s):

Lisa Mariati ◽

Yusbarina Yusbarina

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Water Content ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Mass Composition ◽

Mass Variation ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Alternative Source

AbstractHuman needs on fossil fuels is increasing, but the source is limited. Thus, a renewable alternative source is needed. One of them is Biomass. Biomass fuel can be in the form of bio-briquette. Bio-briquette utilization as fuel is based on the carbon content contained in Biomass such as peat and bagasse. This research aimed at knowing bio-briquette quality as fuel and learning source at senior high school. Bio-briquette prepared with variation of peat and bagasse mass composition were 40: 0, 30: 10, 20: 20, 10: 30, 0: 40 (g: g). Bio-briquette was made by using 20 g adhesive kanji. Bio-briquette quality tested was done by testing the water content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, calorific value, and duration of flame. Bio-briquette the best quality is the mass variation of G 10g: 30g AT with water content of 3.93%, ash content of 6.33%, volatile matter of 46.60%, fixed carbon of 43.14%, calorific value of 5986 cal / g , duration of flame 210 minutes and the mass variation 0g G: 40g AT with water content of 2.33%, ash content of 3.83%, volatile matter of 49.47%, calorific value of 6198 cal / g, duration of flame 250 minutes. Preparing bio-briquette of peat and bagasse as learning source on chemistry material and its implementation was on the category of good (93.33%). Keywords: Bio-briquette, Peat, Bagasse, Quality test

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Microalgae Cultivation in Photobioreactors Aiming at Biodiesel Production

10.5772/intechopen.93547 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mateus S. Amaral ◽

Carla C.A. Loures ◽

Fabiano L. Naves ◽

Gisella L. Samanamud ◽

Messias B. Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fossil Fuels ◽

Biomass Productivity ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Alternative Source ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

Microalgae Biomass ◽

Increase Productivity ◽

Bad Weather ◽

Micro Organisms

The search for a renewable source as an alternative to fossil fuels has driven the research on new sources of biomass for biofuels. An alternative source of biomass that has come to prominence is microalgae, photosynthetic micro-organisms capable of capturing atmospheric CO2 and accumulating high levels of lipids in their biomass, making them attractive as a raw material for biodiesel synthesis. Thus, various studies have been conducted in developing different types of photobioreactors for the cultivation of microalgae. Photobioreactors can be divided into two groups: open and closed. Open photobioreactors are more susceptible to contamination and bad weather, reducing biomass productivity. Closed photobioreactors allow greater control against contamination and bad weather and lead to higher rates of biomass production; they are widely used in research to improve new species and processes. Therefore, many configurations of closed photobioreactors have been developed over the years to increase productivity of microalgae biomass.

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Analisa Kualitas dan Kuantitas Biogas dari Kotoran Ternak

Dinamika Teknik Mesin ◽

10.29303/d.v1i2.121 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Made Mara ◽

Ida Bagus Alit

Keyword(s):

Waste Water ◽

Energy Source ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Waste Water Treatment ◽

Anaerobic Treatment ◽

Cow Dung ◽

Alternative Source ◽

Water Composition ◽

Animal Dung ◽

Buffalo Dung

Our life is completely dependent on a reliable and adequate supply of energy. In other to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, the use of animal dung in producing a renewable alternative source of energy has been proved using cow dung. Concerns over the environment and the rising costs for energy and waste water treatment have caused a resurgence of interest in anaerobic treatment and subsequent use of the biogas produced during this treatment of organic wastes as fuel. Biogas from manure wastes has become a potential renewable energy source for both domestic and commercial usage especially in West Nusa Tenggara. This study aims to investagate the quality and quantity of biogas produced from animal dung. The Cows, buffaloes and horses dung were used in this research using anaerobic biotank proses. The animal dungs were digested in ambient temperature and the water composition of degester was also analysed. The result shows that total volume of biogas produced by horse dung is 577.735 liters, and then cow dung is 373.839 liters, and the smallest production generated by buffalo dung which is 352.975 liters. Moreover, biogas from horse dungs generated the highest power of combustion, followed by cow dung, and buffalo dung, 732,425 watt, 556,521 watt 539,759 watt resfectively.

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Determination of Physicochemical Properties and Emissions for Different Blends of Biodiesel from Watermelon(Citrullus lanatus L.) Seeds and Diesel Fuel

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.17.12.5976 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 68 (12) ◽

pp. 2771-2775

Author(s):

Mihaela Gabriela Dumitru ◽

Delia Nica Badea ◽

Dragos Tutunea

Keyword(s):

Diesel Engine ◽

Diesel Fuel ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Citrullus Lanatus ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Oxidation Stability ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Raw Material ◽

Alternative Source ◽

Material Sources

Across the world the fossil fuels are depleting and countries are forced to find an alternative source to reduce green house gases and replace petroleum fuels. Depending of the raw material sources, vegetable oils, animal fats or algae, biodiesel offers a solution for a clean-burning diesel fuel. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) seed were collected and the oil was extracted. The oil was transformed into fatty acid methyl esters through a transesterification process and blended in various proportions with diesel fuel. The physico-chemical properties of fuels were determined. Results obtained showed that the biodiesel has a density (0.870 g/cm3), kinematic viscosity 40�C (3.1 mm2/s), flash point (128�C), saponification index (150 mgKOH/g), iodine index (108 mgI2/100g), peroxide index (3.7 mEqO2/Kg) and oxidation stability (6 hours) in the range of UE specifications. The engine tests were conducted on a Deutz F4L912 diesel engine, 51 kW, 4-stroke, air cooled, direct injection diesel engine. From the test performed was observed that the CO and HC emissions were reduced due to high content of oxygen in biodiesel blends.

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