scholarly journals The Prevalence and Pattern of Acinetobacter Antibiotic Resistance in the Patients Admitted to Imam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah, Iran (2016 - 2018)

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marya Shirvani ◽  
Mohammad Hossein Zamanian ◽  
Alireza Janbakhsh ◽  
Babak Sayad ◽  
Siavash Vaziri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gram Negative

Background: Acinetobacter is a gram-negative coccobacillus, which is widespread in nature and causes several nosocomial infections, such as pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis, skin and soft tissue infections, conjunctivitis, and bacteremia. Acinetobacter has also demonstrated resistance against multiple antimicrobial agents. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolated Acinetobacter strains from the patients admitted to various wards of Imam Reza hospital in Kermanshah, Iran. Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was performed on 726 patients with positive Acinetobacter cultures at Imam Reza hospital during 2016 - 2018. Bacterial isolates were identified using laboratory tests and based on the CLSI protocol, and the standard disc-diffusion method was used assess antibiotic susceptibility. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 20. Results: Most of the Acinetobacter-positive cases were isolated from the intensive care units (75.88%) and sputum (73.3%) and urine samples (10.1%). In addition, the highest and lowest resistance rate of the isolates was observed against ceftriaxone (96.6%) and ampicillin-sulbactam (58.7%), respectively. Conclusions: According to the results, the bacterial isolates were multiple-drug resistant and showed resistance to ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, cotrimoxazole, ceftriaxone, cefepime, gentamicin, imipenem, ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, and amikacin. The high resistance to imipenem is rather alarming as it is considered the 'last resort' in the treatment of the infections caused by gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, monitoring programs are recommended to prevent the misuse of this drug in hospitals.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Groups ofEscherichia coliStrains from Patients with Urinary Tract Infection in Iran Based on the New Clermont Phylotyping Method

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darioush Iranpour ◽  
Mojtaba Hassanpour ◽  
Hossein Ansari ◽  
Saeed Tajbakhsh ◽  
Gholamreza Khamisipour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Pcr Method

Objectives.In 2013, Clermont classifiedE. colistrains into eight phylogenetic groups using a new quadruplex PCR method. The aims of this study were to identify the phylogenetic groups ofE. colibased on this method and to assess their antibiotic resistance patterns in Bushehr, Iran.Methods. In this cross-sectional study, 140E. coliisolates were subjected to phylogenetic typing by a quadruplex PCR method. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method.Results. Phylogenetic group B2 was most predominant (39.3%), followed by unknown (27.1%), E (9.3%), C and clade I (each 6.4%), B1 (5%), F and D (each 2.9%), and A (0.7%). The most common antibiotic resistance was related to amoxicillin (82.1%) and the least to meropenem (0.7%). 82.14% of isolates were multiple drug resistant (MDR). Antibiotic resistance was mainly detected in group B2 (50%).Conclusions.Our findings showed the high prevalence of MDRE. coliisolates with dominance of group B2. About 25% ofE. coliisolates belong to the newly described phylogroups C, E, F, and clade I. Such studies need to be done also in other regions to provide greater understanding of the antibiotic resistance pattern and the prevalences of different phylogenetic groups.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance of Helicobacter Pylori and Influencing Factors in Yangzhou, China: a Cross-sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Zhang ◽  
Xinyi Feng ◽  
Lijun Bian ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Qian Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chip Technology ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
H Pylori

Abstract Background: The Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) antibiotic resistance pattern differs geographically, knowledge of local antimicrobial resistance pattern is key to successful eradication. The current study was performed to investigate the resistance of H. pylori to 5 commonly used antibiotics in Yangzhou.Methods: A total of 461 H. pylori strains were collected from April 2018 to September 2019 in Yangzhou and tested for their susceptibility to clarithromycin, levofloxacin, metronidazole, amoxicillin, tetracycline using gene chip technology.Results: The resistance rates of H. pylori to clarithromycin, levofloxacin, metronidazole, amoxicillin and tetracycline were 41.0%, 44.9%, 38.8%, 6.3% and 1.1%. In addition, sixteen multiple resistance patterns were detected, and fortunately there were no strains resistant to all five antibiotics. The vacA s1 allele was detected in each strain, 64.0% of the isolates were s1/m2 genotype, 36.0% s1/m1 genotype. In multivariate analysis, history of chronic superficial gastritis was significantly associated with clarithromycin resistance, strains isolated from subjects with gastrointestinal symptoms had a significantly higher likelihood of metronidazole resistance, and antibiotic resistance of H. pylori was independent of both sex and age.Conclusion: The resistance rate of H. pylori to clarithromycin, levofloxacin and metronidazole were very high in Yangzhou, the results will help in selecting effective eradication regimens.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Acinetobacter Isolated from Patients Admitted in ICUs in Mazandaran, Northern Iran

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roya Ghasemian ◽  
Mohammad Ahanjan ◽  
Ebrahim Fatehi ◽  
Mehran Shokri
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant

<p><strong>BACKGROUND &amp; PURPOSE: </strong>Antibiotic resistance rate is increasing in <em>Acinetobacter</em> species, especially in <em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em>, as the most important pathogen of hospital and ICU . This research aimed to evaluate antibiotic resistant rate of <em>Acinetobacter</em> spp. isolated from patients admitted to ICUs in educational hospitals affiliated with Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.</p><p><strong>METHODS:</strong> In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 50 <em>Acinetobacter</em> isolates were collected during 2013- 2014. After confirming <em>Acinetobacter</em> species, antibacterial sensitivity test was done using disc diffusion method and minimal inhibitor concentration (MIC) was evaluated by E-test in all isolates.</p><p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Disc diffusion method revealed that 100% of isolates were resistant to Amikacin and Cefepim and 96% were resistant to both Meropenem and Ciprofloxacin antibiotics, 6% were sensitive, 18% were intermediate and 76% were resistant to imipenem. Also, 84% of isolates were sensitive and 16% were resistant to colistin. In E-test method, 92% of isolates were sensitive and 8% were resistant to colistin. Moreover, an isolate was sensitive, one was intermediate and the remaining isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, and 100% of isolates were resistant to other antibiotics in E-test. Over 96% of <em>Acinetobacter</em> isolates were resistant to the antibiotics frequently used in ICU (ciprofloxacin, meropenem, amikacin, and cefepim). Colistin was found as  the only appropriate antibiotic that could be used for patients in ICU.</p><p><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> We hope these results could change the attitude of physicians toward using antibiotics in ICUs and encourage them to follow antibiotic stewardship as the only effective strategy to somewhat control antibiotic resistances.</p>

scholarly journals Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Salmonella Isolated from Caecal Contents of Exotic Chicken in Debre Zeit and Modjo, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Destaw Asfaw Ali ◽  
Belege Tadesse ◽  
Aragaw Ebabu
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Hygienic Practice ◽  
Caecal Content ◽  
Standard Techniques

A cross-sectional study was conducted between December, 2013, and May, 2014, to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance feature of Salmonella isolated from broilers slaughtered in Debre Zeit and Modjo towns, Ethiopia. A total of 384 caecal content samples were collected for microbiological examination following the standard techniques and procedures outlined by the International Organization for Standardization to isolate Salmonella. The sensitivity of the isolates subjected to nine antimicrobials was tested by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. The overall prevalence of Salmonella was 14.6%, and its occurrence differ significantly by farm (p<0.05). The occurrence of the bacteria was not statistically different in the midland (15.2%) and lowland (13.3%) (p>0.05) and between males (13.5%) and females (15.6) (p>0.05). Of the 50 isolates, 48 were resistant to at least one drug. Multidrug resistance was recorded in 43 (86.0%) of the isolates. The study demonstrated considerable prevalence and high antimicrobial resistant Salmonella in exotic chicken and indicates the potential importance of chickens as source of foodborne salmonellosis and multiple antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella. Improving the hygienic practice of farms could help to reduce the occurrence of Salmonella in farms. Further studies are needed to describe the risk factors associated with the emergence of drug-resistant Salmonella in chicken.

scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance pattern among aerobic bacterial isolates from osteomyelitis cases attending a Tertiary care hospital of North India with special reference to ESBL, AmpC, MBL and MRSA production

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 482
Author(s):  
Razia Khatoon ◽  
Shameem Ahmad Khan ◽  
Noor Jahan
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Pattern

Background: Osteomyelitis is a common cause of morbidity in developing countries. Its treatment comprises of surgical debridement of all necrotic bone and soft tissue along with use of appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Treatment is becoming increasingly troublesome due to rise in drug resistant isolates in osteomyelitis cases. The present study was done to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern among aerobic bacterial isolates from osteomyelitis cases.Methods: 125 samples from osteomyelitis cases were aerobically cultured and isolates from culture positives were identified by standard procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Staphylococcal isolates were screened for methicillin resistance and Gram negative bacilli were screened and confirmed for ESBL, AmpC and MBL production.Results: Out of 125 samples cultured, 20 were culture negative and 105 were culture positive giving rise to 120 isolates (58 Gram positive and 62 Gram negative organisms). The prevalence of methicillin resistant staphylococcal (MRS) isolates, ESBL, AmpC and MBL producers was found to be 43.1%, 51.6%, 24.2% and 14.5% respectively. All the resistant isolates were multidrug resistant, with MRS being 100% sensitive only to vancomycin, linezolid and teicoplanin, ESBL and AmpC producers being 100% sensitive only to imipenem and colistin, and MBL producers being 100% sensitive only to colistin.Conclusions: Antibiotic therapy on the basis of antibiotic susceptibility pattern helps the clinician to choose appropriate drugs leading to successful treatment and prevention of emergence and dissemination of drug resistant isolates.

scholarly journals Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase Producing Gram Negative Bacterial Isolates from Urine of Patients Visiting Everest Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 26-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha Guragain ◽  
Aashish Pradhan ◽  
Binod Dhungel ◽  
Megha Raj Banjara ◽  
Komal Raj Rijal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Extended Spectrum

Objectives: The study was aimed to determine the prevalence of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) producing Gram negative pathogens from urine samples along with their antimicrobial resistance. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2015 to May 2016 at Everest Hospital, Kathmandu. Mid-stream urine samples were collected and processed for culture by standard loop streak method. Identified bacterial isolates were tested for Antibiotic Susceptibility by modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and, were subjected to ESBL screening by using 30µg cefotaxime and ceftazidime. ESBL production was confirmed by combination disc method. Results: Of the three hundred urine samples, 22.7% (67/300) showed significant growth. Four different bacterial species were identified. Among the isolates, E. coli was the most common pathogen (71.64%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.92%), Pseudomonas spp (8.95%) and Acinetobacter spp (4.48%). Altogether 92.54% (n=62) isolates were sensitive to gentamicin, 89.55% (n=60) to amikacin, and 79.10% (n=53) to nitrofurantoin. 70.10% (n=47) isolates were resistant to antibiotic ampicillin while 62.68% (n=42) were found as Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) and 29.8% (n=20) were ESBL producers. Conclusions: The overall prevalence of MDR and ESBL among uropathogens is low in comparison to other studies though it is essential to have a regular monitoring of ESBL producing clinical isolates in laboratory practice.

scholarly journals The Prevalence and Pattern of Enterobacter Antibiotic Resistance in the Patients Admitted to Imam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah, Iran (2016 - 2018)

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeinab Mohseni Afshar ◽  
Ronak Miladi ◽  
Alireza Janbakhsh ◽  
Feizollah Mansouri ◽  
Babak Sayad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Susceptibility Data ◽  
National Programs ◽  
Standard Disc

Background: Antibiotic resistance is spreading worldwide against the Gram-negative bacteria that cause nosocomial infections. Objectives: The present study aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern of Enterobacter isolated from the blood, urine, wound, and sputum samples of the patients referring to Imam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah, Iran. Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on 649 patients with positive Enterobacter cultures at Imam Reza Hospital during 2016 - 2018. The isolates were obtained using laboratory tests based on the CLSI protocol. In addition, the standard disc-diffusion method was used to assess antibiotic susceptibility. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 20. Results: Most cases of positive Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from the patients admitted to the intensive care unit (35.6%) and emergency ward (21.9%), as well as the urine (51.6%) and sputum samples (20.5%), respectively. Levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and imipenem were the most effective antibiotics against Enterobacter with the susceptibility of 56.7%, 54.8%, and 53.3%, respectively. Conclusions: According to the results, the antibiotic resistance of Enterobacter to ampicillin and ceftriaxone was high, and these antibiotics must be used correctly and reasonably. Furthermore, more epidemiological studies are required in Iran to provide national programs for preventing the spread of antibiotic resistance.

The Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance of Bacterial Isolates from Intensive Care Unit Patient Samples in a University Affiliated Hospital in Romania

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 1778-1783
Author(s):  
Andreea-Loredana Golli ◽  
Floarea Mimi Nitu ◽  
Maria Balasoiu ◽  
Marina Alina Lungu ◽  
Cristiana Cerasella Dragomirescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Acinetobacter Spp ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

To determine the resistance pattern of bacterial pathogens involved in infections of the patients aged between 18-64 years, admitted in a ICU from a 1518-bed university-affiliated hospital. A retrospective study of bacterial pathogens was carried out on 351 patients aged between 18-64 years admitted to the ICU, from January to December 2017. In this study there were analysed 469 samples from 351 patients (18-64 years). A total of 566 bacterial isolates were obtained, of which 120 strains of Klebsiella spp. (35.39%%), followed by Nonfermenting Gram negative bacilli, other than Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter (NFB) (75- 22.12%), Acinetobacter spp. (53 - 15.63%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus (51 - 15.04%), and Escherichia coli (49 - 14.45%). The most common isolates were from respiratory tract (394 isolates � 69.61%). High rates of MDR were found for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (64.70%), MRSA (62.65%) and Klebsiella spp. (53.33%), while almost all of the isolated NFB strains were MDR (97.33%). There was statistic difference between the drug resistance rate of Klebsiella and E. coli strains to ceftazidime and ceftriaxone (p[0.001), cefuroxime (p[0.01) and to cefepime (p[0.01). The study revealed an alarming pattern of antibiotic resistance in the majority of ICU isolates.

scholarly journals Urinary tract infections and antibiotic susceptibility among the patients attending B & D hospital of Lalitpur, Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 47-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yadav Prasad Joshi ◽  
Shreejeet Shrestha ◽  
Russell Kabir ◽  
Anita Thapa ◽  
Parbati Upreti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tract Infections

Background:Urinary tract infection is the most common bacterial infections in humans and serious health problem in many parts of the world. It has become more complicated in treatment due to different pathogens and increasing resistant to antimicrobial agents. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of urinary tract infection and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of pathogens among the patients attending in B & B hospital Nepal.Materials and Methods:A hospital based cross sectional study was conducted in between April 2010 to March 2011. Urine samples were collected from clinically suspected patients and tested bacteriologically using standard procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed for isolated pathogen using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.Results:Out of 1260 examined specimens 25.24 % were positive and majority 61.64% were females.  The most common pathogens isolated were Escherichia coli (66.67%), Enterococcus (7.55%) and Staphylococcus (6.60 %). The drug resistant among the positive cases were reported. The highest resistant of positive cases was found with Cefexime (87.88%) and Enterococcus with Ampicillin (66.67%) and Staphyllococcus with Cloxacillin (66.67%). The highest susceptibility was for Vancomycin and Ampicillin i.e. 33.33% in each.Conclusion:The findings showed that E. coli isolates were the predominant pathogen and the presence of bacterial isolates with very high resistance to the commonly prescribed drugs. As drug resistance among bacterial pathogens is an evolving process and serious issue. Therefore, routine surveillance and monitoring studies should be conducted to provide physicians knowledge on the updated and most effective empirical treatment of UTIs. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(5) 2016 47-51

scholarly journals Characterisation of Plasmids in Multidrug Resistant Uropathogenic Gram-negative Bacterial Isolates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manish Ranjan ◽  
Mahadevan Kumar ◽  
Sourav Sen ◽  
Parijat Das ◽  
Kunal Kanti Lahiri
Keyword(s):  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Hospital Stays ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Prolonged Hospital

Introduction: Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) are one of the commonest conditions for which people seek medical care with an estimated 150 million episodes per annum worldwide. An unprecedented upsurge in the rate of development of antimicrobial resistance has reduced the therapeutic options leading to increased morbidity, prolonged hospital stays, development of complications. Majority of these infections are attributable to Gram negative bacteria which have now acquired resistance to almost all classes of antibiotics. Aim: To analyse the plasmid-mediated drug resistance and characterise the major plasmid families that are in circulation. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study comprising of a total of 95 non consecutive multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial isolates were subjected to Plasmid based replicon typing from January 2017 to June 2018. The 18 major replicons were divided in five multiplex and three uniplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) formats and the samples were subjected for plasmid characterisation and further sequencing of the plasmid Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA). The data obtained was analysed by Microsoft Excel software. Results: Escherichia coli, accounted for maximum n=51 (53.7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae n=19 (20%), Citrobacter sp n=11 (11.6%), miscellaneous gram negative n=14 (14.7%) The isolates exhibited a high degree of resistance to almost all tested antibiotics, sparing a few like Fosfomycin, Chloramphenicol, Imipenem, Amikacin. A total of 154 different plasmid families were detected from the 95 isolates. FIB replicon (24%), FIA (21%), F, W (20%), FIC, B/O (14%), Y (12%), I1 replicon (10.5%) were the major plasmid families detected in the present study. Conclusion: Many isolates exhibited the presence of more than one Incompatibility (Inc.) group plasmids, conferring multidrug resistance to the isolates. The study highlights the need for further research to study the association between plasmid families and their respective antibiotic resistance profiles for a given geographical niche and the need to devise further methods to target these epidemic plasmids.

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