Characteristics of humus smoldering combustion temperature changes in Larix gmelinii plantation

Abstract Background Open burning of anthropogenic sources can release hazardous emissions and has been associated with increased prevalence of cardiopulmonary health outcomes. Exposure to smoke emitted from burn pits in military bases has been linked with respiratory illness among military and civilian personnel returning from war zones. Although the composition of the materials being burned is well studied, the resulting chemistry and potential toxicity of the emissions are not. Methods Smoke emission condensates from either flaming or smoldering combustion of five different types of burn pit-related waste: cardboard; plywood; plastic; mixture; and mixture/diesel, were obtained from a laboratory-scale furnace coupled to a multistage cryotrap system. The primary emissions and smoke condensates were analyzed for a standardized suite of chemical species, and the condensates were studied for pulmonary toxicity in female CD-1 mice and mutagenic activity in Salmonella (Ames) mutagenicity assay using the frameshift strain TA98 and the base-substitution strain TA100 with and without metabolic activation (S9 from rat liver). Results Most of the particles in the smoke emitted from flaming and smoldering combustion were less than 2.5 µm in diameter. Burning of plastic containing wastes (plastic, mixture, or mixture/diesel) emitted larger amounts of particulate matter (PM) compared to other types of waste. On an equal mass basis, the smoke PM from flaming combustion of plastic containing wastes caused more inflammation and lung injury and was more mutagenic than other samples, and the biological responses were associated with elevated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels. Conclusions This study suggests that adverse health effects of burn pit smoke exposure vary depending on waste type and combustion temperature; however, burning plastic at high temperature was the most significant contributor to the toxicity outcomes. These findings will provide a better understanding of the complex chemical and combustion temperature factors that determine toxicity of burn pit smoke and its potential health risks at military bases.

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MEASUREMENT OF EXPLOSION AFTERBURNING FIREBALL TEMPERATURE BY DUAL-BAND PHOTODIODE

PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.0854 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 152 (4) ◽

pp. 57-76

Author(s):

Łukasz WIEJA ◽

Józef PASZULA

Keyword(s):

Time Resolution ◽

Combustion Temperature ◽

Continuous Measurement ◽

Dual Band ◽

High Time Resolution ◽

Temperature Changes ◽

Explosion Products ◽

Rapid Temperature ◽

Spectrometric Measurements ◽

Spectroscopy Optical

A temperature of terminal combustion (afterburning) of thermobaric mixtures is an important parameter of explosion effectiveness. The paper revews typical methods of spectroscopy, optical pyrometry, and thermovision for measuring the terminal combustion temperature of a fireball of explosion products. A method of continuous measurement by a dual-band photodiode operating on 400-1100 nm and 1000-1800 nm is presented. Method’s high time resolution allows for the identification of rapid temperature changes resulting, for example, from the passage of a reflected blast wave through the fireball. The main assumptions of the method, the results of preliminary measurements and their comparison with spectrometric measurements for the same charges are presented. The measurements were carried out for mixtures of ammonium nitrate (V) with aluminum and with PAM.

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Cryo-TEM of amphiphilic polymer and amphiphile/polymer solutions

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100150216 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 876-877

Author(s):

Yeshayahu Talmon

Keyword(s):

Microstructural Characterization ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Quantitative Information ◽

Physical Models ◽

Specimen Preparation ◽

Time Resolved ◽

Temperature Changes ◽

Temperature And Humidity ◽

Microstructured Fluids ◽

Air Streams

To achieve complete microstructural characterization of self-aggregating systems, one needs direct images in addition to quantitative information from non-imaging, e.g., scattering or Theological measurements, techniques. Cryo-TEM enables us to image fluid microstructures at better than one nanometer resolution, with minimal specimen preparation artifacts. Direct images are used to determine the “building blocks” of the fluid microstructure; these are used to build reliable physical models with which quantitative information from techniques such as small-angle x-ray or neutron scattering can be analyzed.To prepare vitrified specimens of microstructured fluids, we have developed the Controlled Environment Vitrification System (CEVS), that enables us to prepare samples under controlled temperature and humidity conditions, thus minimizing microstructural rearrangement due to volatile evaporation or temperature changes. The CEVS may be used to trigger on-the-grid processes to induce formation of new phases, or to study intermediate, transient structures during change of phase (“time-resolved cryo-TEM”). Recently we have developed a new CEVS, where temperature and humidity are controlled by continuous flow of a mixture of humidified and dry air streams.

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Application of pyrometer and standard sample to determine surface temperature of studied materials

Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika ◽

10.32446/0368-1025it.2019-12-9-13 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 9-13

Author(s):

V.Ya. Mendeleyev ◽

V.A. Petrov ◽

A.V. Yashin ◽

A.I. Vangonen ◽

O.K. Taganov

Keyword(s):

Composite Material ◽

Surface Temperature ◽

Relative Error ◽

Wavelength Range ◽

Standard Sample ◽

A Priori ◽

Temperature Changes ◽

Surface Temperatures ◽

Relative Errors ◽

Normal Emissivity

Determining the surface temperature of materials with unknown emissivity is studied. A method for determining the surface temperature using a standard sample of average spectral normal emissivity in the wavelength range of 1,65–1,80 μm and an industrially produced Metis M322 pyrometer operating in the same wavelength range. The surface temperature of studied samples of the composite material and platinum was determined experimentally from the temperature of a standard sample located on the studied surfaces. The relative error in determining the surface temperature of the studied materials, introduced by the proposed method, was calculated taking into account the temperatures of the platinum and the composite material, determined from the temperature of the standard sample located on the studied surfaces, and from the temperature of the studied surfaces in the absence of the standard sample. The relative errors thus obtained did not exceed 1,7 % for the composite material and 0,5% for the platinum at surface temperatures of about 973 K. It was also found that: the inaccuracy of a priori data on the emissivity of the standard sample in the range (–0,01; 0,01) relative to the average emissivity increases the relative error in determining the temperature of the composite material by 0,68 %, and the installation of a standard sample on the studied materials leads to temperature changes on the periphery of the surface not exceeding 0,47 % for composite material and 0,05 % for platinum.

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Late Holocene precipitation and temperature changes in Northern Europe linked with North Atlantic forcing

Climate Research ◽

10.3354/cr01331 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 37-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

TP Luoto ◽

L Nevalainen

Keyword(s):

North Atlantic ◽

Late Holocene ◽

Northern Europe ◽

Temperature Changes ◽

Precipitation And Temperature

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Ecological niche modelling of cold-water corals in the Southern Ocean (N Antarctic), present distribution and future projections due to temperature changes

Marine Ecology Progress Series ◽

10.3354/meps13085 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 628 ◽

pp. 73-93

Author(s):

S Chaabani ◽

PJ López-González ◽

P Casado-Amezua ◽

H Pehlke ◽

L Weber ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Southern Ocean ◽

Ecological Niche ◽

Cold Water ◽

Ecological Niche Modelling ◽

Niche Modelling ◽

Future Projections ◽

Temperature Changes ◽

Present Distribution

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Measuring Facial Skin Temperature Changes Caused by Mental Work-Load with Infrared Thermography

IEEJ Transactions on Electronics Information and Systems ◽

10.1541/ieejeiss.136.1581 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 136 (11) ◽

pp. 1581-1585 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Tota Mizuno ◽

Takeru Sakai ◽

Shunsuke Kawazura ◽

Hirotoshi Asano ◽

Kota Akehi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skin Temperature ◽

Infrared Thermography ◽

Work Load ◽

Facial Skin ◽

Mental Work ◽

Temperature Changes ◽

Mental Work Load

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TEMPERATURE CHANGES FOR METHANE HYDRATE DISSOCIATION IN DIFFERENT CLASS DEPOSITS BY DEPRESSURIZATION

10.1615/ihtc16.nee.023237 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Mingjun Yang ◽

Yi Gao ◽

Hang Zhou ◽

Bingbing Chen ◽

Yongchen Song

Keyword(s):

Methane Hydrate ◽

Hydrate Dissociation ◽

Temperature Changes

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Rolling Resistance Calculation Procedure Using the Finite Element Method

Tire Science and Technology ◽

10.2346/tire.19.170158 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 224-248

Author(s):

Pablo N. Zitelli ◽

Gabriel N. Curtosi ◽

Jorge Kuster

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Energy Dissipation ◽

Rolling Resistance ◽

Element Model ◽

The Finite Element Method ◽

Temperature Changes ◽

Rubber Compounds ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Materials Used ◽

Account Temperature

ABSTRACT Tire engineers are interested in predicting rolling resistance using tools such as numerical simulation and tests. When a car is driven along, its tires are subjected to repeated deformation, leading to energy dissipation as heat. Each point of a loaded tire is deformed as the tire completes a revolution. Most energy dissipation comes from the cyclic loading of the tire, which causes the rolling resistance in addition to the friction force in the contact patch between the tire and road. Rolling resistance mainly depends on the dissipation of viscoelastic energy of the rubber materials used to manufacture the tires. To obtain a good rolling resistance, the calculation method of the tire finite element model must take into account temperature changes. It is mandatory to calibrate all of the rubber compounds of the tire at different temperatures and strain frequencies. Linear viscoelasticity is used to model the materials properties and is found to be a suitable approach to tackle energy dissipation due to hysteresis for rolling resistance calculation.

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