Disease and Mortality, 1860–1924

Before HIV ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Child Survival ◽  
Medical Data ◽  
Hospital Data ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Cumulative Impact ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
Endemic Diseases ◽  
Degree Of Control ◽  
Mass Inoculation ◽  
Epidemic Diseases

This chapter argues that the intensification of long-distance trade from the 1860s increased mortality levels due to famine, heightened conflict, and new epidemic diseases in Buganda and Buhaya much more than in Ankole. The colonial takeover quickly reduced the incidence of war-related deaths, but only in the 1920s did the colonial state begin to exert a degree of control over crisis mortality. Early hospital data and vital registration records indicate that child survival had improved significantly by the early 1920s, due to a rise in birthweight, investment in sanitation, and the cumulative impact of mass inoculation campaigns against major epidemic diseases. By the mid-1920s medical data on cause of death revealed the emerging dominance of endemic diseases, a pattern that would survive, with some variation, until the emergence of AIDS.

scholarly journals Ensuring Improved Security in Medical Data Using ECC and Blockchain Technology with Edge Devices

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Mary Subaja Christo ◽  
V. Elizabeth Jesi ◽  
Uma Priyadarsini ◽  
V. Anbarasu ◽  
Hridya Venugopal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Data ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Data Confidentiality ◽  
Hospital Data ◽  
Healthcare Data ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Data Authentication ◽  
Efficient Retrieval ◽  
Lightweight Authentication

Hospital data management is one of the functional parts of operations to store and access healthcare data. Nowadays, protecting these from hacking is one of the most difficult tasks in the healthcare system. As the user’s data collected in the field of healthcare is very sensitive, adequate security measures have to be taken in this field to protect the networks. To maintain security, an effective encryption technology must be utilised. This paper focuses on implementing the elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) technique, a lightweight authentication approach to share the data effectively. Many researches are in place to share the data wirelessly, among which this work uses Electronic Medical Card (EMC) to store the healthcare data. The work discusses two important data security issues: data authentication and data confidentiality. To ensure data authentication, the proposed system employs a secure mechanism to encrypt and decrypt the data with a 512-bit key. Data confidentiality is ensured by using the Blockchain ledger technique which allows ethical users to access the data. Finally, the encrypted data is stored on the edge device. The edge computing technology is used to store the medical reports within the edge network to access the data in a very fast manner. An authenticated user can decrypt the data and process the data at optimum speed. After processing, the updated data is stored in the Blockchain and in the cloud server. This proposed method ensures secure maintenance and efficient retrieval of medical data and reports.

Passive surveillance on occurrence of deadly infectious, noninfectious and zoonotic diseases of livestock and poultry in Bangladesh and remedies

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
MGA Chowdhury ◽  
MA Habib ◽  
MZ Hossain ◽  
UK Rima ◽  
PC Saha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Passive Surveillance ◽  
Hospital Data ◽  
Fowl Cholera ◽  
Endemic Diseases ◽  
Passive Surveillance System ◽  
Parasitic Gastroenteritis ◽  
The Government ◽  
Safe Food

Passive surveillance system was designed with the data (102,613 case records) collected from the Government Veterinary Hospitals, Bangladesh and frequency distribution of diseases was calculated during July 2010 to June 2013. Frequently occurring diseases/ disease conditions reported in livestock were fascioliasis (10.66%), diarrhoea (7.92%), mastitis (7.42%), foot and mouth disease (6.42%), parasitic gastroenteritis (6.31%), coccidiosis (5.5%), Peste des petits ruminants (PPR,5.32%), anthrax (4.19%) and black quarter (3.74%). Diarrhoea and coccidiosis were reported to occur throughout the year. The frequency of fascioliasis appeared higher in buffaloes (34%) followed by sheep (22%), goats (13%) and cattle (11%). PPR is a deadly infectious disease of goats and sheep, accounted for 20% and 13% infectivity in respective species. In chicken the most frequently occurring diseases reported were Newcastle disease (28%), fowl cholera (19%) and coccidiosis (11%). In ducks, duck viral enteritis (28%), duck viral hepatitis (17%), diarrhoea (15%), coccidiosis (10%) and intestinal helminthiasis (10%) were the commonest diseases reported in Bangladesh. Few other endemic diseases of livestock and poultry like Tuberculosis, brucellosis, avian influenza, duck anatipestifer, Marek’s disease, Gumboro disease, avian tuberculosis, mycoplasmosis, dermatophilosis etc. were not included in the hospital data sheet. Financial hurdles persist in a country like Bangladesh, imposing difficulties onto the surveillance and early reporting of the disease outbreaks; these diseases are, therefore, stubbornly prevalent. Development of technological and knowledgeable man power, in time surveillance and early warning of disease outbreak are the key to protect animal and public health and produce safe food of animal origin.SAARC J. Agri., 16(1): 129-144 (2018)

scholarly journals La gripe española y crisis de mortalidad en Salta, Argentina. A principios del siglo XX

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 269-300
Author(s):  
Adrián Carbonetti ◽  
Néstor Javier Gómez ◽  
Víctor Eduardo Torres
Keyword(s):  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Endemic Diseases ◽  
Spanish Flu ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Epidemic Diseases ◽  
Overall Mortality

La sociedad salteña, a principios del siglo XX, se caracterizaba por importantes desigualdades de tipo social, que a su vez cristalizaban en problemas en el ámbito de la salud y la educación. Con tasas de mortalidad general e infantil muy altas, ocasionadas por el impacto de dolencias endémicas y epidémicas, la población debía lidiar con graves problemas de salud. No obstante, en 1919 esa situación se agravó, a las epidemias y endemias se sumó la segunda oleada de la pandemia de “gripe española” generando una crisis de mortalidad. En este artículo se pretende analizar el papel  que habría tenido  la segunda oleada de gripe española en la provincia y en los Departamentos de la misma que habría generado esta crisis. Para ello se realiza un análisis de carácter cuantitativo con base a datos provistos por la Dirección de Estadísticas de la Provincia de Salta (Argentina), con los cuales se generarán tasas de mortalidad y sobremortalidad que se relacionarán con datos provistos por el censo de población de 1914 proyectados, este análisis será relacionado con datos cualitativos que provee el único  periódico de la época encontrado.Palabras claves: salud, pandemia, gripe española, Salta.Spanish Flu and Mortality Crisis  in Salta, Argentina.  In Early Twentieth CenturyAbstract In the early twentieth century, Salta’s society was characterized by significant social inequalities that were also expressed in the field of health and education. With high overall mortality and infant mortality rates due to the impact of endemic and epidemic diseases, the population had to deal with serious health problems.  In 1919, the situation worsened: in addition to epidemics and endemic diseases, the second wave of the “Spanish flu” appeared, resulting in a mortality crisis. The article aims to analyze the role that the second wave of the Spanish flu could have played in Salta and its departments’ crisis.  In order to do this, an analysis based on quantitative data provided by the Bureau of Statistics of the Province of Salta will carry out. The statistical data will be used to generate mortality rates and excess mortality that will be related with projected data based on the 1914 Census. This data will also be related with the qualitative information obtained from the only newspaper found from that historical period.Keywords: health, pandemic, spanish flu, Salta.

The History of Sierra Leone

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gibril R. Cole
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
The State ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Cultural Encounters ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
Economic Exchanges ◽  
History Of ◽  
British Colonial

The geographical boundaries of contemporary Sierra Leone resulted from the intense quest for imperial domains by European powers, specifically by Britain and France, during the 19th-century scramble for colonies. However, the country’s history runs deep into the past. While the peoples of the present-day republic did not have a history of large polities, there were, nonetheless, organized states with social, political, and economic structures, some of them based on conventional understandings of relations between the rulers and their peoples. Agricultural production, local, regional, and long-distance commerce facilitated not just economic exchanges, but also cross-cultural encounters between peoples from near and far. This engendered an integrative process that allowed for population growth and state expansion prior to the arrival of Europeans in the region of West Africa in the 15th century and the subsequent rise of the Atlantic slave trade. While the transatlantic system disrupted the existing political, economic, and social systems, the remarkable resilience of the peoples enabled them to rebound, only to be later subjugated to British colonial rule from 1808 to 1961. British colonialism encountered resistance in one form or another from its initial establishment until 1896, when a civil uprising devolved into a war of attrition between the people of the interior of Sierra Leone and the British colonial state. British rule and control of the colonial economy continued until the post-World War II period, when educated Africans across the continent sought to attain their independence. Sierra Leone’s educated elite organized, albeit along ethno-regional lines, to demand independence, which was granted in 1961. The post-independence experiment in democracy was subverted by political megalomania, the entrenchment of ethno-regionalism, corruption, and frequent military interventions in the state. The use of subaltern youth in the politics of the country by the state ultimately had the effect of producing a group of youths who sought to transform themselves from foot soldiers of the political groups to a military junta through violence, which engulfed the country in a decade-long civil war from 1991 to 2002.

scholarly journals Clinical Profile And Outcome Of 100 Neonates In Perspectives Of Neonatal Care In A Tertiary Hospital

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-3
Author(s):  
Tamanna Begum ◽  
Md Rafiqul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Perinatal Asphyxia ◽  
Child Survival ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Home Delivery ◽  
Neonatal Care ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Hospital Data ◽  
Neonatal Septicemia ◽  
Medical College

Neonatal death accounts for about half of all deaths among under five children. This is a retrospective study using hospital data from Jan'09 to Dec'09 to focus neonatal disease profile, case fatality & hospital stay. Study was done in pediatric Dept. of Shahid Suhrawardy Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka. 81% neonates were admitted within the first week of life. Low birth weight was (38%). Among them 52% was delivered by normal vaginal and 42%) having history of home delivery. Highest cases were in neonatal septicemia group (40%), Perinatal asphyxia (22%) and LEW (18%) cases. 72% cases was discharge from hospital within 7 days of admission. Case fatality was 2% in both the neonatal septicemia & Perinatal asphyxia group. To achieve the MDG for child survival need to increase coverage of neonatal care intervention for the poorest & most vulnerable groups. Journal of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Vol 2No.1 June 2010 page 2-3 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jssmc.v2i1.12341

Special Issue on Information Medical Science

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-25
Author(s):  
Yutaka Hatakeyama
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Medical Image ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Medical Image Processing ◽  
Medical Data ◽  
Navigation Systems ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Hospital Data ◽  
Analytical Approaches

One important and interesting application in computational intelligence technology is medical application. Medical engineering research covers such areas as medical image processing. With most health information now described electronically, hospitals are accumulating large amounts of medical data, including imaging, text, and structured materials. This has made ginformation medical scienceh vastly more important in improving healthcare technology. This special issue introduces an application based on hospital data, medical care support systems, and medical image processing. The application deals with analytical approaches, navigation systems, medical data management, and text mining for summary data. The support system shows diagnosis and robotassisted therapy. Medical imaging targets X-ray, blood cell, and ultrasonography images. As guest editors, we can assure the readers that the papers in this special issue have great social impact in this research area and encourage good relations with engineering and medical practice approaches. We thank the contributors and reviewers for introduce these latest achievements in this exciting field.

‘RUBBER FEVER’, COMMERCE AND FRENCH COLONIAL RULE IN UPPER GUINÉE, 1890–1913

2004 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
EMILY LYNN OSBORN
Keyword(s):  
Central Africa ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
Foreign Objects ◽  
Commercial Networks ◽  
French Colonial ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Rubber Boom

This article examines the trade in wild rubber that emerged in Upper Guinée, in the colony of Guinée Française, at the end of the nineteenth century. Guinée's rubber boom went through two phases. The first, from the 1880s to 1901, was dominated by local collectors and Muslim traders who directed the trade to the British port of Freetown, Sierra Leone. In the second phase, 1901–13, expatriate merchant houses entered the long-distance trade and, with the help of the colonial state, reoriented the commerce to Conakry, port city and capital of Guinée. The Guinée case offers an alternative perspective to that provided by the better studied rubber markets of Central Africa and South America, and contributes to scholarly debates about export economies, colonial rule and social change. In Guinée, local production and commercial networks maintained significant influence in the market throughout the rubber boom, thwarting colonial efforts to control the trade. The colonial state proved particularly challenged by the practice of rubber adulteration, whereby local collectors and traders corrupted rubber with foreign objects to increase its weight. While the trade exposes the limits of colonial power, rubber also played a largely overlooked role in the social and economic transformations of the period. Evidence suggests that profits from the rubber trade enabled peasants, escaped slaves and former masters to alter their circumstances, accumulate wealth and rebuild homes and communities destroyed during the preceding era of warfare and upheaval.

scholarly journals A critical analysis of factors for delayed initiation of breast feeding in a district level hospital

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 4840
Author(s):  
Ramana Rao M. V. ◽  
Naima Fathima
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Study ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Child Survival ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Hospital Data ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Delayed Initiation ◽  
Postnatal Mothers ◽  
A Prospective Study

Background: Breastfeeding is the cornerstone for child survival. Poor breastfeeding practices contribute to 20 per cent of neonatal deaths and nearly 13 per cent of deaths in children below five years. In south Asia, 40% of the babies are initiated breastfeeding within one hour despite increase in institutional deliveries, 80%.Methods: This prospective study was conducted to critically analyse the factors for delayed initiation of breast feeding. A prospective study was carried out among randomly selected postnatal mothers in the postnatal ward of a district teaching hospital. Data was collected by face to face interviews using a pre-validated structured questionnaire.Results: Above 90% of the women did not know the importance of initiating breast feeding within one hour of delivery as none of them received antenatal counselling. Baby was not given to the mother in 90% of the cases. 70% believed that colostrum is not good for the baby. 60% gave pre-lacteal feeds and 60% reported pain of surgical site or perineum as the cause for delayed initiation of breast feeding.Conclusions: UNICEF estimates that if all children receive the benefits of breastfeeding – globally, 8,23,000 child deaths can be averted every year. All health care facilities should adopt Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative’s Ten successful steps for breast feeding to initiate early breast feeding within one hour to reduce morbidity and mortality of infants and under five children.

ADOPTION OF AN INTEGRATED NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION AND NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING SYSTEM TOWARD IMPROVEMENT OF TELEHEALTH SOLUTIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 2150007
Author(s):  
Vishal Balasubramanian ◽  
V. Sapthagirivasan ◽  
M. Selvaganesh ◽  
T. Manikandan
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Character Recognition ◽  
Optical Character Recognition ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Medical Data ◽  
Near Field Communication ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Short Period

Telehealth is the usage of digital medical data and telecommunication technologies to aid long-distance clinical healthcare. Proper maintenance of a patient’s medical record has been a hindrance toward the growth of Telehealth services. The patient’s data, particularly emergency data, must be available to medical personnel within a short time frame and independent of potential interruption of network connections. In this paper, we propose a Near Field Communication (NFC) wristband that provides access to the medical details, history and contact details of a patient. By this, the doctor or the paramedical officer can provide the patient with the best treatment within a short period of time. This system comes in handy even if the patient is unconscious/unable to answer. The doctor or the paramedical officer can quickly draft a patient’s report and send it to the hospital. The proposed framework consists of the following four stages: (i) obtaining emergency medical data with the help of NFC chips, (ii) converting medical report into digital text using Optical Character Recognition (OCR), (iii) structuring the narrative medical text into organized data using NLP and (iv) comparative analysis of the selected content. An image database with 1200 medical case histories has been utilized for the algorithm development and validation. The OCR algorithms for converting images to text produced more than 98% on average and NLP algorithm produced around 94.1% accuracy. Overall, the performance of the system from NFC reader till analysis of the specific field is more than 95%. The developed OCR and NLP integrated software helps the doctor or the health officer to immediately convert it into text format and the unstructured text is quickly organized into the respective fields.

Veterinary and legislative aspects relating to the feeding of by-products and waste

1980 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
W. A. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia ◽  
Buffer Zones ◽  
Member States ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Endemic Diseases ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Vesicular Disease ◽  
Epidemic Diseases

The livestock population of Great Britain has been free from several of the most serious epidemic diseases since the late 19th century (rinder-pest, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia); others occur infrequently following introduction from abroad (foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), swine fever, swine vesicular disease (SVD); and the endemic diseases such as bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis are subject to successful eradication programmes.On first examination the risk from exotic disease appears to lessen from year to year. The incidence of FMD has declined dramatically in Europe with the introduction of effective vaccination and slaughter policies and FAO/OIE programmes creating protective vaccination buffer zones in the east. Again within the European Community consideration is being given to a common policy to eradicate swine fever from all member States. However, a number of factors operate against these encouraging trends.a. The relaxation of international trade barriers to the movement of live animals and animal products. It is essential within this framework to ensure that our animal health safeguards are preserved as far as possible against the introduction of disease from either member States or into the Community from third countries.b. Pressures from the industry increase for the importation of livestock, semen or embryos to expand the gene pool within breeds.c. The pyramidal structure of the industry — particularly the pig and poultry industry — increases the risk of dissemination of any disease agents introduced.d. Larger, more intensive units reduce individual animal observation allowing symptoms of disease to remain undetected for longer periods and hence outbreaks to be more explosive when they occur.

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