Veterinary and legislative aspects relating to the feeding of by-products and waste

1980 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
W. A. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia ◽  
Buffer Zones ◽  
Member States ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Endemic Diseases ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Vesicular Disease ◽  
Epidemic Diseases

The livestock population of Great Britain has been free from several of the most serious epidemic diseases since the late 19th century (rinder-pest, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia); others occur infrequently following introduction from abroad (foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), swine fever, swine vesicular disease (SVD); and the endemic diseases such as bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis are subject to successful eradication programmes.On first examination the risk from exotic disease appears to lessen from year to year. The incidence of FMD has declined dramatically in Europe with the introduction of effective vaccination and slaughter policies and FAO/OIE programmes creating protective vaccination buffer zones in the east. Again within the European Community consideration is being given to a common policy to eradicate swine fever from all member States. However, a number of factors operate against these encouraging trends.a. The relaxation of international trade barriers to the movement of live animals and animal products. It is essential within this framework to ensure that our animal health safeguards are preserved as far as possible against the introduction of disease from either member States or into the Community from third countries.b. Pressures from the industry increase for the importation of livestock, semen or embryos to expand the gene pool within breeds.c. The pyramidal structure of the industry — particularly the pig and poultry industry — increases the risk of dissemination of any disease agents introduced.d. Larger, more intensive units reduce individual animal observation allowing symptoms of disease to remain undetected for longer periods and hence outbreaks to be more explosive when they occur.

scholarly journals Cross-border dissemination of lumpy skin disease: risc analysis for Ukraine

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (88) ◽  
pp. 131-135
Author(s):  
Ya. V. Kisera ◽  
Yu. G. Storchak ◽  
L. Ya. Bozhyk
Keyword(s):  
Skin Disease ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Buffer Zones ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Lumpy Skin Disease ◽  
Endemic Diseases ◽  
Blood Sucking

National biosecurity is a system of organizational and technical measures that help protect humans, animals and the environment from potential and actual biological threats. That is why analysis of the main hazardous biological sources for humans and animals has been carried out. The influence of climate change on the animals’ welfare as well as their predisposition to the deferred type tendency is proved. The prevalence of vector diseases of animals, mycoses and mycotoxicoses, which can manifest themselves in the form of such emergencies as outbreaks of exotic diseases, large-scale epizootics, a sharp increase of the incidence of endemic diseases, etc., are of both ecological and biological danger. Contagious vesicular (nodular) dermatitis (Lumpy skin disease, LSD) is caused by the virus belonging to the genus Capripoxvirus, the Poxviridae family and affects mainly cattle and buffaloes. The virus is distributed mainly by means of mechanical carriers (species of Stomoxys spp. and other flies). Global warming on the European continent facilitates the migration of blood-sucking insects that are carriers of vector diseases. As a result, the insects occupy new ecological niches adapting to the new biocenoses. A poorly controlled movement of large numbers of livestock also creates a risk of disease spreading. The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) has identified LSD as highly dangerous illnesses subject to notification. The focus is made on policies dealing with the control and eradication of contagious nodular dermatitis in case of its detection. The spread of LSD can be prevented through the introduction of biosafety measures at the farm level and the introduction of restrictions on the movement of infection-susceptible animals and goods from the infected territories. Vaccination is the most effective disease control tool in endemic areas. LSD control and elimination policy in case of disease detection includes sanitary slaughter (stamping-out) of infected animals – a complex of antiepizootic measures that carry out by direction  of the chief state inspector, including the slaughter of sick and infected animals of the herd, and if necessary, animals of another herd that could lead before the transmission of a pathogenic agent – the pathogen of contagious nodular dermatitis of cattle. All animals, that are susceptible to the disease, whether vaccinated or not, are clogged and their carcasses are destroyed by burning, burial with the guarantee of preventing the spread of infection through carcasses or other products of dead animals. Emergency control of outbreaks envisages the ring vaccination of buffer zones within 25–50 km from infected areas, as well as foundation of temporary or permanent slaughter places in the infected areas. Sufficient herd immunity must be created and maintained within large territories both around the infected area and at the borders with infected countries. Such immunity is achieved when 80% of the herd is covered by vaccination.

scholarly journals Development and Application of a Prioritization Tool for Animal Health Surveillance Activities in Ireland

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
AnneMarie Clarke ◽  
Simon J. More ◽  
James W. Maher ◽  
Andrew W. Byrne ◽  
Michael Horan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Resource Limitation ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Endemic Diseases ◽  
Prioritization Process

Decisions around animal health management by stakeholders are often subject to resource limitation, therefore prioritization processes are required to evaluate whether effort is attributed appropriately. The objectives of this study were to develop and apply a surveillance prioritization process for animal health surveillance activities in Ireland. An exploratory sequential mixed research methods design was utilized. A prioritization tool was developed for surveillance activities and implemented over two phases. During the first phase, a survey was conducted which asked stakeholders to prioritize diseases/conditions by importance for Irish agriculture. In the second phase, experts identified the most important surveillance objectives, and allocated resources to the activities that they considered would best meet the surveillance objectives, for each disease/condition. This study developed a process and an accompanying user-friendly practical tool for animal disease surveillance prioritization which could be utilized by other competent authorities/governments. Antimicrobial resistance and bovine tuberculosis were ranked top of the endemic diseases/conditions in the Irish context, while African swine fever and foot and mouth disease were ranked top of the exotic diseases/conditions by the stakeholders. The study showed that for most of the diseases/conditions examined in the prioritization exercise, the respondents indicated a preference for a combination of active and passive surveillance activities. Future extensions of the tool could include prioritization on a per species basis.

scholarly journals The history of veterinary medicine in Namibia

2012 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert P. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia ◽  
World War ◽  
Veterinary Profession ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First World

Until the middle of the 19th century, very few references exist regarding the occurrence of animal diseases in Namibia. With the introduction of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in 1859, this picture changed completely and livestock owners implemented various forms of disease control in an effort to contain the spread of this disease and minimise its devastating effects. After the establishment of the colonial administration in 1884, the first animal disease legislation was introduced in 1887 and the first veterinarian, Dr Wilhelm Rickmann, arrived in 1894. CBPP and the outbreak of rinderpest in 1897 necessitated a greatly expanded veterinary infrastructure and the first veterinary laboratory was erected at Gammams near Windhoek in 1897. To prevent the spread of rinderpest, a veterinary cordon line was established, which was the very beginning of the Veterinary Cordon Fence as it is known today. After the First World War, a small but dedicated corps of veterinarians again built up an efficient animal health service in the following decades, with veterinary private practice developing from the mid–1950s. The veterinary profession organised itself in 1947 in the form of a veterinary association and, in 1984, legislation was passed to regulate the veterinary profession by the establishment of the Veterinary Council of Namibia. The outbreak of foot and mouth disease in 1961 was instrumental in the creation of an effective veterinary service, meeting international veterinary standards of quality and performance which are still maintained today.

scholarly journals Senecavirus A

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Segalés ◽  
D. Barcellos ◽  
A. Alfieri ◽  
E. Burrough ◽  
D. Marthaler
Keyword(s):  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Potential Association ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Usa ◽  
World Organization ◽  
Swine Diseases ◽  
Vesicular Disease

Senecavirus A (SVA) is the only member of the genus Senecavirus within the family Picornaviridae. This virus was discovered as a serendipitous finding in 2002 (and named Seneca Valley virus 001 [SVV-001]) while cultivating viral vectors in cell culture and has been proposed for use as an oncolytic virus to treat different types of human neoplasia. SVA was found in lesions in pigs affected by porcine idiopathic vesicular disease in Canada and the USA in 2008 and 2012, respectively. In 2014 and 2015, SVA infection was associated with outbreaks of vesicular disease in sows as well as neonatal pig mortality in Brazil and the USA. Phylogenetic analysis of the SVA VP1 indicates the existence of 3 clades of the virus. Clade I contains the historical strain SVV-001, clade II contains USA SVA strains identified between 1988 and 1997, and clade III contains global SVA strains from Brazil, Canada, China, and the USA identified between 2001 and 2015. The aim of this review is to draw the attention of veterinarians and researchers to a recently described infectious clinical-pathologic condition caused by a previously known agent (SVA). Apart from the intrinsic interest in a novel virus infecting pigs and causing economic losses, the major current concern is the similarity of the clinical picture to that of other swine diseases, because one of them—foot and mouth disease—is a World Organization for Animal Health–listed disease. Because the potential association of SVA with disease is rather new, there are still many questions to be resolved.

scholarly journals RISK OF INTRODUCING HIGHLY DANGEROUS ANIMAL VESICULAR DISEASES INTO THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2019 ◽  
pp. 3-15
Author(s):  
V. P. Semakina ◽  
T. P. Akimova ◽  
I. Yu. Solomatina ◽  
A. K. Karaulov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
The North ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Vesicular Disease

Animal vesicular diseases are rather widespread in the world. Transboundary vesicular diseases are mainly registered in African and Asian countries. They primarily include foot and mouth disease, sheep and goat pox, peste des petits ruminants, lumpy skin disease, swine vesicular disease, vesicular stomatitis, as well as relatively new Seneca Valley virus infection. The transboundary spread of vesicular diseases is mainly caused by legal and illegal movements of animals, animal products, feeds, live vaccines; migration of wild animals across the borders from neighboring countries and passive mechanical transmission of infection. The risk of vesicular disease agent introduction with legal import of live animals into the territory of the Russian Federation is minimal. Most likely, the causative agent can be introduced when livestock products are illegally imported from the following countries: China, Turkey, India, Mongolia, Iran, Kazakhstan, etc. Violations of foreign trade regulations pose a direct threat to the epidemic situation and economic security of Russia. There is a possibility of the introduction of vesicular agents with animal feed imports into the country since some viruses can potentially survive for a long time in some ingredients. Taking into account the fact that some neighboring countries are infected with vesicular diseases, the threat of infection introduction into Russia through migration of wild animals along the North Caucasian, Central Asian and Far Eastern routes still remains.

Foodborne Viruses: Their Importance and Need for Research1

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 717-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN H. BLACKWELL ◽  
DEAN O. CLIVER ◽  
J. J. CALLIS ◽  
NORMAN D. HEIDELBAUGH ◽  
EDWARD P. LARKIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Foodborne Viruses ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Hog Cholera ◽  
Etiological Agents ◽  
New Research ◽  
Vesicular Disease

All viruses known to be normally transmissible through foods and of concern to human health emanate from the human intestine. The outbreaks of hepatitis A and recently of gastroenteritis attributed to Norwalk-like viruses most likely developed from feces-contaminated fingers of infected food handlers or water polluted with feces. With few exceptions no recorded outbreak has depended on the ability of virus to withstand even limited heating in food. New and better methods of detection are needed for hepatitis A and Norwalk viruses in foods. It has been well documented that international trade in food products of animal origin can result in the introduction of animal disease into areas in which the disease does not exist. This fact has given rise to programs of research and development for industrially applicable technology to rid animal products from the agents of animal diseases. The survival of viruses inclusive of etiological agents of foot-and-mouth disease, African swine fever, swine vesicular disease and hog cholera virus is reviewed in this paper and new research approaches are suggested. The general need for additional research of foodborne viruses is discussed.

United States – Measures Affecting the Importation of Animals, Meat and Other Animal Products from Argentina (US–Animals, DS447)

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-169
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Carlson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Free Region ◽  
Foot And Mouth

Following an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Argentina in 2001, the United States maintained import prohibitions on certain animals and animal products from Argentina. In this dispute, Argentina challenged two sets of measures: (1) the United States' prohibition on importation of fresh (chilled or frozen) beef from a portion of northern Argentina and on the importation of animals, meat, and other animal products from the Patagonia region as a consequence of the failure to recognize Patagonia as an FMD-free region; and (2) the undue delay of the United States’ application of certain regulatory procedures under which the United States assessed Argentina's requests for re-authorization to import fresh (chilled or frozen) beef from a certain area of northern Argentina and for the recognition of the Patagonia region as FMD-free.

TOXICOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SAFETY OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-248
Author(s):  
V.I. Dorozhkin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Biological Safety ◽  
Livestock Products ◽  
State Registration

The article presents materials on the toxicological and biological safety of livestock products: contaminants of various natures that contaminate raw materials and food products (microorganisms, viruses, mycotoxins, parasites, heavy metals, etc.) are presented. To ensure biological and toxicological safety of livestock products and public health, the implementation of legislation, as well as decisions of the President of the Russian Federation, it is proposed to provide the development of a national innovative system for protecting animal health from the negative effects of pathogens and toxicants, including: conducting research on the development of fundamental foundations for the protection of animal health from the negative impact of ecotoxicants and veterinary and sanitary welfare, improvement of regulatory and legislative documents on the organization of quality control and safety of raw materials and food products; restoration of the procedure for state registration of diagnostic test systems, disinfectants, insectoacaricides and rodenticides; creation of the State Veterinary Pharmacological and Biological «State Veterinary Pharmaceutical Commission». For the implementation of these measures, provide federal state budgetary funding.

Socio-Economic Impacts of Foot and Mouth Disease Among Cattle Farmers in Sagaing and Mandalay Areas, Myanmar

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ai Thanda Kyaw
Keyword(s):  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Lao Pdr ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
World Organisation ◽  
Control And Eradication

The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Sub-Regional Representation for South East Asia (OIE SRR-SEA) implemented the Stop Transboundary Animal Diseases and Zoonoses (STANDZ) Programme funded by AusAID to strengthen the veterinary services and effectively manage the control and eradication of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar. The purpose of the study is to understand how FMD outbreaks impact smallholder farmers, both men and women, at the household and village level and how control and eradication of FMD would benefit them. Specific aims are to estimate the direct and indirect socio-economic costs associated with the outbreaks of FMD as well as of the measures taken by farmers to deal with such outbreaks and to identify issues that contributed to the socio-economic impacts of FMD outbreaks and opportunities to reduce them.

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms of Immune Escape for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 729
Author(s):  
Bo Yang ◽  
Xiaohui Zhang ◽  
Dajun Zhang ◽  
Jing Hou ◽  
GuoWei Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Vesicular Disease

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious vesicular disease in cloven-hoofed livestock that results in severe consequences for international trade, posing a great economic threat to agriculture. The FMDV infection antagonizes the host immune responses via different signaling pathways to achieve immune escape. Strategies to escape the cell immune system are key to effective infection and pathogenesis. This review is focused on summarizing the recent advances to understand how the proteins encoded by FMDV antagonize the host innate and adaptive immune responses.

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