scholarly journals Molecular detection and identification of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum'

Biljni lekar ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-37
Author(s):  
Jelena Menković ◽  
Aleksa Obradović
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Molecular Methods ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter

"Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum" is a gram-negative, fastidious bacterium that inhabits and multiplies in the phloem of host plants. The bacterium causes economically important diseases of solanaceous crops such as "zebra chips" of potatoes, and chlorotic weakening of cultivated plants of the Apiaceae family. Beside potatotes, this pathogen causes significant economic losses in tobacco, peper and tomato production. Insect vectors classified in the family Triozidae play an important role in the epidemiology of this bacterium. Insects transfer bacterial cells from infected to healthy plants by feeding on the plant juice from the phloem tissue. This pathogenic bacterium could be transmitted by infected seeds which result in long-distance spread. Based on the analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), nine haplotypes (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, U) from different geographical regions, host plants and insect vectors have been described. Considering to impossibility of isolation of this bacterium on a nutrient medium, detection and identification are based on the application of molecular methods (conventional PCR, real-time PCR, multiplex PCR, nested PCR and LAMP PCR). Taking into consideration the increasing spread of "Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum" in Europe, as well as its recent detection in Serbia, the aim of this paper was to raise an awareness about importance of this bacterium and summarize the protocols and molecular methods for its detection and identification.

scholarly journals Identification of Autophagy-Related Genes in the Potato Psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli and Their Expression Profile in Response to ‘Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum’ in the Gut

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1073
Author(s):  
Xiao-Tian Tang ◽  
Cecilia Tamborindeguy
Keyword(s):  
Expression Profile ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Potato Psyllid ◽  
Bactericera Cockerelli ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum ◽  
Expression Profile Analysis ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter

Autophagy, also known as type II programmed cell death, is a cellular mechanism of “self-eating”. Autophagy plays an important role against pathogen infection in numerous organisms. Recently, it has been demonstrated that autophagy can be activated and even manipulated by plant viruses to facilitate their transmission within insect vectors. However, little is known about the role of autophagy in the interactions of insect vectors with plant bacterial pathogens. ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (Lso) is a phloem-limited Gram-negative bacterium that infects crops worldwide. Two Lso haplotypes, LsoA and LsoB, are transmitted by the potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli and cause damaging diseases in solanaceous plants (e.g., zebra chip in potatoes). Both LsoA and LsoB are transmitted by the potato psyllid in a persistent circulative manner: they colonize and replicate within psyllid tissues. Following acquisition, the gut is the first organ Lso encounters and could be a barrier for transmission. In this study, we annotated autophagy-related genes (ATGs) from the potato psyllid transcriptome and evaluated their expression in response to Lso infection at the gut interface. In total, 19 ATGs belonging to 17 different families were identified. The comprehensive expression profile analysis revealed that the majority of the ATGs were regulated in the psyllid gut following the exposure or infection to each Lso haplotype, LsoA and LsoB, suggesting a potential role of autophagy in response to Lso at the psyllid gut interface.

scholarly journals Potential Distribution and the Risks of Bactericera cockerelli and Its Associated Plant Pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum for Global Potato Production

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 298
Author(s):  
Jing Wan ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
Yonglin Ren ◽  
Simon McKirdy
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
South America ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Bactericera Cockerelli ◽  
Ecological Niche Models ◽  
Potato Acreage ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter

The tomato potato psyllid (TPP), Bactericera cockerelli, is a psyllid native to North America that has recently invaded New Zealand and Australia. The potential for economic losses accompanying invasions of TPP and its associated bacterial plant pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CLso), has caused much concern. Here, we employed ecological niche models to predict environments suitable for TPP/CLso on a global scale and then evaluated the extent to which global potato cultivation is at risk. In addition, at a finer scale the risk to the Australian potato acreage was evaluated. A total of 86 MaxEnt models were built using various combinations of settings and climatic predictors, and the best model based on model evaluation metrics was selected. Climatically suitable habitats were identified in Eurasia, Africa, South America, and Australasia. Intersecting the predicted suitability map with land use data showed that 79.06% of the global potato cultivation acreage, 96.14% of the potato production acreage in South America and Eurasia, and all the Australian potato cropping areas are at risk. The information generated by this study increases knowledge of the ecology of TPP/CLso and can be used by government agencies to make decisions about preventing the spread of TPP and CLso across the globe.

scholarly journals Genetic Variation of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ Haplotype C and Identification of a Novel Haplotype from Trioza urticae and Stinging Nettle

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (8) ◽  
pp. 925-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Haapalainen ◽  
J. Wang ◽  
S. Latvala ◽  
M. T. Lehtonen ◽  
M. Pirhonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Plants ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Stinging Nettle ◽  
Arithmetic Means ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum ◽  
Pair Group ◽  
Carrot Seed ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Different Strains

‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (CLso) haplotype C is associated with disease in carrots and transmitted by the carrot psyllid Trioza apicalis. To identify possible other sources and vectors of this pathogen in Finland, samples were taken of wild plants within and near the carrot fields, the psyllids feeding on these plants, parsnips growing next to carrots, and carrot seeds. For analyzing the genotype of the CLso-positive samples, a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme was developed. CLso haplotype C was detected in 11% of the T. anthrisci samples, in 35% of the Anthriscus sylvestris plants with discoloration, and in parsnips showing leaf discoloration. MLST revealed that the CLso in T. anthrisci and most A. sylvestris plants represent different strains than the bacteria found in T. apicalis and the cultivated plants. CLso haplotype D was detected in 2 of the 34 carrot seed lots tested, but was not detected in the plants grown from these seeds. Phylogenetic analysis by unweighted-pair group method with arithmetic means clustering suggested that haplotype D is more closely related to haplotype A than to C. A novel, sixth haplotype of CLso, most closely related to A and D, was found in the psyllid T. urticae and stinging nettle (Urtica dioica, Urticaceae), and named haplotype U.

scholarly journals Potato Psyllid (Hemiptera: Triozidae) Behavior on Three Potato Genotypes With Tolerance to ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin N Fife ◽  
Karin Cruzado ◽  
Arash Rashed ◽  
Richard G Novy ◽  
Erik J Wenninger
Keyword(s):  
Potato Variety ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Russet Burbank ◽  
Solanum Chacoense ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Tuber Quality ◽  
Host Acceptance ◽  
Bactericera Cockerelli ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter

Abstract The potato/tomato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc) transmits ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (Lso) (also known as ‘Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous’), the bacterium associated with zebra chip disease (ZC) in potato. When disease incidence is high, ZC causes large economic losses through reductions in potato yield and tuber quality. No commercial potato variety has been found totally resistant to the pathogen. We evaluated host acceptance behaviors using no-choice assays on three breeding clones derived from Solanum chacoense Bitter with putative tolerance to Lso and/or ZC as part of an effort to determine whether the disease tolerance observed in those breeding clones was related to effects on psyllid settling behavior. We also counted the number of eggs laid and nymphs hatched on the different genotypes to observe any differences in reproduction. The potato variety ‘Russet Burbank’ was used as a susceptible control. Probing frequency and female walking duration were greater on Russet Burbank than the other genotypes. Oviposition did not differ among genotypes. However, female psyllids on two of the Lso-tolerant genotypes displayed reduced fertility 18–24 d after confinement with a male, relative to females on Russet Burbank. These results suggest that although the germplasms display minor abiotic activity on psyllid fertility, tolerance to Lso may be more strongly linked with plant tolerance to the pathogen rather than effects on host acceptance behaviors.

Noncrop host plants prime real estate for the tomato potato psyllid in New Zealand

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 441-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Barnes ◽  
N.M. Taylor ◽  
J. Vereijssen
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Potato Psyllid ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Bactericera Cockerelli ◽  
Vegetation Surveys ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Solanaceae Family

The tomato potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli (TPP) and the bacterium it vectors Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CLso) are collectively responsible for significant economic losses across New Zealands horticulture industry Crop host plants of TPP include potatoes tomatoes capsicums/ chilli peppers tamarillos and tobacco along with lessobvious species outside the Solanaceae family such as kumara (Convolvulaceae) Most of these plants are shortlived summer annuals which raises the question what happens to TPP when crops are absent Many less conspicuous noncrop plants also play host to TPP some of which are perennial and therefore present yearround potentially acting as reservoirs of both TPP and CLso in the absence of a crop A pilot study in 2012 and subsequent vegetation surveys in Canterbury and Hawkes Bay in 201314 confirmed the presence of all TPP life stages on multiple noncrop species yearround in both areas despite adverse climatic events such as winter frosts and snowfall These results have farreaching impacts on the way growers should manage the borders surrounding their crops and their land in the offseason

scholarly journals Genetic Characterization of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ Haplotypes Associated with Apiaceous Crops in France

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (8) ◽  
pp. 1383-1390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Hajri ◽  
Marianne Loiseau ◽  
Pascaline Cousseau-Suhard ◽  
Isabelle Renaudin ◽  
Pascal Gentit
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gene Region ◽  
Snp Analysis ◽  
Phytopathogenic Bacterium ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter

‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (Lso) is an emerging phytopathogenic bacterium that causes significant crop losses worldwide. This bacterium has been identified in association with diseases of several solanaceous crops in the United States and New Zealand, and with carrot and celery crops in several European countries. Five Lso haplotypes (LsoA, LsoB, LsoC, LsoD, and LsoE) have now been described worldwide. In France, symptoms of Lso were observed on plants of the Apiaceae family in several regions. One hundred and ninety-two samples of apiaceous plants were collected from 2012 to 2016 in different geographical regions and were tested for the occurrence of Lso by real-time PCR assay. In addition to carrot and celery, Lso was detected in four other apiaceous crops: chervil, fennel, parsley, and parsnip. These new findings suggest that Lso has a wider natural host range within the Apiaceae family than expected. To identify the Lso haplotypes present in France, we sequenced and analyzed the 16S rRNA gene and the 50S ribosomal protein rpIJ-rpIL gene region from a representative bacterial collection of 44 Lso-positive samples. Our SNP analysis revealed the occurrence of two distinct bacterial lineages that correspond to haplotypes D and E. Then, we assessed the phylogenetic relationships between strains isolated from France and a worldwide collection of Lso isolates by using the rpIJ-rpIL gene region sequences. The neighbor-joining tree constructed delineated five clusters corresponding to the five Lso haplotypes, with LsoD and LsoE being closely related phylogenetically. Altogether, the data presented here constitute a first step toward a better understanding of the genetic diversity among Lso haplotypes in France, and provide new insights into the host range of this emerging bacterial species.

Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (zebra chip).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E Munyaneza
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Bactericera Cockerelli ◽  
Zebra Chip ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum ◽  
Plant Pests ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
North And South

Abstract Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (Lso) is a phloem-limited, Gram-negative, unculturable bacterium that is primarily spread by psyllid insect vectors. It is considered very invasive due to its ability to be transported primarily in infective psyllids (Munyaneza et al., 2007a; 2010a,b; 2012a,b; Munyaneza, 2012; Alfaro-Fernandez et al., 2012a,b). It has been shown that Lso distribution in the Americas, New Zealand and Europe follows the distribution of its known psyllid vectors (Munyaneza, 2010; 2012).In New Zealand, where Lso was introduced along with Bactericera cockerelli, supposedly from Western USA in early 2000s, the bacterium had already spread to both North and South Island by the time it was first documented in 2006 (Gill, 2006). It is clear that introduction of the psyllid vectors of Lso into new regions is likely to result in the rapid spread of this bacterium. Lso and several of its vectors are already on several alert lists, including the EPPO A1 Regulated Quarantine Plant Pests.

scholarly journals Tomato Metabolic Changes in Response to Tomato-Potato Psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli) and Its Vectored Pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1154
Author(s):  
Jisun H.J. Lee ◽  
Henry O. Awika ◽  
Guddadarangavvanahally K. Jayaprakasha ◽  
Carlos A. Avila ◽  
Kevin M. Crosby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Potato Psyllid ◽  
Bactericera Cockerelli ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter Solanacearum ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter

The bacterial pathogen ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (Lso) is transmitted by the tomato potato psyllid (TPP), Bactericera cockerelli, to solanaceous crops. In the present study, the changes in metabolic profiles of insect-susceptible (cv CastleMart) and resistant (RIL LA3952) tomato plants in response to TPP vectoring Lso or not, were examined after 48 h post infestation. Non-volatile and volatile metabolites were identified and quantified using headspace solid-phase microextraction equipped with a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) and ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-HR-QTOFMS), respectively. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to define the major uncorrelated metabolite components assuming the treatments as the correlated predictors. Metabolic changes in various classes of metabolites, including volatiles, hormones, and phenolics, were observed in resistant and susceptible plants in response to the insects carrying the pathogen or not. The results suggest the involvement of differentially regulated and, in some cases, implicates antagonistic metabolites in plant defensive signaling. Upon validation, the identified metabolites could be used as markers to screen and select breeding lines with enhanced resistance to reduce economic losses due to the TPP-Lso vector-pathogen complex in Solanaceous crops.

scholarly journals Candidatus Phytoplasma solani (Stolbur phytoplasma).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Quaglino
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
The European Union

Abstract Phytoplasmas are cell-wall-less plant pathogenic bacteria of the class Mollicutes, which inhabit the phloem sieve tubes of plants and have been associated with several hundred diseases affecting economically important crops. Over the past few decades 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani', belonging to the 16SrXII-A ribosomal subgroup, has been found to cause a range of plant diseases in different agro-ecosystems in many countries in Europe and the eastern Mediterranean area and a number of others all over the world. It is thought likely that it has always been present, at least in its European range, but has only been noticed in recent years. Diseases caused include bois noir in grapevines, stolbur in tomatoes, potatoes and other wild and cultivated plants, maize redness, lavender decline, and yellowing, reddening, decline, dwarfism, leaf malformation and degeneration diseases of other plants. 'Ca. P. solani' is usually transmitted from plant to plant by the polyphagous insect vector Hyalesthes obsoletus (Cixiidae) which, although it can complete its life cycle on only a small number of plant species, feeds on a much wider range. Recent studies have demonstrated the presence of additional insect vectors of this phytoplasma in Europe, such as Reptalus panzeri in Serbia, possibly R. quinquecostatus in Serbia and France, and Anaceratagallia ribauti in Austria. This scenario highlights the extreme complexity of the ecology of both 'Ca. Phytoplasma solani' and its insect vectors, underlying the difficulty in studying the epidemiology of diseases associated with this pathogen and in developing efficient control strategies. 'Ca. Phytoplasma solani' is also transmitted by parasitic plants and by grafting and vegetative propagation of infected host plants; it can be spread when host plants are transported by people. In the European Union it is listed as a harmful organism necessitating restrictions on the import of plants in the family Solanaceae.

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