scholarly journals Maize irrigation requirement on Zemun chernozem in the last half of the century

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Gordana Matović ◽  
Vesna Počuča ◽  
Enika Gregorić
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Regime ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Irrigation Requirement ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
Irrigation Requirements

The aim of this paper is to examine the water regime of chernozem under maize crops in the last half century (1966-2019) and to determine whether during that period and to what extent, there was an increase or decrease in maize irrigation requirements. The mathematical plant model FAO CROPWAT 8.0 was used for the calculation. The calculation was performed on the basis of monthly values of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) for the period 1966-2019, calculated by the modified Hargreaves method, daily values of precipitation from the meteorological station Surcin, data on the selected plant, which are in accordance with FAO56. The soil is chernozem on the Zemun les terrace. The analysis was performed by dividing the research period into three subperiods: the first twenty (1966-1985), the second twenty (1986-2005) and the last fourteen (2006-2019) years. It was found that the average values of potential evapotranspiration of maize were increasing, starting from the first (500mm) to the third (562mm) subperiod, while the average values of actual evapotranspiration, as well as the average amount of effective precipitation in the vegetation period of maize, decreased. Consequently, the average water deficit, i.e. maize irrigation requirements was increased by 56%, starting from the first (205mm) to the third (319mm) subperiod of the research. The increase in the water deficit also caused an increase in the projected reduction in maize yield related to its genetic capasity, which averaged 31% in the first subperiod and 47% in the third. Analysis of the results on a monthly and decadal level showed that maize irrigation requirements lasts from June to August, with a maximum in the second decade of July. In all three summer months, an increase in maize irrigation requirements was registered from the first to the third subperiod of the research, with the maximum increase during July. The conducted research, which generally gives an insight into the state of the water regime of Zemun chernozem in the last half century, shows that the conditions of maize production in the natural rain regime are deteriorating and that the irrigation requirement is increasing.

Effects of climatic factors, drought risk and irrigation requirement on maize yield in the Northeast Farming Region of China

2016 ◽  
Vol 154 (7) ◽  
pp. 1171-1189 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. G. YIN ◽  
M. JABLOUN ◽  
J. E. OLESEN ◽  
I. ÖZTÜRK ◽  
M. WANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Drought Risk ◽  
Effective Rainfall ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
Irrigation Requirement ◽  
Mean Temperature

SUMMARYDrought risk is considered to be among the main limiting factors for maize (Zea mays L.) production in the Northeast Farming Region of China (NFR). Maize yield data from 44 stations over the period 1961–2010 were combined with data from weather stations to evaluate the effects of climatic factors, drought risk and irrigation requirement on rain-fed maize yield in specific maize growth phases. The maize growing season was divided into four growth phases comprising seeding, vegetative, flowering and maturity based on observations of phenological data from 1981 to 2010. The dual crop coefficient was used to calculate crop evapotranspiration and soil water balance during the maize growing season. The effects of mean temperature, solar radiation, effective rainfall, water deficit, drought stress days, actual crop evapotranspiration and irrigation requirement in different growth phases were included in the statistical model to predict maize yield. During the period 1961–2010, mean temperature increased significantly in all growth phases in NFR, while solar radiation decreased significantly in southern NFR in the seeding, vegetative and flowering phases. Effective rainfall increased in the seeding and vegetative phases, reducing water deficit over the period, whereas decreasing effective rainfall over time in the flowering and maturity phases enhanced water deficit. An increase in days with drought stress was concentrated in western NFR, with larger volumes of irrigation needed to compensate for increased dryness. The present results indicate that higher mean temperature in the seeding and maturity phases was beneficial for maize yield, whereas excessive rainfall would damage maize yield, in particular in the seeding and flowering phases. Drought stress in any growth stage was found to reduce maize yield and water deficit was slightly better than other indicators of drought stress for explaining yield variability. The effect of drought stress was particularly strong in the seeding and flowering phases, indicating that these periods should be given priority for irrigation. The yield-reducing effects of both drought and intense rainfall illustrate the importance of further development of irrigation and drainage systems for ensuring the stability of maize production in NFR.

scholarly journals MODELOS AGROMETEOROLÓGICOS PARA PREVISÃO DA PRODUÇÃO DE MILHO EM MATO GROSSO DO SUL

Irriga ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
MARCO AURÉLIO ARGENTA MOCINHO JUNIOR ◽  
WILLIAN PEREIRA CENTURION ◽  
ARTHUR FERREIRA SOUZA PRADO ◽  
GUILHERME BOTEGA TORSONI ◽  
LUCAS EDUARDO DE OLIVEIRA APARECIDO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
E Mail ◽  
Mato Grosso Do Sul

MODELOS AGROMETEOROLÓGICOS PARA PREVISÃO DA PRODUÇÃO DE MILHO EM MATO GROSSO DO SUL     MARCO AURÉLIO ARGENTA MOCINHO JUNIOR1; WILLIAN PEREIRA CENTURION1; ARTHUR FERREIRA SOUZA PRADO1; GUILHERME BOTEGA TORSONI2; LUCAS EDUARDO DE OLIVEIRA APARECIDO2 E CICERO TEIXEIRA SILVA COSTA2   1Estudante do curso de Engenharia Agronômica do IFMS campus Naviraí. Laboratório de Engenharia Agrícola, Rua Hilda, 203, Naviraí - MS. CEP. 79950-000, E-mail: [email protected] 2Docentes do IFMS campus Naviraí. Rua Hilda,203, Naviraí-MS. CEP. 79950-000, E-mail: [email protected]     1 RESUMO   O milho representa um dos principais cereais cultivado e consumido no mundo, em virtude do seu alto potencial produtivo, composição química e valor nutritivo. No entanto, a sua produção é altamente dependente do clima. Objetivou-se estimar a produção do milho por meio da calibração de modelos estatísticos para o Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul - MS. As cidades estudadas foram Chapadão do Sul, Costa Rica, Ponta Porã e Sidrolândia. As variáveis climáticas utilizadas foram temperatura do ar, a precipitação pluvial, evapotranspiração potencial, déficit e o excesso hídrico no período de 2003 - 2017 entre fevereiro e maio. Os modelos foram calibrados e comparados pelos métodos KNN e RANDOM. A acurácia e a precisão dos modelos foram analisadas pelo erro percentual médio e pelo coeficiente de determinação ajustado, respectivamente. As variáveis que mais influenciaram na produção do milho foram o déficit hídrico e a temperatura do ar. É possível estimar a produção do milho com regressões lineares múltiplas utilizando variáveis climáticas. Chapadão do Sul e Costa Rica apresentam altos índices de déficit hídrico, enquanto Ponta Porã e Sidrolândia baixos déficits. O modelo mais acurado para estimar a produção do milho nas cidades foi o método RANDOM.   Keywords: Clima; Produtividade; Modelagem.     MOCINHO, M. A. A.; CENTURION, W. P; PRADO, A. F. S; TORSONI, G. B; APARECIDO, L. E. O; COSTA, C. T. S AGROMETEOROLOGICAL MODELS FOR FORECASTING MAIZE PRODUCTION IN MATO GROSSO DO SUL     2 ABSTRACT   Corn represents one of the main cereals cultivated and consumed in the world, due to its high productive potential, chemical composition and nutritional value. However, its production is highly climate dependent. The objective of this study was to estimate maize yield by calibrating statistical models for the state of Mato Grosso do Sul - MS. The cities studied were Chapadão do Sul, Costa Rica, Ponta Porã and Sidrolândia. The climatic variables used were air temperature, rainfall, potential evapotranspiration, deficit and excess water from 2003 to 2017 between February and May. The models were calibrated and compared by the KNN and RANDOM methods. The accuracy and precision of the models were analyzed by the mean percentage error and the adjusted determination coefficient, respectively. The variables that most influenced corn production were water deficit and air temperature. It is possible to estimate corn yield with multiple linear regressions using climate variables. Chapadão do Sul and Costa Rica have high levels of water deficit, while Ponta Porã and Sidrolândia have low deficits. The most accurate model for estimating maize yield in cities was the RANDOM method.   Keywords: Climate; Yield; Modeling.  

The study of important agronomic traits by multivariate analysis in winter rapeseed cultivars

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-24
Author(s):  
Gader Ghaffari ◽  
Farhad Baghbani ◽  
Behnam Tahmasebpour
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Variance ◽  
Water Deficit Stress ◽  
The Third ◽  
High Eigenvalue ◽  
Winter Rapeseed

In order to group winter rapeseed cultivars according to evaluated traits, an experiment was conducted in the Research Greenhouse of Agriculture Faculty, University of Tabriz - IRAN. In the experiment were included 12 cultivars of winter rapeseed and 3 levels of water deficit stress. Gypsum blocks were used to monitor soil moisture. Water deficit stress was imposed from stem elongation to physiological maturity. According to the principal component analysis, five principal components were chosen with greater eigenvalue (more than 0.7) that are including 81.34% of the primeval variance of variables. The first component that explained the 48.02% of total variance had the high eigenvalue. The second component could justify about 13.64% of total variance and had positive association with leaf water potential and proline content and had negative relationship with leaf stomatal conductivity. The third, fourth and fifth components expressed around, 10.18, 4.83 and 4.68% of the total variance respectively. The third component had the high eigenvalue for plant dry weight. The fourth component put 1000-seed weight, seed yield, Silique per Plant and root dry weight against plant dry weight, chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf water potential. The fifth component had the high eigenvalue for root dry weight, root volume and 1000-seed weight.

Water deficit in plant communities

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1199-1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gračanin ◽  
Lj. Ilijanić ◽  
V. Gaži ◽  
N. Hulina
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Water Regime ◽  
Water Status

Comparative investigations within the two different plant communities of Croatia (Fagetum silvaticae croaticum abietetosum Ht and Querco-Carpinetum croaticum erythronietosum Ht) indicate that (1) the two communities have their own range of water deficit values, (2) the Dw values are dependent on the capability of the species to regulate their water regime, (3) the same species behave differently within the two communities, (4) water deficit of leaves can be used as an indication of the water status of the site and plants, and consequently may have a significant place in the synecology and synchorology of plant communities.

scholarly journals Ampelographic description of cluster, berry and seed of merlot cultivar (Vitis vinifera L.) and its selected clones

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-55
Author(s):  
Dragan Vujovic ◽  
Dragoljub Zunic ◽  
Boris Pejin ◽  
Jelena Popovic-Djordjevic
Keyword(s):  
Clonal Selection ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Cluster Number ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Shoot Number

During a four-year period, ampelographic experiments focusing on the berry cluster (average length of grape cluster, number of grape clusters per shoot, number of berries per grape cluster and length of peduncle), berry (length of berry and berry juice yield), length of pedicel and seed (length of berry seed) of Merlot cultivar (used as a relevant standard) and 11 clones (Nos. 022, 023, 025, 026, 027, 028, 029, 030, 031, 033 and 034) were performed in order to establish the differences among them. These experiments were actually conducted in the third phase of individual clonal selection of Merlot cultivar carried out in Serbia. The lengths of grape cluster and pedicel as well as berry must yields differed significantly among the examined clones. The cluster and principal component analyses classified 12 samples into three divergent clusters/groups, respectively. The clones belonging to the cluster II /the second group/ had significantly higher values of numbers of grape clusters per shoot and berries per grape cluster; lengths of peduncle and berry; berry must yield and length of pedicel, compared both to standard Merlot /the cluster I, the first group/ and the clones of the cluster III /the third group/. The phenological observations showed no significant differences in the beginnings and durations of phenological stages and vegetation period of the examined clones. The obtained results indicate the real need for further research work focused both on the agrobiological and technological properties of the grapes and wines aiming to better describe the selected clones.

scholarly journals A műtrágyázás és a csapadék változékonyságának hatása a kukorica (Zea mays L.) termésére

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 309-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
László Márton
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Zn Content ◽  
Set Up

The effect of natural rainfall and N, P and K nutrients on the yield of maize was investigated in 16 years of a long-term fertilization experiment set up at the Experimental Station of the Institute in Nagyhörcsök. The soil was a calcareous chernozem, having the following characteristics: pH (KCl): 7.3, CaCO 3 : 5%, humus: 3%, clay: 20-22%, AL-soluble P 2 O 5 : 60-80, AL-soluble K 2 O: 180-200, KCl-soluble Mg: 150-180; KCl+ EDTA-soluble Mn, Cu and Zn content: 80-150, 2-3 and 1-2 mg·kg -1 . The experiment had a split-split-plot design with 20 treatments in 4 replications, giving a total of 80 plots. The treatments involved three levels each of N and P and two levels of K in all possible combinations (3×3×2=18), together with an untreated control and one treatment with a higher rate of NPK, not included in the factorial system. The main results can be summarized as follows: An analysis of the weather in the 16 experimental years revealed that there were no average years, as two years were moderately dry (1981, 1982), eight were very dry (1973, 1978, 1986, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1997, 2002) and six were very wet (1969, 1974, 1977, 1994, 1998, 2001). In dry years the N, NP and NK treatments led to a yield increment of over 3.0  t·ha -1 (3.2 t·ha -1 ) (81%) compared with the unfertilized control, while the full NPK treatment caused hardly any increase in the maize yield (7.2 t·ha -1 ). In the case of drought there was a 4.0% yield loss in the N, NP and NK treatments compared to the same treatments in the dry years. This loss was only 1.0% in the NPK treatment. In very wet years the positive effects of a favourable water supply could be seen even in the N, NP and NK treatments (with yields of around 7.4 t·ha -1 ). The yield increment in these treatments compared with the droughty years averaged 8%, while balanced NPK fertilization led to a further 2% increase (10%). Significant quadratic correlations were found between the rainfall quantity during the vegetation period and the yield, depending on the nutrient supplies (Ø: R = 0.7787***, N: R = 0.8997***, NP: R = 0.9338***, NK: R = 0.9574***, NPK: R = 0.8906***). The optimum rainfall quantity and the corresponding grain yield ranged from 328-349 mm and 5.0-7.7 t·ha -1 , respectively, depending on the fertilizer rate. The grain yield increment obtained per mm rainfall in the case of optimum rainfall supplies was found to be 14.3-23.2 kg·ha -1 , while the quantity of rainfall utilized during the vegetation period for the production of 1 kg air-dry matter in the case of maximum yield amounted to 698, 449, 480, 466 and 431 litres in the control, N, NP, NK and NPK treatments, respectively. It was clear from the 43-year meteorological database for the experimental station (1961-2003) that over the last 23 years (1981-2003) the weather has become substantially drier. Compared with the data for the previous 20 years (1961-1980) there was an increase of 20, 500 and 50% in the number of average, dry and droughty years, no change in the number of wet years and a 71% drop in the number of very wet years.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF BRASSICA RAPA'S GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, DEPENDING ON THE TERRITORY OF SOWING THE SEED

2019 ◽  
pp. 183-194
Author(s):  
Serhii Vdovenko
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
The Third ◽  
Golden Ball ◽  
And Control

In order to study the effect of the time of sowing seeds on the passage of morphogenesis and productivity of rapeseed, the scheme included experiments where the seeds were sown in I, II, III in April, I and II in May. The experiment used varieties of Golden Ball, Purpurleopop, Purpurov and Geisha, and control was the variant in which the seeds of the Golden Ball varieties were sown in the second decade of April with a row spacing of 45 cm. laboratory - to determine the total yield; statistical - to establish the reliability of the investigated factors. Seed germination analysis used in the experiment ranged from 78.9% to 81.1% on average. The highest indicator of seed germination was characterized by the Purpulepop variety, where the studied value was 83.2%, which was dominated by the seed germination of the control variant by 2.1%. In the early stages of sowing seeds, the period of seedling formation was shorter. Seeding of seeds in the first two decades of April on the surface of the soil was observed for 8 days. The short sprouting period was characterized by all varieties of turnips. As a result of sowing turnip seeds at a later date, namely in the third decade of April - the first and second decade of May and the setting of a higher soil temperature, the period of germination was extended and ranged from 8 to 10 days. By using the term of sowing seeds I-II decade of April, the short interphase period was characterized by Purpleupop and Purpurova varieties, where the specified period was only 22 days. The sowing of turnip seeds at a later date ensured the formation of an interphase period of "seedlings - leaf rosette" in 23-25 days except Purpulopop variety. The interphase period "leaf rosette - the beginning of rooting" and "the beginning of rooting - technical maturity" determined the benefits of early seeding, namely in the first decade of April on varieties Purpulopop and Purpurov.The short vegetation period was characterized by the Golden Ball plants for sowing seeds in the first and third decades of April and the first of May. During the specified seeding period the duration of the growing season was only 40 days. A longer vegetation period was characterized by plants of the Geisha variety for sowing seeds in the first two decades of April. As a result of the use of the researched elements of technology to grow turnips in open soil, the total yield varied from 11.0 t / ha to 24.0 t / ha. The most productive is the first sowing of rapeseed, where its value ranged from 20.6 t / ha to 22.7 t / ha. At the same time, when sowing seeds in the first decade of April, the yield of turnip varieties Purpulepop was the highest and was 22.7 t / ha, or the increase was 2.4 t / ha.

scholarly journals Indicators of the water regime of some varieties of chrysanthemums in the conditions of the South Ural

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
Svetlana Galimullovna Denisova ◽  
Antonina Anatolyevna Reut
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Regime ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Total Water Content ◽  
Total Water ◽  
The South ◽  
Irreversible Damage ◽  
Water Holding

In introduction studies, it is of great importance to determine how favorable the water balance of the studied species is under given environmental conditions. The aim of the research was to study the water regime of some varieties of chrysanthemums in the conditions of the Southern Ural. The study was conducted in 20182020 on the basis of the South-Ural Botanical Garden-Institute of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences. The objects of the study were 23 varieties of Chrysanthemum hortorum Bailey. In the course of the research, the total water content, water-holding capacity, the content of mobile moisture, water deficit, and sublethal water deficit were determined. The analysis of water regime indicators is based on the method of artificial wilting (V.N. Tarenkov, L.N. Ivanova) and the method of saturation of plant samples (V.P. Moiseev, N.P. Reshetsky). Sublethal water deficit was determined by the method of T.K. Goryshina, L.I. Samsonova, modified by N.I. Bobrovskaya. The calculations were carried out by standard methods using statistical packages of the Microsoft Excel 2003 and the Agros 2.13 program. The studies made it possible to determine the value of the sublethal water deficit (28,4%) for the varieties of chrysanthemums in the conditions of the Bashkir Ural. It was found that the studied varieties during the growing season did not experience such a moisture deficit in the tissues that could lead to irreversible damage to the assimilating organs. Our experiments showed that chrysanthemum varieties in the Bashkir Cis-Ural under the same soil-climatic and agrotechnical conditions had the following range of indicators of total water content 70,090,4% and water-holding capacity 19,0064,6%. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences between water-holding capacity and the content of mobile moisture by varieties, the share of influence was 27,8531,71%. As a result of the correlation-regression analysis, the authors revealed a direct dependence of the indicators of mobile moisture content on the total water content, and an inverse one on the indicators of the content of mobile moisture and water-holding capacity.

WATER DEFICIT EFFECTS ON MAIZE YIELD IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio G. Gallárreta ◽  
Reimar Carlesso ◽  
Genesio M. Rosa ◽  
Mirta T. Petry ◽  
Geanne L. Melo
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Southern Brazil

Rome, Carthage, and Numidia: Diplomatic Favouritism before the Third Punic War

Antichthon ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 43-71
Author(s):  
Colin Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Territorial Disputes ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
Second Punic War ◽  
Punic Wars ◽  
Territorial Division

ABSTRACTThis article examines Rome’s diplomatic relations with Carthage and Numidia in the period between the Second and Third Punic Wars. Polybius’ suggestion that Rome consistently decided against Carthage in territorial disputes with Numidia in the aftermath of the Second Punic War (Polyb. 31.21.5-6) has often been taken up in explanations of the origins of the Third Punic War. Many ancient and modern accounts accept the implication of a policy of hostility against Carthage, assuming that Rome permitted and even encouraged Masinissa to infringe upon and seize Carthaginian territory. This paper, however, argues that the results of Roman arbitration between Carthage and Numidia do not show a consistent policy intended to undermine Carthage. Rather, Rome sought to maintain the territorial division which was imposed at the end of the Second Punic War throughout the inter-war period; several of its decisions were actually in favour of Carthage. The Third Punic War should not be seen as a culmination of a half-century of Roman hostility towards Carthage.

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