scholarly journals Phenomenology Is A Humanism: Husserl’s Hermeneutical- Historical Struggle to Determine the Genuine Meaning of Human Existence in "The Crisis of the European Sciencies and Transcendental Phenomenology"

Author(s):  
George Hefferman

In The Crisis of the European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology (1936), Husserl expands his philosophical horizon to include the question about the genuine meaning of human existence. Understanding the crisis of the European sciences as a symptom of the crisis of European philosophy and as an expression of the life-crisis of European humanity, and interpreting European science, philosophy, and humanity as representative of their global-historical counterparts, Husserl argues that the life-crisis of European humanity is reflective of the critical condition of global-historical humanity. The crisis of “European” life emerges as a crisis of human existence, and Husserl’s phenomenology unfolds as a search for an answer to the question not only about the sense of the life-world but also about the meaning of human life. Thus phenomenology, as care for humanity, shares with existentialism, as a humanism in the broadest sense, the conviction that human beings live in a world not in which life makes sense, but in which they must make sense of life. Accordingly, the genuine essence of human existence is not passively “given” but actively “taken,” since it involves an entelechy that constitutes itself in an evolutionary achievement, and it is the evidentiary result of an existential struggle for meaning against annihilating forms of meaninglessness, namely, irrationalism, positivism, and skepticism. This paper examines Husserl’s hermeneutical-historical approach to the question about the meaning of human existence and suggests an understanding of phenomenology as a form of humanism, and perhaps even as a unique kind of “existentialism,” that is, an ethical philosophy that takes absolute moral responsibility for the presuppositionless application of reason to life.En La crisis e las ciencias europeas y la fenomenología trascendental (1936), Husserl expande su horizonte filosófico a fin de incluir en él la pregunta por el auténtico sentido de la existencia humana. Al entender la crisis de las ciencias europeas como un síntoma de la crisis de la filosofía europea y como una expresión de la crisis vital de la humanidad europea, y al interpretar la ciencia, la filosofía y la humanidad europeas como representativas de sus contrapartes históricas y globales, Husserl argumenta que la crisis vital de la humanidad europea refleja la condición crítica en que se encuentra la humanidad en perspectiva histórica global. La crisis de la vida “europea” emerge como una crisis de la existencia humana, y la fenomenología de Husserl se despliega como la búsqueda de una respuesta a la cuestión no sólo del sentido del mundo de la vida, sino también del significado de la vida humana. La fe-nomenología, como cuidado de la humanidad, comparte con el existencialismo, entendido como un humanismo en el sentido más amplio, la convicción de que los seres humanos viven en un mundo en el cual no es que la vida tenga sentido sino que ellos deben dar sentido a la vida. En consonancia, la auténtica esencia de la existencia humana no está pasivamente “dada” sino que es activamente “tomada”, ya que ella envuelve una entelequia que se constituye en una realización evolutiva, y que es el resultado evidenciador de un combate existencial por el significado contra las formas de sinsentido que son aniquiladoras, a saber: irracionalismo, positivismo y escepticismo. Este ensayo examina la aproximación histórico-hermenéutica de Husserl a la cuestión del significado de la existencia humana, y sugiere una comprensión de la fenomenología como una forma de humanismo, y quizá incluso como un tipo único de existencialismo; esto es, como una filosofía ética que asume una responsabilidad moral absoluta en la aplicación sin presupuestos de la razón a la vida.

Author(s):  
Victor 'Tunji Taiwo

Communication is a vital aspect of human existence. It pervades man's existence and society, forming an integral part of human life. Communication is the means through which human beings express their feelings. Indigenous communication serves as the traditional means of conveying messages, all social and value exchanges of indigenous practice like the health practices. Traditional health practices include the use of knowledge skills, practices based on indigenous belief, experiences of culture used in maintenance of health-prevention, treatment and diagnosis in traditional health practices. This chapter examines and documents traditional health practices on how Yorùbás care for pregnancy, child delivery, and their babies. Such traditional health practices have existed since before the advent of modern health practices, thereby using indigenous communication for preservation and dissemination of valuable information that is significant for Yorùbá generations.


2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (2 (252)) ◽  
pp. 70-85
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Rumianowska

The purpose of the article is to outline the problem of widely understood conflicts in human life from the perspective of existential philosophy. Without questioning the importance of psychological research on complex mechanisms underlying conflicts, the author points to the issue of the problematic nature of human existence, the category of freedom, the problem of the authenticity of being and the sense of meaning. In the second part of the paper, the essence of educational process in the context of experiencing difficulties and conflicting situations by human beings has been introduced. The necessity of taking into account the problem of being oneself and constituting a human being in relation to himself, the world and others has been presented.


Author(s):  
Alexander Noyon ◽  
Thomas Heidenreich

This chapter introduces five central concepts of existential philosophy in order to deduce ethical principles for psychotherapy: phenomenology, authenticity, paradoxes, isolation, and freedom vs. destiny. Phenomenological perspectives are useful as a guideline for how to encounter and understand patients in terms of individuality and uniqueness. Existential communication as a means to search and face the truth of one’s existence is considered as a valid basis for an authentic life. Paradoxes that cannot be solved are characteristic for human existence and should be dealt with to turn resignation into active choices. Isolation is one of the “existentials” characterizing human life between two paradox poles: On the one hand we are deeply in need of relationships to other human beings; on the other hand we are thrown into the world alone and will always stay like this, no matter how close we get to another person. Further, addressing freedom and destiny as two extremes of one dimension can serve as a basis for orientation in life and also for dealing with the separation between responsibility and guilt.


Phainomenon ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-107
Author(s):  
Jairo José da Silva

Abstract I present and discuss in this paper Husserl’s investigation of the genesis of the modem conception of empirical reality as carried out in his last work The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology. The goal of Husserl’s genetic investigation was to uncover the rnany layers of constitution that frorn the life-world (the Lebenswelt) the modem scientific conception of Nature was originated and to point out the need to ground the scientific project of rnodemity in the life-world so as to overcome the “alienation” that, for him, characterized the “crisis” of European science. I, however, approach his analyses from a different perspective. The problem that interests me here is the applicability of mathematics in the empirical science. My airn is to assess Husserl’s treatment of this question in order to see whether it can be sustained from a strictly scientific perspective. My conclusion is that it cannot. What Husserl takes for the “crisis” of science is inherent to the best scientific methodology. Nonetheless, Husserl’s analyses offer irnportant insights that I incorporate in what I believe to be a more satisfactory treatment of the problern concerning the role of mathematics in the ernpirical science.


1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-288
Author(s):  
George Hadjinikos

Music can communicate between human beings across barriers of time and space because it emanates from the very origins of human existence. It expresses the totality of all aspects of human life. Hence music education should be of primary concern and availability to everyone, not simply the ‘musical’. Increasing specialisation and fragmentation has reduced music to either utilitarian service or mere entertainment (muzak), whilst music education habitually misses the faculty of communication. This is happening at a time when, amidst the mounting alienation of society, people hunger for communication. The exclusive pursuit of brilliance, itself alienating, has eclipsed the real purpose of music education – the recognition and cultivation of the human soul.


2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Donatus Ara Kian ◽  
Robertus M. Rayawulan ◽  
Yuliana Mberu ◽  
Budhi B. Lily

Abstract: The essence of human existence depends on the environment and fellow humans. The activity of human life takes place in space and to show its existence human beings always create space, so that there is a process of human settlement in a certain place. The culture of settling in the people of East Nusa Tenggara creates certain patterned settlements. The phenomenon of living culture-based occurs in the Sikka community. Space philosophy emerged in the process of building houses and villages in the Sikka community. This paper presents the meaning of space in the culture of the settlements of the Sikka community. Research carried out with a qualitative paradigm, presented descriptively and associated with relevant literature. As a result, the culture settled and built the residence of the tribes within the village (Wisung-wagang), kampung, magical concepts (Lero and kala), and Amerta were closely related to the concepts and meaning of space according to the culture of the Sikka community.Keywords:space, culture, house, Sikka communityAbstrak: Hakekat keberadaan manusia bergantung pada lingkungan dan sesama manusia. Aktivitas kehidupan manusia berlangsung dalam ruang dan untuk menunjukkan eksistensinya manusia selalu menciptakan ruang, sehingga terjadi proses bermukim manusia pada tempat tertentu. Budaya bermukim pada masyarakat Nusa Tenggara Timur menciptakan permukiman berpola tertentu. Fenomena bermukim berbasis budaya terjadi di kalangan masyarakat Sikka. Filosofi ruang muncul pada proses pembangunan rumah maupun kampung di kalangan masyarakat Sikka. Tulisan ini memaparkan makna ruang dalam budaya bermukim masyarakat Sikka. Penelitian dilakukan dengan paradigma kualitatif, disajikan secara deskriptif dan dikaitkan dengan pustaka yang relevan. Hasilnya, budaya bermukim dan membangun tempat kediaman suku-suku dalam kampung (Wisung-wagang), kampung, konsep magis (Lero dan kala), dan Amerta berkaitan erat dengan konsep dan makna ruang menurut budaya masyarakat SikkaKata kunci; ruang, budaya, rumah, masyarakat Sikka


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Zainul Mahmudi

<p>Along with the advancement of human civilization, conversations concerning human rights issues will not subside in time, because the parameters of a civilized nation is if a civilization has been able to put people in proportion, can "humanize" humans. Human rights are of the utmost importance, because human beings can be real human beings if their basic rights are fulfilled and guaranteed after fulfilling their obligations. The denial of human rights implies the denial of human existence which Allah says is used as khalifah fil al ardh. In order to support the universality of Islam and the position of Islam as rahmatan Iil Alamin, the Koran regulates all aspects of human life in all its deeds, both the deeds of the heart and the physical deeds, whether in relation to the faith, ethics, and practical both governing relationships between individuals and individuals, with society, individuals with the state, individuals with the environment, and individuals with their God.</p><p> </p><p>Seiring dengan kemajuan peradaban manusia, perbincangan yang menyangkut permasalahan hak asasi manusia tidak akan surut tertelan zaman, karena parameter suatu bangsa yang beradab adalah apabila suatu peradaban telah dapat mendudukkan manusia secara proporsional, bisa "memanusiakan" manusia. Hak asasi manusia menjadi sangat penting, karena manusia bisa menjadi manusia yang sebenamya apabila hak asasinya telah terpenuhi dan terjamin setelah menunaikan kewajibannya. Pengingkaran terhadap hak asasi manusia berarti pengingkaran terhadap eksistensi manusia yang kata Allah dijadikan sebagai <em>khalifah fil al ardh.</em> Dalam rangka mendukung universalitas Islam dan posisi Islam sebagai rahmatan Iil Alamin, Quran mengatur semua aspek kehidupan manusia dalam segala perbuatannya, baik perbuatan hati maupun perbuatan fisik, baik yang berkenaan dengan itikad, etika, maupun praktis, baik yang mengatur hubungan antar individu dengan individu, dengan masyarakat, individu dengan negara, individu dengan lingkungan, maupun individu dengan Tuhannya.</p><p> </p><p> </p>


2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-138
Author(s):  
Tommy Akira Goto

The German philosopher Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), founding father of Phenomenology, was one of the most prominent thinkers of the 20th century, who not only influenced the philosophical trends of his time but also the sciences in general. Nevertheless, psychology was the science which strongly had direct influence of phenomenology which, in its turn, provided the possibility of developing a phenomenological psychology. The aim of this thesis is to (re)constitute, from a historical-critical point of view, the conception of phenomenological psychology in Husserl’s last work: The Crisis of European Sciences and the Transcendental Phenomenology (Die Krisis der europäischen Wissenchaften und die transzendentale Phänomenologie. Eine Einleitung in die phänomenologische Philosophie). At present, psychologists are developing a large number of versions of phenomenological psychology, particularly in Brazil; however, none of them have rigorously been based on Husserl’s concepts. Thus, in order to have an understanding of what constitutes to Husserl a phenomenological psychology, we present, to start with, a brief introduction to the transcendental phenomenology, explaining the variations of the phenomenological method (i. e. phenomenological levels). After that, we point out the most meaningful aspects of Husserl’s last piece of writing, concentrating our efforts on the revelation the philosopher makes concerning a crisis of the sciences and of reason, as well as his phenomenological criticism on epistemology of Psychology. At last, following Husserl’s analyses of phenomenology and psychology, we conclude that the conception of phenomenological psychology will constitute a universal science of human beings whose object of study is the animistic being. This science will have basic functions such as: a) the rebuilding of the scientific psychology and the explanation of the psychological concepts; b) the constitution of a universal science of the psychic; c) the description of the intentional experiences and d) be a propaedeutic discipline for the transcendental phenomenology. For Husserl, the authentic and genuine conception of the phenomenological psychology is important to the psychologists since that it is through the development of this discipline that they will recover the subjectivity as the original source of human life and its correlation with the world-life.


2021 ◽  
pp. 095935432110369
Author(s):  
Joachim Meier

Rooted in the fact–value dichotomy of the modern scientific outlook, psychology tends to render “ought” as distinguishable from and additional to “is.” The purpose of this article, however, is to disclose an “oughtness” at the center of human existence by which human beings inevitably live and suffer. In the first part, psychology’s neglect of oughtness is tracked down through significant albeit different theoretical strands. Second, through a threefold argument entailing (a) the other, (b) language, and (c) the self, it is revealed how people’s concrete lived lives as well as the very formation of a subject are incomprehensible without the oughtness of existence. Finally, the relation between suffering and oughtness is spelled out. Due to the oughtness of existence, guilt and inadequacy enter into the human life.


2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-420
Author(s):  
Fathur Rahman

Spiritual intelligence is the internal factors that can affect a person’s mental high and low resistance. The spiritual intelligence is the ability of character and positive character. Spiritual intelligence is useful, because it enables people to realize who the real man and how people give meaning to life. The spiritual intelligence as a trigger for human to do everything that related with human values. Thus, there is a relationship between ownership spiritual intelligence and mental endurance. Someone who has a spiritual intelligence have low mental endurance is low. Low mental endurance, they indicated a potential for inappropriate behavior. Not to perform deviant behavior, then someone needs to find true happiness. They require a search for meaning, vision and value of life becomes an important aspect of human existence, (The search for meaning, vision and value is the most important aspect of being human). Although the spiritual is not identical with religiosity (religiosity), but spiritual intelligence as a human guide in life can be achieved through awareness and appreciation of true religiousness. This is to encourage people to do more humane, so it can reach the noble values that may not have been touched by the mind. Consciousness is aware of us holistically. That awareness includes awareness of human existence in the presence of the creator of universe, human beings and other creatures, awareness of human potential, awareness of human weakness that human life requires illahiyyah instructions.


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