State Regulation of Merchant Shipping 1839-1914: The Bulk Carrying Trades

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars U. Scholl ◽  
Lars U. Scholl
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
High Loss ◽  
Public Scrutiny ◽  
Merchant Shipping

This chapter examines the state regulation of the timber and grain trades in the Britain in the nineteenth century, and the efforts made to combat the high loss of life relating to these cargoes.The heavy losses began to draw public scrutiny in the 1830s, which eventually led to government regulation. Williams argues that it was not just the acts of government, but the significant advances in technology and growing expertise amongst seafarers and officers that sharply reduced loss of life toward the end of the century. An appendix tables the loss of life on both timber and grain vessels owned by Britain between 1875 and 1884, and again between 1884-1910, and a third table listing British vessels lost between 1884-1910.

scholarly journals Information and analytical providion of budget support of institutional sectors of the economy (on the example of the agricultural sector of Ukraine)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2355
Author(s):  
Oksana Radchenko ◽  
Maryana Matveyeva ◽  
Hanna Holovanova ◽  
Kateryna Makhyboroda ◽  
Yuliia Haibura
Keyword(s):  
Government Regulation ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Information Support ◽  
State Support ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Budget Support ◽  
Systemic Crisis

The aim of the article is to study the information support of the institutional field and state regulation of agricultural development of Ukraine through the analysis of current strategies and tools and programs of state support. The relevance of the study is due to the significant increase in the role of state support for key sectors of the economy in a systemic crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic COVID-19 and restrictive quarantine measures. Limitation of budget funds implies an urgent need for their most rational use, identifying trends and areas of which this study is devoted. The research methodology is based on comparative analysis, economic and mathematical modeling, methods of assessing the effectiveness of budget programs, the use of analytical surveys, statistics on self-assessment of agribusiness and data from independent news agencies on the effectiveness of government regulation. The information base is the regulatory framework for state support of the agricultural sector, analytical studies on budget support for the agricultural sector and budget expenditures for agricultural development were based on official data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Agriculture of Ukraine. The study analyses some components of the Strategy for the development of the agricultural sector of Ukraine, the Concept of development of farms and agricultural cooperation for 2018-2020, the project and the place of state support in its regulation. The dynamics of state support for 2016-2019 is shown, the main factors of influence are characterized and the dynamics of state support of the agricultural sector of Ukraine evaluated according to the OECD (Organization of economic cooperation and development) methodology is given. An analysis of the expenditures of the State Budget of Ukraine in 2020 on agricultural and rural development is carried out. The given research can be used at formation of current programs of budgetary support of branch, development of concepts of sustainable development of separate forms of managing – farms and peasant farms, adjustment of strategic plans, formation of their key indicators for monitoring and for increase methodological bases and principles of state regulation and other institutional factors of agricultural finance.

scholarly journals MINIMIZATION OF PROBLEM LOANS IN BANKS: ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECT OF STATE REGULATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (37) ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
O. Kostyuchenko ◽  
M. Stefanchuk ◽  
D. Korobtsova ◽  
O. Soniuk
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Legal Aspect ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
State Coercion

Abstract. The authors of the article have studied the problem of managing non-performing loans within loan portfolios. It has been substantiated that Ukraine as a developing country is in such socio-economic conditions of development that increase credit risks for banks. Numerous studies of the determinants for the formation of loans portfolios in countries with different levels of economic development demonstrate that developing countries are prone to negative consequences that lead to insolvency of debtors in case of a drop in the GDP, inflation, legal uncertainty, political crises, etc. The lack of long-term experience of banks in solving problems of increasing the share of non-performing loans in banks’ portfolios demonstrates that minimization of such assets requires regulation at the level of the banking system, but not a separate bank. Based on statistical data, it has been demonstrated that the minimization of problem loans of banks gained significant positive dynamics only after the National Bank of Ukraine regulated the process of managing distressed assets by adopting a regulatory act. Detailing the process of legal regulation of managing distressed assets allowed banks to structure and organize the work of their divisions in accordance with the normatively defined life cycle of distressed asset in such a way that all measures taken by them affect the efficiency of their work. Using permits, prohibitions and obligations as legal means of regulating relations between banks and their debtors, those relations have become predictable, allowing banks to control the process of managing non-performing loans and make timely decisions on the use of tools to minimize the share of distressed assets of the bank. The wide choice and consistency of applying financial and legal instruments in the process of managing non-performing loans allows banks to maximize the contractual settlement of debt and address to the competent authorities for the application of state coercion to debtors. Direct prohibitions, which are provided in the procedure of writing-off impaired assets, prevent corruption manifestations in this process. However, the authors have argued that the practice of 2008—2019 in terms of managing non-performing loans of banks demonstrated that the effectiveness of this process directly depends on government regulation. If the economic preconditions for the formation of problem loans depend on various factors of objective and subjective nature, then the management of non-performing loans directly depends on the existing legal models in the state for solving this problem. The autonomy of banks and their right to independently determine their strategies for managing distressed assets does not provide the desired efficiency without the imperative intervention of the central bank. Thus, the state regulation of the life cycle of distressed assets has demonstrated its effectiveness, and thus confirmed the need for regulatory influence on the processes of minimizing non-performing loans in Ukrainian banks. Keywords: non-performing loans, distressed assets, agreement-based regulation, state influence, state coercion, legal regulation. GEL Classification G18, G21, G34, K12, K42 Formulas: 0; fig.: 2; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 12.

Merchants and Mariners

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars U. Scholl
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Maritime Trade ◽  
International Context ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
State Regulations ◽  
The Core

This book presents twelve essays by historian David M. Williams, in order to pay tribute to his career. The essays stretch from 1807 through to the end of the nineteenth century, and address both economic and social themes. Topics include maritime trade, deployment of merchant ships, the state regulations concerning shipping, shipwrecks and loss of life, passenger cargoes, slavery, cotton, timber and coffee trades, and the working conditions of seamen over the course of the century. The plight of the maritime labourer is at the core of this collection. The essays primarily focus on British shipping, and firmly places it within an international context. The book is introduced by Lars U. Scholl, followed by two tributes to Williams’ career, one by Peter N. Davies, the other by Lewis R. Fischer. Scholl concludes the volume with a thorough bibliography of Williams’ maritime writings: books, chapters, and articles.

The Conflict over Railroad Regulation in Alabama

1954 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-342
Author(s):  
James F. Doster
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Railroad Regulation ◽  
Two Sides

A half century ago the conflict over state regulation of railroads was the chief issue in Alabama politics. Two staunch advocates led the rival forces. Both leaders were in agreement on the need to develop the industrial capacities of the state, but each sponsored violently opposing concepts of how this could best be done. The present article, by presenting the two sides of the Alabama controversy, provides us with insights into the national dilemma over government regulation of business which developed after the Civil War.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF STATE REGULATION IN THE FORMATION BUSINESS PROCESSES OF THE ENTERPRISE IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
О. Pavlenko ◽  
Y. Lavryk ◽  
Y. Kaliuzhna
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Effective Functioning ◽  
Statistical Indicators

The article analyzes the interactions between government regulation and the formation of business processes of the enterprise in the context of sustainable development. Sustainable development is one of the biggest problems in the modern world. The article considers the system of regulation of sustainable development, interaction at different levels of government in the context of sustainable development. It is determined that an important component is the institutional changes, the use of appropriate methods and tools of state influence, aimed at developing the entire system of state regulation of sustainable development. Particular importance is attached to the study of the implementation of the concept of sustainable development in organizations. The need for effective functioning of the state mechanism is revealed. Statistical indicators of Ukraine's development are presented. The influence of the concept of sustainable development on the business processes of the enterprise is investigated. It is proved that the implementation of the concept of sustainable development effectively affects the business processes of the enterprise.The results of the study of the structure of the mechanism of state regulation of sustainable development showed that it is based on the target, regulatory, organizational, economic and information components, which is carried out using an internal system of levers, methods and rules. The effective functioning of the state mechanism, the regulation of which is quite diverse, plays an extremely important role for enterprises and organizations that adhere to the principles of sustainable development in the system of business process formation. The article also analyzes statistical indicators such as profitability of operating activities of enterprises, GDP per capita, population, capital investment in environmental protection, current expenditures on environmental protection, emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from stationary sources of pollution. In particular, the presence of coincidence of the dynamics of changes in these indicators was determined. This is the basis for determining the relationships and conducting more detailed research between business processes, government regulation and sustainable development.

Are all natural monopolies in Ukraine equally “natural”?

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
A. Strizhkova
Keyword(s):  
Competition Policy ◽  
Feasibility Studies ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Natural Monopoly ◽  
State Enterprise ◽  
The Status ◽  
Merchant Shipping ◽  
Business Entities

Problem setting. In Ukraine competition policy aims to support healthy competition and limit abuses of monopoly position. However, there are special markets that society requires to meet its needs, but doing business in these areas is very resource-intensive, requires a difficult activity, and therefore objectively engage in such economic activities is too difficult and / or unfavorable to the vast majority of business entities. Then objectively “natural” monopolies are formed, and at the same time only one / several business entities claim to operate in such a market. Accordingly, these monopolies require special legal regulation by the state. Moreover, without proper government intervention, such socially useful activities would not be carried out on the market at all, or would be carried out according to other standards (level of quality, availability, safety, etc.). State regulation of Ukraine in this area is rightly criticized by Ukrainian researchers. Accordingly, an interesting question arises: is the state regulation of different markets, which are in a state of natural monopolies, based on the same principles and approaches? Target of research. The purpose of the article is to analyze the nature, features of the criteria for defining markets as natural monopolies and the objectivity of the classification of markets for certain services in seaports to natural monopolies in Ukraine. Analysis of recent researches and publications. Some issues of the analysis of the state antimonopoly (competition) policy were considered by O.O. Bakalinskaya, V.M. Grudnitsky, V.I. Polyukhovych, Y.I. Yasko, features of problems of a natural monopoly in the market of pilot services were covered by E.M. Klyueva, M. Gardus et al. Article’s main body. Unlike traditional natural monopolies (for example, markets for oil and oil products, natural gas, pipeline, air, rail transport, electricity) in Ukraine, the status of natural monopolies have some services in seaports, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine from June 3, 2013 № 405 by granting exclusive rights to the State Enterprise “Administration of Seaports of Ukraine”. But this list was compiled without proper feasibility studies and arguments. However, some of these services in ports (pilotage, icebreaking) do not meet the criteria of natural monopolies. Bylaws that contradict special laws have created a vicious circle where it is impossible to become a pilot without pilots, and a specialist can only be considered a pilot if he is recognized as such by a pilot after fulfilling a number of requirements. But such a situation contradicts the special legal norms of the Laws of Ukraine, in particular, the Merchant Shipping Code of Ukraine and “On Seaports of Ukraine”. In accordance with Art. 19 of this Law of Ukraine, the provision of pilotage is not a service provided only by state enterprises. After the entry into force of the Code of Merchant Shipping of Ukraine on June 13, 2013, pilotage services were removed from the exclusive competence of state-owned enterprises. The novelties were approved by the Law of Ukraine of May 17, 2012 № 4709-VI. But in the bylaws there are some provisions that directly contradict the laws of Ukraine, for example, paragraph 4.1.2. Order of the Ministry of Transport and Communications of Ukraine of August 1, 2007 № 655 “On approval of the Rules of navigation and pilotage of vessels in the north-western part of the Black Sea, Bug-Dnieper-Estuary and Kherson sea canals”. It is interesting to note that most of the bylaws that currently contradict these laws and in fact create barriers to access to the market for pilotage services were not only not adapted to the new requirements of the laws, but were adopted after the adoption and shortly before the entry into force of this already approved by the Supreme Council of Ukraine of the Code of Merchant Shipping of Ukraine: Order of the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine № 292 of May 8, 2013 and Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine № 405 of June 3, 2013. Of course, after the entry into force of laws, the rules of law must be given in bylaws in strict accordance with the laws of Ukraine. However, this has not been done so far, although changes to them and to the order of the Ministry of Transport № 655 of August 1, 2007, were made in 2015, 2016 and 2018. On the contrary, despite the fact that the pilot market does not fall directly under the criteria of a natural monopoly, neither the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine nor the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine has provided public reasoned explanations or feasibility studies, whether in this state there is demand in this market. more effective in the absence of competition, and such a justification is essential to clearly establish the main criterion of a natural monopoly – the state of the commodity market. Because of this, the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine in its Report of 2017 pointed out that it is possible to state the controversy of including the market in which pilotage services are provided in the market, which is in a state of natural monopoly. The analysis of judicial practice in resolving disputes related to the provision of specialized services in ports (icebreaking works) shows the possibility of providing specialized services by a business entity that is not a monopolist and the lack of responsibility for providing such services to a company that is not a natural monopolist. Conclusions and prospects for the development. So, in Ukraine the current legal regulation of the status of natural monopolies among certain services in seaports is ambiguous, reminiscent of the artificial intervention of the regulator in relations, rather than the natural formation of such monopolies, as such criteria do not fully meet the statutory criteria of natural monopolies. the acts actually formed natural monopolies. Moreover, these bylaws must be brought into strict compliance with the Merchant Shipping Code of Ukraine, abolishing the exclusive rights to carry out at least pilotage and icebreaking operations of the State Enterprise “Administration of Seaports of Ukraine”. Licensing of these activities is possible in order to allow private entities to enter these markets and to ensure proper state control.

scholarly journals Methodological approaches to public regulation of water supply and wastewater sector

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
I. I. Krylova
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Natural Monopoly ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

Creating an effective system of state regulation in the sphere of water supply and wastewater disposal, which would meet European quality standards, has balanced the interests of consumers, the state and water supply and sewerage enterprises, and requires an adequate scientific support. In this regard, a special role belongs to fundamental research, which will allow to consider government regulation not only from the point of its content, water supply and disposal, but also from other perspectives - as far as it can be described as a social, economic, legal phenomenon and determine practical value for society as a whole.Methodology is a set of subjects and objects, goals and objectives, principles, approaches and functions, criteria and indicators, forms and methods of state regulation. All elements of the state regulation methodology form an organic unity. The methodological guidelines and approaches that significantly affect all components of the state regulation methodology and directly related to public administration are the most crucial components of state regulation. The article is devoted to the methodological approaches study related to the state regulation in the sphere of water supply and wastewater disposal. The author explores the state regulation category, describes it as a social, economic, legal phenomenon and tries to determine its practical value for society as a whole.Special attention is paid to the sphere of centralized water supply and sanitation as a natural monopoly, and the causes of the natural monopoly origin in this sphere have been analyzed. The author explores and analyzes the subjects, object, forms and methods, principles and functions of state regulation in the field of water supply and wastewater disposal. The author also examines rationale for the causes and limits of state intervention in the economic and other processes in the field of water supply and sanitation, as well as the nature, practical value and direction of regulation.In the article, the author draws attention to some inconsistencies in the legislation on state regulation in the sphere of water supply and wastewater disposal, and gives suggestions concerning formation of a unified approach to the definition of natural monopolies, an understanding of the objectives of government regulation and reform, and perspective research.

scholarly journals STATE REGULATION OF AGRICULTURAL SECTOR

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
Е. ALIMKULOVА ◽  
◽  
D. AITMUKHANBETOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Public Support ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Rural Producers ◽  
Livestock Products ◽  
The Cost

The State policy of regulation of agricultural sector is focused on the implementation of food security programs, increasing the availability of financing for agribusiness entities, optimal regimes of their taxation, subsidies, lending, support for innovative projects in seed production, breeding, reducing the cost of water, mineral fertilizers, seed disinfectants and herbicides, fuels and lubricants, equipment and machinery leasing. The mechanism for allocation of loans funds corresponds to the principles of repayment, urgency, payment, aimed at achieving specific goals. The article gives an assessment of modern operating systems of lending to rural producers: grain purchase; through the system of rural lending partnerships; provision of agricultural machinery and equipment on lease basis; production and purchase of livestock products; organization of spring field and harvesting works. The need to optimize government regulation based on agricultural protectionism is noted. The State should become the subject of regulation of competition on domestic market, which will increase the competitiveness of national agricultural production. It was revealed that direct budgetary support for prices for agricultural products is able to ensure the profitability of agricultural sector. The authors believe that one of the most successful mechanisms in the world practice is market of financial institutions aimed to provide the AIC with long-term and inexpensive loan resources. It is emphasized that the systems of stimulation of production, sale of seeds, certification and other organizational and economic measures of public support for selection and individual links of seed production of grain crops are of great importance

THE INFLUENCE OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION ON FAIR SALARY

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryna Pyzhova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Role Of The State

The article considers state regulation in terms of ensuring fair wages. It is noted that in the transition to a market economy there is a separation of interests of employees, employers and the state. An employee is objectively interested in this if the state and trade unions really guarantee him social protection. Characterizing the role of the state, it is indicated on the one hand that it acts as a subject of social partnership and directs its activities to economic growth. On the other hand, in the event of the need for a sharp increase in wages, the state, using the tax system and other indirect methods, is able to reduce the negative consequences for the entrepreneur from making such decisions. Depending on the influence of certain factors, there are notions of normative and positive role of the state. The question of the insolvability of the problem of measuring the amount of labor is raised. Emphasis is placed on the fact that work is the functioning of the employee, his appropriate activities in production or in the field of services, in the process of which he spends some physical energy and mental effort. It is determined that with the help of the mechanism of state regulation the conditions of balance of interests of all subjects of labor relations are created. The state performs the function of ensuring the general conditions of socio- economic growth. In this regard, both the types of regulation and the mechanism itself are changing, ie the changes relate to methods, methods of regulation. It is concluded that the state needs to take on the organizing function of setting reasonable prices for labor, taking into account differences in the qualifications of employees. Nowhere in the world are there such great differences in wages as in modern Ukraine, which differ in complexity. The transition to a policy of anticipatory growth of monetary income should not be too abrupt, should be manageable and take into account the real situation with the availability of goods and services.

ESSENCE AND FORMS OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION OF INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Olsana Podlevska ◽  
Andrii Podlevskyi
Keyword(s):  
National Economy ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Industrial Cooperation

The categorical apparatus has been widened and the main reasons of necessity for state regulation of industrial cooperation have been found. The scheme of research of industrial cooperation in the context of future government regulation has been developed. The systematization forms of state regulation of industrial cooperation on various criteria were done. It was proposed to consider the state regulation of industrial cooperation depending on the purpose in three directions that would allow for most effectively to intensify the innovative "growth points" of the national economy, ensure proper social and economic living standards of inhabitants and to take into account the specifics of depressive regions.

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