scholarly journals Union Commitment: Is There a Gender Gap?

2005 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 564-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Wetzel ◽  
Daniel G. Gallagher ◽  
Donna E. Soloshy
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Union Commitment ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Labour Unions ◽  
Comparative Analyses ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
The Relationship

In the context of the growing feminization of membership in Canadian labour unions, this study examines the relationship between gender and multiple dimensions of worker commitment to the union organization. Based upon survey responses from 223 female and 222 male union members in Saskatchewan, the results reveal no gender differences with regard to expressed levels of union "loyalty" and "responsibility to the union". However, a small but significantly lower level of "willingness to work for the union" was expressed by female union members. In comparative analyses of males and females, the results are generally supportive of greater commonality than differences in the correlates of union commitment for men and women.

Empathy as moderator of gender differences in Chinese insurance agents' business ethical sensitivity

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1029-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Zhang ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Jing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Business Ethics ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Ethical Sensitivity ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Insurance Agents ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Ethics Research ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

To expand the business ethics research field, and to increase society's understanding of Chinese insurance agents' business ethics, we investigated how gender differences are related to agents' business ethical sensitivity and whether or not these relationships are moderated by empathy. Through a regression analysis of the factors associated with the business ethical sensitivity of 417 Chinese insurance agents, we found that gender played an important role in affecting business ethical sensitivity, and empathy significantly affected business ethical sensitivity. Furthermore, empathy had a moderating effect on the relationship between gender and business ethical sensitivity. Both men and women with strong empathy scored high on business ethical sensitivity; however, men with strong empathy had higher levels of business ethical sensitivity than did women with little empathy. The findings add to the literature by providing insight into the mechanisms responsible for the benefits of empathy in increasing business ethical sensitivity.

Binge Eating and Addictive-Like Behaviours in Males and Females

2020 ◽  
pp. 003329412097175
Author(s):  
Johanna Levallius ◽  
Elin Monell ◽  
Andreas Birgegård ◽  
David Clinton ◽  
Emma Forsén Mantilla
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Binge Eating ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Food Addiction ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Compulsive Exercise ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Common Behaviour ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction Binge eating is a common behaviour that is strongly linked to both obesity and eating disorder. There is evidence that binge eating commonly co-occurs with other problematic and addictive-like behaviours; however, this has not been explored systematically. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between binge eating, body weight, disordered eating behaviours and associated addictive-like behaviours, with particular attention paid to gender differences. Method A community sample ( N = 500; 75% female, Mage = 32.5 years) reported disordered eating behaviours (i.e. binge eating, purging, restriction of eating, compulsive exercise), body mass index (BMI), food addiction, starvation addiction, exercise dependence, tobacco use and alcohol consumption. Results 42% of females and 21% of males reported binge eating during the past four weeks. Binge eating was significantly associated with all investigated behaviours in females, and with purging, compulsive exercise and overweight/obesity in males. Controlling for BMI, self-starvation predicted binge eating in males (OR = 1.07), while food addiction (OR = 1.73) and alcohol dependence (OR = 1.11) predicted binge eating in females. Conclusions The multiple associations between binge eating and addictive-like behaviors supports broad screening and generalized prevention efforts. Prevention efforts should reflect gender differences.

scholarly journals Evidence for dysanapsis using computed tomographic imaging of the airways in older ex-smokers

2009 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 1622-1628 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. William Sheel ◽  
Jordan A. Guenette ◽  
Ren Yuan ◽  
Lukas Holy ◽  
John R. Mayo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Tomographic Imaging ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Airway Tree ◽  
Conducting Airways ◽  
The Relationship

We sought to determine the relationship between lung size and airway size in men and women of varying stature. We also asked if men and women matched for lung size would still have differences in airway size and if so where along the pulmonary airway tree would these differences exist. We used computed tomography to measure airway luminal areas of the large and central airways. We determined airway luminal areas in men ( n = 25) and women ( n = 25) who were matched for age, body mass index, smoking history, and pulmonary function and in a separate set of men ( n = 10) and women ( n = 11) who were matched for lung size. Men had greater values for the larger airways and many of the central airways. When male and female subjects were pooled there were significant associations between lung size and airway size. Within the male and female groups the magnitudes of these associations were decreased or nonsignificant. In males and females matched for lung size women had significantly smaller airway luminal areas. The larger conducting airways in females are significantly smaller than those of males even after controlling for lung size.

scholarly journals Gender differences in audio-vestibular disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 205873842092917
Author(s):  
Virginia Corazzi ◽  
Andrea Ciorba ◽  
Piotr Henryk Skarżyński ◽  
Magdalena B Skarżyńska ◽  
Chiara Bianchini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Vestibular Disorders ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Vestibular Tests ◽  
Medical Disciplines ◽  
The Relationship

In the last years, the attention to the role of gender in physiopathology and pharmacology of diseases in several medical disciplines is rising; however, the data on the relationship between gender and audio-vestibular disorders are still inconclusive and sometimes confusing. With this letter to the editor, we would like to review the role of gender in audio-vestibular disorders. Literature data show that anatomic variances of the inner ear do exist in men and women and that the different physiology and/or hormonal influence between genders could produce different clinical outcome of routine audiological and vestibular tests. Beyond the epidemiological gender-related differences, the clinical data suggest that the gender has a potential role as an etiopathogenetic factor in audio-vestibular disorders and it is probably responsible for the different clinical features observed between male and female subjects.

scholarly journals Basal Metabolic Rate and Body Composition Predict Habitual Food and Macronutrient Intakes: Gender Differences

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyan Bi ◽  
Ciarán G. Forde ◽  
Ai Ting Goh ◽  
Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Dietary Record ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Relationship

The underlying mechanisms that regulate energy homeostasis and food intake are not fully understood. Moreover, little research has been performed on the relation of body composition with habitual macronutrient intake among free-living populations. Since body composition and energy metabolism differ between males and females, we aimed to determine whether the relationship between body composition and habitual macronutrient intakes is gender-dependent. In this cross-sectional study, 261 participants (99 males) were recruited from Singapore. Macronutrient intake was evaluated from a three-day self-reported dietary record. Body composition and basal metabolic rate (BMR) were determined by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and indirect calorimetry, respectively. Our results show that both BMR (p < 0.001) and lean body mass (LBM, p < 0.001) predicted daily energy intake (EI). LBM was positively associated with intakes of protein (PRO) and fat (FAT) in females, but not in males. This relationship persisted even after adjustment for fat mass (FM). On the other hand, no significant associations between FM and macronutrient intake were observed in both males and females. Therefore, the relationship between habitual macronutrient intake, LBM, and BMR is gender-dependent. Elucidating the gender differences in energy metabolism is important for understanding the factors that regulate energy homeostasis and can subsequently help better manage energy balance.

scholarly journals Exploring the relationship of emotional intelligence with mental health status in polish unemployed persons – differences between men and women

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna A. Knopp
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Mental Health Disorders ◽  
The State ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Health Disorders ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This study investigates the relationship between EI and the state of mental health of unemployed persons. Gender differences were also identified in terms of mental health and its correlation with EI. A sample of 160 Polish unemployed persons aged 35 to 45 years filled in self-descriptive measures of EI and mental health. Significant gender differences were found - unemployed women were characterised by a greater intensity of mental health disorders than unemployed men. EI was negatively correlated with mental health disorders, but the correlations were few and weaker than expected. However, when unemployed persons with a low, average and high EI were compared, it turned out that participants with a low EI were characterised by a significantly worse condition of mental health than participants with a average or high EI.

Sex Differences in the Relationship between Machiavellianism and Self-Disclosure

1978 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 715-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Domelsmith ◽  
James T. Dietch
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Willingness To Disclose ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Individual Achievement ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Existing Data

Previous research suggests that there should be a negative correlation between Machiavellianism (Mach) and willingness to reveal things about oneself. However, existing data are unclear and contradictory, especially regarding differences between males and females. College students (48 male, 77 female) completed measures of both Machiavellianism and self-disclosure, and the two sets of scores were correlated. As expected, Mach was significantly correlated with unwillingness to self-disclose among males. For the females, however, Mach was significantly correlated with willingness to disclose. The two correlations are significantly different. Culturally defined differences in the goals of men and women may account for the results. According to current stereotypes, men are oriented toward individual achievement, while die goals of women are more “social,” being popular, nurturant, skilled at getting along with others, etc. Women who accept these goals and who are willing to employ manipulative (Machiavellian) tactics to achieve them could use self-disclosure effectively, while it would be an ineffective strategy for men.

Organizational Support Factors and Work–Family Outcomes: Exploring Gender Differences

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 1520-1545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malissa A. Clark ◽  
Cort W. Rudolph ◽  
Ludmila Zhdanova ◽  
Jesse S. Michel ◽  
Boris B. Baltes
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Family Support ◽  
Organizational Support ◽  
Intent To Quit ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Family Outcomes ◽  
Working Adults ◽  
Family Balance ◽  
Work Family ◽  
The Relationship

The present study examines the relationship between a variety of organizational support factors and work–family outcomes, as well as gender differences in these relationships. A random sample of 229 working adults completed phone surveys, and multiple regression analysis was used to test the proposed relationships. Results showed that certain types of support may differentially benefit women and men, highlighting the value of having a supervisor and organization supportive of work–family balance. For example, having a supportive work–family supervisor was related to lower negative work–family spillover and intent to quit for women, and higher job satisfaction for men. Telecommuting use, on the other hand, was more beneficial for men than women in our sample. Given these findings, organizations should be aware that certain forms of support—particularly supervisor work–family support—may benefit men and women through different mechanisms.

Performance and financing strategies of female and male entrepreneurs in the Republic of Serbia

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danijela Stošic Panić
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The paper examines gender differences in the performance and financing strategies of female and male entrepreneurs in the Republic of Serbia. The aim of this study is to explore the gender dimension – a much under-researched aspect of entrepreneurship in the Republic of Serbia – and to link the findings with those of other environments. Design/methodology/approach To explore gender-based differences in entrepreneurial activity, a random sample of 327 units was drawn from the Serbian Business Registers Agency’s Register of Companies. In total, 101 completed questionnaires were received. The chi-square test of association was used to assess the relationship between two categorical variables, while the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test was used to assess the statistical importance of the differences between groups of female and male entrepreneurs. The relationship between the performance and different sources of financing was assessed by multiple regression analysis. Findings The results confirm the existence of a gender gap in the net profit, employment growth rate, return on assets (ROA) and in use of various types of alternative financing sources. The evidence shows that those male entrepreneurs who use personal funds achieve lower levels of net profit and ROA compared to those who use internal business sources. Lower ROA is also achieved by those male entrepreneurs who use alternative sources of financing, relative to those who do not use these sources. Female entrepreneurs who applied for bank loans realized higher net profit value compared to those who did not apply for a loan. Moreover, female entrepreneurs who use some kind of state-supported funding achieve higher ROA than those who do not. Other gender differences found regarding the various aspects of the financing practices lacked statistical significance. Originality/value Although the generalizability of part of the findings is weakened due to the lack of statistical significance, most of the expected gender differences were found to exist at the sample level. This encourages further studies of similarities and differences between female and male entrepreneurs’ financing strategies and their impact on business performance. This is particularly important for the environments in which the gender aspect of entrepreneurial activity is under-researched.

What about the guys? An assessment of gender differences in hereditary colorectal cancer testing.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 537-537
Author(s):  
Carin Espenschied ◽  
Jonathan Pepper ◽  
Rachel E. McFarland
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Counseling And Testing ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Risk Reduction Measures

537 Background: Approximately 5-10% of colorectal cancer (CRC) is due to hereditary causes. Identification of an inherited cause may impact surgical and treatment decisions for CRC patients and may identify increased risks for other cancers that warrant increased screening and/or risk reduction measures. Men have testing for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer less often than women, even though these genes may also cause increased risk for cancer in men and men are as likely as women to carry mutations in these genes and pass them onto their children. We aimed to explore whether similar gender differences exist related to testing for hereditary CRC. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed clinical data and test results from consecutive CRC cases, who had a multi-gene panel with 13-49 genes at our laboratory, between March 2012 and June 2016. Statistical comparisons between males and females were conducted using Fisher’s exact test. Results: Of CRC cases (n = 7142), 61.1% were female and 12.8% were positive for mutation or likely pathogenic variant. Average age of CRC onset for men was 47.2, and for women was 49.5. Women with CRC before age 20 had the highest mutation rate (31.8%), but men were more likely to test positive than women overall (14.1% vs 12.0%, p = 1.1e-2). Mutations were most frequent in the same three genes for both men and women, but in different orders: MLH1, CHEK2, and MSH2 for males and CHEK2, MSH2, and MLH1 for females. The only genes with significant differences in mutation rates between men and women were MLH1 (3.2% vs 1.5%, p = 2.0e-6) and MSH6(1.7% vs 0.8%, p = 3.0e-3). Conclusions: Hereditary CRC is expected to affect men and women equally. In our cohort, however, the majority of individuals tested were women, while men were more likely to test positive. Possible explanations include smaller sample size and earlier age of onset in men, perceptions of referring clinicians, and different levels of interest in genetic counseling and testing between male and female patients. These data highlight an important opportunity for educating and identifying more men with hereditary CRC who may benefit from genetic information. Further studies are needed to confirm these results and explore reasons for the differences.

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