Visceral visions: art, pedagogy and politics in Revolutionary France

Author(s):  
Dorothy Johnson

In late eighteenth-century France, at the seeming height of neoclassicism in the arts with its goal of idealized form al’antica in the depiction of the human figure, an intensified fascination with the visual experience of viscera emerged.  Picturing viscera became increasingly common in visual culture.  These developments occurred during a period of intense political and cultural upheaval and concomitant violence and bloodshed in France. Graphic anatomical plates, prints, and caricatures as well as wax models of viscera cast from the body parts of corpses, were used for pedagogical instruction as were écorché figures, either sculpted or cast from cadavers. Paintings were made that engaged the subject of death and disembowelment. We also see the actual participation in dissection by artists as well as anatomists. Artists, anatomists, and amateurs (sometimes working in concert) produced compelling images of what lies beneath the skin for a variety of purposes and functions.

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-92
Author(s):  
Susan Jones

This article explores the diversity of British literary responses to Diaghilev's project, emphasising the way in which the subject matter and methodologies of Diaghilev's modernism were sometimes unexpectedly echoed in expressions of contemporary British writing. These discussions emerge both in writing about Diaghilev's work, and, more discretely, when references to the Russian Ballet find their way into the creative writing of the period, serving to anchor the texts in a particular cultural milieu or to suggest contemporary aesthetic problems in the domain of literary aesthetics developing in the period. Figures from disparate fields, including literature, music and the visual arts, brought to their criticism of the Ballets Russes their individual perspectives on its aesthetics, helping to consolidate the sense of its importance in contributing to the inter-disciplinary flavour of modernism across the arts. In the field of literature, not only did British writers evaluate the Ballets Russes in terms of their own poetics, their relationship to experimentation in the novel and in drama, they developed an increasing sense of the company's place in dance history, its choreographic innovations offering material for wider discussions, opening up the potential for literary modernism's interest in impersonality and in the ‘unsayable’, discussions of the body, primitivism and gender.


Author(s):  
Cristóbal Pera

ABSTRACTIf the human body is really a fabric, should surgeons be considered architects, as some surgeons describe themselves today? The author raises and analyzes this question, and he concludes that vsurgeons cannot be considered as such: the architect is the creator of his work —fabric or building—, but the surgeon is not the creator of this complex biological fabric —vulnerable and subject to deterioration and with an expiration date— which is the human body. This body is the object upon which his hands and instruments operate. The surgeon cures and heals wounds, immobilizes and aligns fractured bones in order to facilitate their good and timely repair, and cuts open the body’s surface in order to reach its internal organs. He also explores the body with his hands or instruments, destroys and reconstructs its ailing parts, substitutes vital organs taken from a donor’s foreign body, designs devices or prostheses, and replaces body parts, such as arteries and joints, that are damaged or worn out. In today’s culture, dominated by the desire to perfect the body, other surgeons keep retouching its aging façade, looking for an iconic and timeless beauty. This longing can drive, sometimes, to surgical madness. The surgeon is not capable of putting into motion, from scratch, a biological fabric such as the human body. Thus, he can’t create the subject of his work in the way that an architect can create a building. In contrast, the surgeon restores the body’s deteriorated or damaged parts and modifies the appearance of the body’s façade.RESUMEN¿Si el cuerpo humano fuera realmente una fábrica, podría el cirujano ser considerado su arquitecto, como algunos se pregonan en estos tiempos? Esta es la cuestión planteada por el autor y, a tenor de lo discurrido, su respuesta es negativa: porque así como el arquitecto es el artífice de su obra —fábrica o edificio— el cirujano no es el artífice de la complejísima fábrica biológica —vulnerable, deteriorable y caducable— que es el cuerpo humano, la cual le es dada como objeto de las acciones de sus manos y de sus instrumentos. El cirujano cura y restaña sus heridas, alinea e inmoviliza sus huesos fracturados para que su reparación llegue a buen término, penetra por sus orificios naturales o dibuja sobre la superficie corporal incisiones que le permitan llegar a sus entrañas, las explora con sus manos o mediante instrumentos, destruye y reconstruye sus partes enfermas, sustituye órganos vitales que no le ayudan a vivir por los extraídos de cuerpos donantes, y concibe, diseña y hace fabricar artefactos o prótesis, como recambio fragmentos corporales deteriorados o desgastados, como arterias o articulaciones. Otros cirujanos, en la predominante cultura de la modificación del cuerpo, retocan una y otra vez su fachada envejecida ineludiblemente por el paso del tiempo, empeñados en la búsqueda incesante de una belleza icónica y mediática e intemporal, una pretensión que puede conducir, y a veces conduce, al desvarío quirúrgico. En definitiva, el cirujano es incapaz de poner de pie, ex novo, una fábrica biológica como la del cuerpo humano y, por lo tanto, no puede ser su artífice, como lo es el arquitecto de su edificio. A lo sumo, es el restaurador de sus entrañas deterioradas y el modificador de su fachada, de su apariencia.


1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1131-1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin C. Shontz

24 men and 24 women college students estimated the sizes of 13 body stimuli and 13 nonbody objects by adjusting markers on a horizontal rod and by drawing 1:4 scale pictures of their own bodies. Data were scores expressing response size as a percentage of stimulus size. In both response modes, percentage scores for body stimuli assumed a pattern that was not evident in estimates of nonbody-object sizes. Combinations of body parts, judged as a unit, were underestimated relative to estimates of component body parts judged separately. Ss' free drawings of the human figure, rated for disturbance in body image, were not significantly related to size-estimations of body or nonbody stimuli.


2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radhika Rao

The legal status of the human body is hotly contested, yet the law of the body remains in a state of confusion and chaos. Sometimes the body is treated as an object of property, sometimes it is dealt with under the rubric of contract, and sometimes it is not conceived as property at all, but rather as the subject of privacy rights. Which body of law should become the law of the body? This question is even more pressing in the context of current biomedical research, which permits commodification and commercialization of the body by everyone except the person who provides the “raw materials.” The lack of property protection for tangible parts of the human body is in stark contrast to the extensive protection granted to intellectual property in the body in the form of patents upon human genes and cell lines. Moreover, even courts that reject ownership claims on the part of those who supply body parts appear willing to grant property rights to scientists, universities, and others who use those body parts to conduct research and create products.


2020 ◽  
pp. 64-73
Author(s):  
Shivam Grover ◽  
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Kshitij Sidana ◽  
...  

Performance capture of human beings have been used to animate 3D characters for movies and games for several decades now. Traditional performance capture methods require a dedicated costly setup which usually consists of more than one sensor placed at a distance from the subject, hence requiring a large amount of budget and space to accomodate. This lowers its feasibility and portability by a huge amount. Egocentric (first-person/wearable) cameras, however, are attached to the body and hence are mobile. With a rise of acceptance of wearable technology by the general public, wearable cameras have gotten cheaper too. We can make use of their excessive portability in the performance capture domain. However working with egocentric images is a mammoth task as the views are severely distorted due to the first-person perspective and the body parts farther from the camera are highly prone to being occluded. In this paper, we review the existing state-of-the-art methods about performance capture using egocentric based views.


Perception ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyn Haber ◽  
Ralph Norman Haber ◽  
Suzanna Penningroth ◽  
Kevin Novak ◽  
Hilary Radgowski

Nine methods of indicating the direction to object locations were tested on twenty blind adult subjects. The task was to indicate the location of active auditory targets distributed in a semicircle with a 1.7 m radius around the subject. Target location, practice, and feedback were systematically varied for each method. The greatest accuracy and lowest variability were found for pointing methods that used body parts (directing the nose at the target, facing it with the chest, and pointing with the index finger) and extensions of body parts (pointing with a hand-held cane or with a short stick). Two less accurate methods involved rotating a dial. The least accurate methods involved drawing and a verbal description in terms of clockface labels. Method interacted significantly with target location, and with individual differences. In general, the body-part and extension method were affected less than other methods by target location and individual differences. The findings suggest that a pointing response that uses a body part or an extension of a body part is the best choice for experimental or diagnostic measurement of object location by blind subjects. Differences between the results of this study of blind subjects and auditory localization accuracy in sighted subjects are discussed, and the implications for spatial processing in the blind are considered.


2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elif Eşiyok Sönmez

<p>Recently, one of the prominent subjects is the consumption for the body, its promotion and the result where the body becomes the subject of the consumption. Thus, the construction of the body as a consumption object and its permanent re-construction became a never ending ‘project’. There is no doubt such commodification and promotion become public through the media. Inevitably, such attention brings the researches on body policies in academic field. However, there is a serious shortage in Turkey on this kind of academic researches. This study was designed to contribute to the knowledge in the academic field. The basic aim of the research is to examine the structure of the nature of the body construction in the advertisements of the aesthetic products in Turkey. Therefore, the Cosmopolitan Magazine that is the women magazine to sold most in Turkey. The advertisements in the magazine in 2013 were scanned and 65 aesthetic product advertisements were found. These advertisements were analysed for their content with reference to the research questions. In the analysis, the matters like frequency of the advertisements in the magazine according to the months, distribution of the advertisements according to the body parts, negative and positive expressions in the advertisements on the appearance of the body, the images to be used in advertisements, the messages to be given for the use of the products and the slogans in the advertisements are considered. The analyses indicated that the aesthetic product advertisements are mostly published in February, March, April and June prior to the summer, the face is the part which aesthetic product advertisements mostly promoted, the younger and perfect appearance is given as the positive characteristics unlike other such as tired skin, aging skin and wrinkles on the skin. In order to be relied by the reader in the advertisements, the test results of the product and possible outcome after use are seen as to be included.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Özet</strong></p><p>Son yıllarda artarak ilgi odağı olan konulardan biri de beden için yapılan tüketim, bu tüketimin teşviki ve bunun sonucunda bedenin bir tüketim nesnesi haline gelmesidir. Öyle ki, bedenin tüketim nesnesi olarak inşası ve sürekli olarak yeniden yapılandırılması bitmeyen bir ‘proje’ haline getirilmiştir. Şüphesiz bu tür nesneleştirme ve promosyon çeşitli iletişim medyasından geçerek yaygınlaştırılmaktadır. Bunların bir sonucu olarak, bu tür ilgi akademik alanda da beden politikaları ile ilgili araştırmaların yapılmasını beraberinde getirmiştir. Fakat Türkiye’de bu bağlamda ciddi bir araştırma eksiklikliği bulunmaktadır. Bu araştırma bu eksikliğin ortaya çıkardığı akademik bilme gereksinimine katkıda bulunmak için tasarlandı. Araştırmanın temel amacı, Türkiye’de bedene ilişkin inşaların estetik ürün reklamlarında yapılandırılmasının doğasını inceleyerek var olan bilgiye katkıda bulunmaktır. Bu amaçla, Türkiye’de en fazla tirajı olan kadın dergisi Cosmopolitan inceleme için seçildi. Derginin bir yıllık reklamları tarandı ve 65 estetik ürün reklamı bulundu. Bu reklamların, araştırma sorularında belirtilen amaca uygun olarak,  içerik analizi yapıldı. Analizde, aylara göre reklamların dergideki yayın sıklıkları, beden bölgesine göre ürün reklamlarının dağılımları, bedenin görünüşüne ilişkin reklamlarda yer alan olumlu ve olumsuz ifadeler, reklamlarda kullanılan imajlar, ilgili ürünlerin kullanımının teşvik edilmesi için verilen mesajlar, ürün reklamlarında kullanılan sloganlar ele alındı. Yapılan analizde, estetik ürün reklamlarının en fazla Şubat, Mart, Nisan ve Haziran aylarında yaz dönemine girme öncesi yayınlandığı, estetik ürün reklamlarında en fazla yüz bölgesine odaklanıldığı, dış görünüşe ilişkin olarak genç ve kusuruz görünümün olumlu özellikler olarak verildiği, olumsuz özelliklerin ise çoğunlukla yorgun cilt, yaşlı görünüm ve kırışık cilt olduğu bulundu. Reklamlarda okuyucuda ürün kullanımına ilişkin güven sağlanması için, ürün kullanımı ile ilgili test sonuçları ve kullanım sonucunda meydana gelecek olası etkilere yer verildiği görüldü.</p>


2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Warul Walidin

This paper offers a solution to improve the quality of human resources through education Islam. Humans are the central points that are the subject and development engineers as well as objects that are engineered and enjoy the fruits of development. In addition, humans are also the only creatures that have the potential to develop themselves through their knowledge. Efforts to develop and improve the quality of human resources can be done through various means, including through education. This education is the path of improving the quality of human resources is more emphasis on the establishment of basic quality, such as faith and piety, personality, intelligence, discipline, creativity and so on. In Islam the human figure composed of two potential to be built, which is outwardly as the body itself and the spiritual body as the controller. Some aspects of the dimensions that must be considered in the development of human resources, among others, cognitive (knowledge), affective (attitude), and psychomotor (skills) greatly influence the process of formation of one's personality.


Author(s):  
Ben Pulver

As far back as 1867, early-modern fashion has been the subject of harsh criticism. In his Critique of Political Economy, Marx referred to fashion as “murderous” and as having “meaningless caprices” (Marx and Engels 1967). The Soviet states certainly recognized the importance of clothing to reflect and inform its citizens of the preferred modest lifestyle. The main purpose of this study is to analyze two specific cases of sartorial resistance in two Soviet societies. Specifically, I will be examining the case of Allerleirauh (1980-89) in East Germany, and the Stilyagi (1940s-1960s) in Soviet Russia. In order to test the differences and similarities in the sartorial subversions, I will analyze a number of primary and secondary documents. There are four forms of primary documents that I will analyze: state-run magazines, periodicals, and photographs (both state-sponsored, and fringe), from the GDR and Soviet Russia. My interpretation— of the visual and textual responses to the youth groups who subverted the sartorial codes of the GDR and in Soviet Russia— has led me to propose two main speculative-conclusions. First, the responses by the government, such as the satirical cartoons of the Stilyagi, reveal the extent to which government officials recognized, and felt threatened by, the potential potency of dress to cause political disturbance. Second, the reactions of condemnation towards the fashionably-dissident makes salient the recognition that visual culture and semiotics in fashion, particularly when the body (as a sort of canvas) is implicated, can yield politically-threatening influence.


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dyan Indah Purnama Sari ◽  
Muhaimi Mughni Prayogo ◽  
Ayu Ridho Saraswati

Brain Dance was first introduced by Anne Green Gilbert, a creative dance maestro from Washington DC. Brain Dance is an apperception to activate human body parts. Brain Dance acts as a stimulant to connect the performance of the brain, breathing, motoric, and sensory body so that it is ready to move. In the creative dance process, Brain Dance is the first step so that children are ready, not only physically but also psychologically ready. Besides activating the body, Brain Dance also provides a feeling of freedom and happiness and fosters self-confidence. Brain Dance is suitable for all ages, as well as PGSD UST Yogyakarta students as the subject of this study. Students of PGSD’s 7th semester, in particular, are aged between 20-23 years and nearly 90% cannot dance. Never having danced before, and being unable to dance will be the reasons for the inferiority, shame, and insecurity, which will affect the effectiveness of body movements. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, to describe the condition of the data as it is, through the process of observation, interviews, and documentation. Through Brain Dance, this research is expected to foster self-confidence in PGSD UST Yogyakarta students in activating the body in the creative dance work process.


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