scholarly journals Resilience to climate change: adaptation strategies for the water supply system of Formia and Gaeta (Province of Latina, Central Italy)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-46
Author(s):  
Azzurra Lentini ◽  
Giovanni De Caterini ◽  
Ennio Cima ◽  
Rino Manni ◽  
Giancarlo Della Ventura
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Precipitation Regime ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Utility Company ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
And Control

The aqueduct serving the municipalities of Formia and Gaeta (Latina province, Italy), an area under the enforcement and control responsibility of “ATO 4” Autorità d’Ambito Territoriale Ottimale – (Integrated Urban Water Management Agency), is supplied by two important karst springs. These springs, fed by the western Aurunci Mountains system are known as Mazzoccolo and Capodacqua having an average flow rates of 1100 l/s and 1300 l/s, respectively. Although these sources have been used since ancient Roman times and the quality of their water is excellent, variations in the precipitation regime, possibly related to worldwide climate changes, has exacerbated the following problems: a decrease in the flow rates of the springs caused by the reduction in winter rainfall, and an increase of turbidity due to concentrated rainfall events. In order to mitigate these problems, which affect a resident population of about 150,000 inhabitants, Acqualatina S.p.A. - the water utility company - promoted a series of geological and hydrogeological surveys. These studies aim at increasing the knowledge on the geological setting and to find additional sources to improve the existing supply. Within the framework of these activities, we studied a strategy aimed at diversifying the water supply by identifying new exploitable aquifers in the area, to reduce the aforementioned problems. This paper presents the results of research carried out before and during the construction of the water well field “25 Ponti” located in the coastal area of the plain of Formia. The research consisted in laboratory analyses of 130 groundwater samples and in monitoring of piezometric trends. The data show a seasonal variation in groundwater chemical composition caused also by aquifer exploitation, which in some periods of the year affects the regulated reserves. This seasonal phenomenon was however present in absence of pumping.

Resilience to climate change: adaptation strategies for the water supply system of Formia, Gaeta (Province of Latina, Central Italy)  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azzurra Lentini ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Saltwater Intrusion ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Average Flow Rate ◽  
Precipitation Regime ◽  
Average Flow

<p>The aqueduct that serves the municipalities of Formia, Gaeta (province of Latina, Italy), for which “ATO 4” Integrated Urban Water Management Agency is responsible, is supplied by two important karst sources fed by the western Aurunci Mountains: Mazzoccolo spring, with an average flow rate of 1100 l/s, and Capodacqua di Spigno spring, whose average flow rate is 1300 l/s.</p><p>Although these sources were already used in ancient Roman times and the quality of their water is excellent, the precipitation regime modifications, caused by climate changes, has exacerbated the following problems:</p><ul><li>a decrease in the flow rates of the springs caused by the cyclical reduction of winter rainfall.</li> <li>an increase of turbidity that makes the water temporarily unfit for human consumption.</li> </ul><p>In order to mitigate these problems affecting a resident population of about 150,000 people, Acqualatina S.p.A. – the water service provider – has promoted a series of unpublished geological, hydrogeological and geophysical studies to increase the knowledge of the hydrogeological aspects and to find additional sources of supply to improve the existing system.</p><p>We studied, therefore, a strategy aimed at diversifying the water supply by connecting the adjacent areas to the main water network and by identifying new aquifers in the area that were not affected by the aforementioned problems.</p><p>We hereby present the results of the research carried out before and during the construction of the wellfield called "25 Ponti" located in the plain of Formia, in the coastal area near the Tomb of Cicero (Tomba di Cicerone) archaeological site. Four (4) wells with a depth ranging between 55m and 100m and four (4) monitoring piezometers were drilled which intercepted a pressurized aquifer underlying Pleistocene marine terrace deposits, with a thickness ranging between 20m and 75m, which act as an aquiclude. The quality of the water was excellent from a physical chemical and bacteriological point of view, with different chemical properties compared to Mazzoccolo and Capodacqua springs.</p><p>The first work carried out during the 2017 water crisis showed an increase in salinity over time, potentially suggesting saltwater intrusion (Sappa, 2019).</p><p>In collaboration with D.I.C.E.A., the Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering of “La Sapienza” University in Rome, the groundwater was monitored to verify, and thus avoid, any saltwater intrusion. To this end, two wells with a total flow rate of about 50 l/s were commissioned and remained active for a period of 8 months (August 2019 - March 2020). About 120 water samples were analyzed from a chemical and isotopic point of view, while the piezometric trend, the electrical conductivity and temperature were recorded by means of multiparameter probes.</p><p>The results obtained showed that the increased mineralization of the aquifer follows a seasonal trend regulated by the groundwater extraction from the wells that, in some periods of the year, affects the regulated reserves. This seasonal phenomenon was also confirmed when monitoring was performed in absence of pumping.</p><p>To date, the change in salinity is believed to be due to the extraction of deep waters rather than to seawater intrusion.</p>

Оптимизация выбора диаметров трубопроводов водопроводной сети с учетом обеспечения противопожарных требований

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Primin
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Municipal Water Supply ◽  
Fire Extinguishing ◽  
Supply Systems

При устройстве объединенных систем хозяйственно-питьевого и противопожарного водоснабжения значение распределительной сети возрастает еще больше, так как на нее возлагаются дополнительные функции по транспортировке больших расходов воды на пожаротушение. Обеспечение противопожарных требований в условиях значительного снижения водопотребления в большинстве городов России приводит к негативным последствиям, связанным с малыми (0,10,3 м/с и менее) скоростями течения и застаиванием воды на отдельных участках сети. Из-за этого возможно ухудшение органолептических свойств воды, что выражается в появлении привкусов, неприятных запахов, повышении мутности и цветности и т. д. В связи с этим требуется проведение мероприятий для оптимизации выбора диаметров труб, обеспечения и сохранения требуемого качества транспортируемой воды в наружных городских и распределительных сетях, гарантированного обеспечения требуемых норм на пожаротушение. Приведены результаты исследований и гидравлические расчеты по оценке минимально допустимых скоростей движения воды и минимальных диаметров труб внутриквартальных сетей с учетом обеспечения наружного и внутреннего пожара. Испытания проведены в реальных условиях кольцевой водопроводной сети города в зонах повышенного и пониженного давления.With the arrangement of combined drinking water and fire water supply systems, the importance of the distribution network increases even more, since additional functions are assigned to provide for the transportation of large amounts of water for firefighting. Meeting the firefighting requirements in conditions of a significant reduction in water consumption in most cities of Russia leads to negative consequences associated with low (0.10.3 m/s and less) flow rates and stagnation of water in some sections of the distribution network. Thereby, the organoleptic properties of water may deteriorate expressed in the appearance of flavors, unpleasant odors, increased turbidity and color, etc. In this regard, measures are required to optimize the choice of pipe diameters, to ensure and maintain the required quality of transported water in outdoor urban and distribution networks, and to guarantee meeting the required fire extinguishing standards. The research results and hydraulic calculations for assessing the minimum permissible water flow rates and minimum pipe diameters of submain networks are given taking into account the provision of external and internal firefighting. The tests were carried out in real conditions of the municipal water supply ring main in high- and low-pressure zones.

scholarly journals Application of a model-based rainfall-runoff database as efficient tool for flood risk management

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 2089-2115
Author(s):  
L. Brocca ◽  
S. Liersch ◽  
F. Melone ◽  
T. Moramarco ◽  
M. Volk
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Database Management System ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Uncertainty Range ◽  
Rainfall Runoff Model ◽  
Runoff Model

Abstract. A framework for a comprehensive synthetic rainfall-runoff database was developed to study catchment response to a variety of rainfall events. The framework supports effective flood risk assessment and management and implements simple approaches. It consists of three flexible components, a rainfall generator, a continuous rainfall-runoff model, and a database management system. The system has been developed and tested at two gauged river sections along the upper Tiber River (central Italy). One of the main questions was to investigate how simple such approaches can be without impairing the quality of the results. The rainfall-runoff model was used to simulate runoff on the basis of a large number of design rainfall events. The resulting rainfall-runoff database can be used as an effective tool to assess possible streamflow situations assuming different rainfall volumes for the previous and the following days. The application to the study site shows that magnitudes of real flood events were appropriately captured by the database within an uncertainty range. Further work should be dedicated to introducing a component for taking account of the actual temporal distribution of rainfall events into the stochastic rainfall generator.

scholarly journals Quality of the Diluted Landfill Leachate in Water Supply Used in the Performance of Drippers

2020 ◽  
pp. 85-93
Author(s):  
Francisco de Oliveira Mesquita ◽  
Rafael Oliveira Batista ◽  
Daniela Costa Leite Coelho ◽  
Ketson Bruno da Silva ◽  
Antonio Gustavo de Luna Souto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Suspended Solid ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Split Plot ◽  
Biomass For Energy

The landfill percolate (LP) has appreciable amounts of nutrients that can be used in the production of biomass for energy purposes and serves as parameters to study the performance of irrigation systems. The objective of this work is to analyze the drip performance indicators applying diluted landfill percolate, well as the main obstruction factors and the percolate quality. The experiment was assembled up in split-plot scheme with kind drippers (G1 - non-pressure compensated; G2 - pressure compensated; G3 - pressure compensated; and G4 - pressure compensated) in the plot and operating times (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160 h) in subplots, with four replications. The flow rates tested in the main and secondary plots in this work were: main plots - types of drippers (G1 - 1,6 L h-1; G2 - 2,0 L h-1, G3 - 4,0 L h-1 e G4 - 8,0 L h-1) and in the subplots the operating times (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 e 160 h), with four replications. The suspended solid and dissolved solids attributes present a severe risk of dripper obstruction for the diluted landfill percolate.

scholarly journals GEOECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER SOURCES IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS OF VORONEZH REGION

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-63
Author(s):  
T.I. Prozhorina ◽  
S.A. Kurolap ◽  
Yu.A. Presnyakova
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Voronezh Region ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
And Control

The problem of providing the population of the Voronezh region with clean drinking water is the most acute, since about 30 % of water sources do not meet environmental requirements, which causes a certain risk to the health of the region's population. The paper assesses the current state of centralized and decentralized drinking water supply and sanitation in the cities of Novohopersk, Borisoglebsk, Ostrogozhsk, Ramon and their surroundings, which are administrative centers of the same name municipal districts of the Voronezh region. The problems of providing the population of the region with high-quality drinking water are revealed and ways of solving rational water supply are considered. In addition, based on the results of the chemical composition of drinking water from centralized and decentralized water supply sources, the quality of drinking water supplied to the population of the studied cities was established. The results of the analysis showed that the population of the Voronezh region (for example, the cities of Novohopersk, Borisoglebsk, Ostrogozhsk, Ramon and their surroundings) uses drinking water that does not meet hygienic requirements. Therefore, today it is necessary to strengthen monitoring and control over the quality of drinking water supply, and the population of urban and rural areas of the region need to use household filters for water purification.

scholarly journals GEOECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE STATE OF CENTRALIZED DRINKING WATER SUPPLY IN SMALL TOWNS OF THE VORONEZH REGION

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-220
Author(s):  
T.I. Prozhorina ◽  
S.A. Kurolap ◽  
O.A. Grebennikova
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Current State ◽  
Voronezh Region ◽  
And Control

The condition of the centralized drinking water supply continues to be a serious problem in ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population of the Voronezh Region, as it causes a certain risk to the health of the population of the region. The paper assesses the current state of centralized drinking water supply and sanitation in the towns Anna, Liski, Boguchar, Rossosh, which are the administrative centers of four municipal districts of the Voronezh region. The problems of providing the population of the region with high-quality drinking water and the ways of solving rational water supply were considered. In addition, based on the results of chemical analysis of samples taken from the distribution network, the quality of drinking water supplied to the population of the studied towns was established. The results of the analysis showed that the population of small towns in the Voronezh region consumes drinking water that does not meet hygienic requirements. Therefore, today it is necessary to strengthen monitoring and control over the quality of drinking water supply, and the population of small towns in the region should use household water aftertreatment filters.

The Groundwater Quality Evaluation and Analysis of its Changing Trend in Major Cities of Xinjiang

2012 ◽  
Vol 256-259 ◽  
pp. 2583-2588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiao Li ◽  
Rui Liang Jia ◽  
Jin Long Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Changing Trend ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control

In order to identify the main factors causing the changes of groundwater quality in major cities of Xinjiang and provide the basis for the prevention and control of groundwater pollution, the monitoring statistics of 17 groundwater samples from the same positions or similar positions in nine major cities of Xinjiang in April-June 2003 and in October-November 2011 are used to classify the groundwater quality of the nine cities in 2003 and 2011 by the “one vote veto” system. The groundwater quality is evaluated with city as the basic unit and according to Quality Standard for Groundwater (GB/T 14848-93). Meanwhile, the changing trend of the major ions in the groundwater is analyzed. The results show: the overall quality of the groundwater of each city was good in 2003 but deteriorated seriously in 2011; Urumqi and Shihezi were the cities where the groundwater quality was seriously deteriorated; the concentrations of most ions and other quality indices in the groundwater all presented a rising trend

Resistance Monitor and Control for Vacuum Evaporation of Metals and Carbon

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 572-573
Author(s):  
Russell L. Steere ◽  
Eric F. Erbe ◽  
J. Michael Moseley
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Device ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
High Contrast ◽  
Variable Resistor ◽  
Quality Of Results ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Evaporation Source ◽  
And Control ◽  
At Will

We have designed and built an electronic device which compares the resistance of a defined area of vacuum evaporated material with a variable resistor. When the two resistances are matched, the device automatically disconnects the primary side of the substrate transformer and stops further evaporation.This approach to controlled evaporation in conjunction with the modified guns and evaporation source permits reliably reproducible multiple Pt shadow films from a single Pt wrapped carbon point source. The reproducibility from consecutive C point sources is also reliable. Furthermore, the device we have developed permits us to select a predetermined resistance so that low contrast high-resolution shadows, heavy high contrast shadows, or any grade in between can be selected at will. The reproducibility and quality of results are demonstrated in Figures 1-4 which represent evaporations at various settings of the variable resistor.

Boilerplate

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Jane Radin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Jury Trial ◽  
Comprehensive Treatment ◽  
New Methods ◽  
And Control ◽  
Fine Print

Boilerplate—the fine-print terms and conditions that we become subject to when we click “I agree” online, rent an apartment, or enter an employment contract, for example—pervades all aspects of our modern lives. On a daily basis, most of us accept boilerplate provisions without realizing that should a dispute arise about a purchased good or service, the nonnegotiable boilerplate terms can deprive us of our right to jury trial and relieve providers of responsibility for harm. Boilerplate is the first comprehensive treatment of the problems posed by the increasing use of these terms, demonstrating how their use has degraded traditional notions of consent, agreement, and contract, and sacrificed core rights whose loss threatens the democratic order. This book examines attempts to justify the use of boilerplate provisions by claiming either that recipients freely consent to them or that economic efficiency demands them, and it finds these justifications wanting. It argues that our courts, legislatures, and regulatory agencies have fallen short in their evaluation and oversight of the use of boilerplate clauses. To improve legal evaluation of boilerplate, the book offers a new analytical framework, one that takes into account the nature of the rights affected, the quality of the recipient's consent, and the extent of the use of these terms. It goes on to offer possibilities for new methods of boilerplate evaluation and control, and concludes by discussing positive steps that NGOs, legislators, regulators, courts, and scholars could take to bring about better practices.

Management and engineering solutions to improve processing stock quality and reduce resource-intensity of mining

2018 ◽  
pp. 56-68
Author(s):  
V. V. Agafonov ◽  
V. Yu. Zalyadinov ◽  
M. E. Yusupov ◽  
N. S. Bikteeva
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
High Concern ◽  
General Production ◽  
Resource Intensity ◽  
Product Output ◽  
And Control ◽  
A Company

Sustainability of mining companies is of of high concern. The problem is specifically acute at companies that are monotownor monosettlement-forming. Sustainability of a mine depends in many ways on product quality and production resource-intensity. This article discusses formation of mineral quality indexes in terms of an open pit chrysotile mine. The studies took into account specific features of operation procedures implemented by each structural division of the mine. The analysis has found managerial and technological inconsistencies which affect quality and marketable product output, as well as efficiency of the mine in whole. The background for efficiency enhancement at a company is, by the authors’ opinion, consolidation of personnel subject to the single development strategy, namely: improvement of production and control efficiency, as well as use of available reserves and resources by means of better setup for production. The proposed approaches to planning mining operations and forming mineral quality allow higher quality of processing stock. In addition, a new model proposed for interaction between structural divisions of a mining company ensures improvement of general production indexes.

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