A Theory of Alliance Treaty Negotiation Outcomes

2019 ◽  
pp. 14-44
Author(s):  
Paul Poast
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Bargaining Theory ◽  
Negotiation Analysis ◽  
Unilateral Action ◽  
Outside Options ◽  
Treaty Negotiations ◽  
Pleasant Surprise ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
Three Components

This chapter discusses the book's argument that joint war planning provides a useful conceptual framework for explaining agreement and nonagreement in alliance treaty negotiations. Drawing on bargaining theory and negotiation analysis, it focuses on two key variables. The first variable is compatibility of ideal war plans. This refers to the participants' respective ideal war plans not having contradictory strategic components or operational components. Tensions can arise from conflicting military doctrines, such as one negotiation participant adhering to an offensive doctrine and another following a defensive doctrine. Thus, the key to ideal war plan compatibility is that both participants have similar notions of the threat and similar philosophies about the application of military force against that threat. The second variable is the attractiveness of outside options. Outside options are the policies each participant will pursue if the negotiation ends in nonagreement. Such policies include unilateral action or an alliance treaty with another state. The chapter then explains how these two variables lead to four types of alliance treaty negotiations: Same Page, Pleasant Surprise, Revealed Deadlock, and Standard Bargaining. It also details the three components of a war plan: strategic, operational, and tactical.

Negotiations and the Future of Alliance Studies

2019 ◽  
pp. 169-180
Author(s):  
Paul Poast
Keyword(s):  
Explanatory Variable ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
The Core ◽  
Outside Options ◽  
Treaty Negotiations ◽  
The Future ◽  
New Research ◽  
Defense Cooperation

This concluding chapter summarizes the book's main claims and empirical findings, discussing the implications of these findings as well as directions for future research. At their heart, alliance treaties are about using military force. As such, war planning can be conceptualized as the core of alliance treaty negotiations. Equipped with this premise, the book argued that the key variable determining whether conditions are conducive to agreement is the compatibility of the participants' ideal war plans. These plans must be both operationally and strategically compatible. When war plan compatibility is low, the second key explanatory variable comes into play: the number of negotiation participants that have attractive outside options. The chapter then highlights how the arguments and evidence in the book indicate new research directions in four areas related to alliances: alliance treaty design, alliance reliability, NATO expansion, and the formation of defense cooperation agreements.

Usability Testing for Telemedicine Systems: A Methodology and Case Study

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 792-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah P. Birkmire-Peters ◽  
Leslie A. Whitaker ◽  
Leslie J. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Usability Testing ◽  
Evaluation Methodology ◽  
Operational Effectiveness ◽  
Store And Forward ◽  
Three Components

This paper presents the conceptual framework and methodology that has been developed to perform usability evaluations of commercially available equipment for use in telemedicine applications. Specifically, the three components of the evaluation methodology, namely, technical acceptability, operational effectiveness, and clinical appropriateness, are described. This methodology was used to evaluate commercially available video-otoscope systems for use in a store-and-forward teleconsultation project.

scholarly journals Ecological and social constraints combine to promote evolution of non-breeding strategies in clownfish

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Branconi ◽  
Tina A. Barbasch ◽  
Robin K. Francis ◽  
Maya Srinivasan ◽  
Geoffrey P. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Breeding ◽  
Wild Population ◽  
Social Constraints ◽  
Bargaining Theory ◽  
Breeding Strategies ◽  
Ecological Constraints ◽  
Amphiprion Percula ◽  
Outside Options ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Animal Societies

Abstract Individuals that forgo their own reproduction in animal societies represent an evolutionary paradox because it is not immediately apparent how natural selection can preserve the genes that underlie non-breeding strategies. Cooperative breeding theory provides a solution to the paradox: non-breeders benefit by helping relatives and/or inheriting breeding positions; non-breeders do not disperse to breed elsewhere because of ecological constraints. However, the question of why non-breeders do not contest to breed within their group has rarely been addressed. Here, we use a wild population of clownfish (Amphiprion percula), where non-breeders wait peacefully for years to inherit breeding positions, to show non-breeders will disperse when ecological constraints (risk of mortality during dispersal) are experimentally weakened. In addition, we show non-breeders will contest when social constraints (risk of eviction during contest) are experimentally relaxed. Our results show it is the combination of ecological and social constraints that promote the evolution of non-breeding strategies. The findings highlight parallels between, and potential for fruitful exchange between, cooperative breeding theory and economic bargaining theory: individuals will forgo their own reproduction and wait peacefully to inherit breeding positions (engage in cooperative options) when there are harsh ecological constraints (poor outside options) and harsh social constraints (poor inside options).

scholarly journals Assessing Livelihood Reconstruction in Resettlement Program for Disaster Prevention at Baihe County of China: Extension of the Impoverishment Risks and Reconstruction (IRR) Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qunying Xiao ◽  
Huijun Liu ◽  
Marcus Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Sustainable Livelihoods ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Disaster Prevention ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
New Model ◽  
Recovery Assessment ◽  
Three Components

The paper develops a tool for livelihood recovery assessment in disaster-preventive resettlement. A new conceptual framework is built based on the impoverishment risks and reconstruction (IRR) model. This framework leads to a quantitative model that was designed and tested using the disaster resettlement preventive engineering (DRPE) project in Baihe county of China. The new model evaluates the qualities of livelihood recovery in terms of three components: Life reconstruction, development reconstruction, and safety reconstruction, which consider features specific to the Chinese society, and introduce a new insecurity factor. The model showed good reliability, validity, and sensitivity for the evaluation of livelihood reconstruction in disaster-preventive resettlement. Its application will help to target interventions to improve public services in resettlement areas by identifying cases with inadequately sustainable livelihoods.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Natural Environment Relatedness and Emotional Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Proposed Conceptual Framework Experience

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 77-98
Author(s):  
Noorlila Ahmad ◽  
Siti Fatimah Abd Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Spiritual Values ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
Nature Connectedness ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Effect

The influence of the natural environment on emotional well-being has been highlighted at the peak of the Covid 19 pandemic that saw most countries impose prolonged total lockdowns and movement restrictions on their citizens. While researchers have recently emphasized the need to focus not only on students’ academic achievement but also on their inner needs, which include their emotional well-being, studies have found nature connectedness has a positive effect on emotional well-being and physical health. Many studies on nature and well-being have focused on physiological and psychological experimental research to examine before and after exposure to nature. However, there is still a need for further investigation how emotional connection between nature environments in the aspect of restorativeness and spiritual values improve mental health.  This paper systematically reviewed previous studies about the relationship between exposure to the natural environment and well-being focusing on key variables, underpinning theories, methodological processes and samples. As a result of the review, a conceptual framework is proposed for future studies on relationship between exposure to the natural environment and well-being. We hope that the proposed framework will be empirically tested in future studies.

The Conceptual Framework for The Examination of a Successful Digital Entrepreneurship in 21st Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 263-278
Author(s):  
Bilal Ahmad Ali Al-khateeb
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
Western World ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
Digital Entrepreneurship

There is still lack of a clear conceptual framework to examine a successful digital entrepreneurship within the developing and emerging contexts despite calls by previous scholars. Also, recent studies shown that majority of the digital enterprises studies available today are mostly from the Western world. Thus, there are only few studies on digital enterprises studies emanating from the developing and emerging countries in the Middle-East and Africa continents. Based on the evidence from the literature, this paper provides an overview of digital entrepreneurship, identifies key variables that determine a successful digital entrepreneurship and then provides a conceptual model to guide the understanding of a successful digital entrepreneurship development within the context of developing and emerging economies. The paper offered some implications for digital entrepreneurs, policy makers and some other people in the business of digital entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia.

scholarly journals Ecosystem functioning from a geomicrobiological perspective – a conceptual framework for biogeochemical iron cycling

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Schmidt ◽  
Sebastian Behrens ◽  
Andreas Kappler
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Iron Cycling ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Microbial Ecosystems ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
Flow Directions ◽  
Iron Redox

Environmental context.Microbial ecosystems are characterised by the interplay of various microorganisms with their biotic and abiotic environment. Biogeochemical niches host adapted microbial communities that are in constant competition for substrates and nutrients. Their natural distribution, interactions and responses to fluctuating environmental conditions are often impossible to simulate in laboratory studies. Using biogeochemical iron redox cycling as an example, we suggest the application of a conceptual framework to improve our understanding of the principal functioning of (geo)microbial ecosystems. Abstract.Our knowledge on how microbial ecosystems function profits from the support of biogeochemical concepts which describe the cycling of elements through various geochemical gradients. Using the example of the iron cycle in freshwater sediments, we propose a theoretical framework that describes the dynamic interactions between chemical and microbial FeII oxidation and FeIII reduction, their spatial location and how they are affected by changing environmental conditions. This contribution emphasises the complexity ecological research faces when dealing with heterogeneous and dynamic natural systems. Our concept aims to provide further insights into how flows of energy and matter are controlled during microbial and chemical Fe redox transformations and how various key variables, such as substrate availability and competition as well as thermodynamic and kinetic parameters, affect flow directions.

Intercultural service encounters: a systematic review and a conceptual framework on trust development

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Demetris Vrontis ◽  
Erasmia Leonidou ◽  
Michael Christofi ◽  
Ruediger Kaufmann Hans ◽  
Philip J. Kitchen
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Service Encounters ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Trust Development ◽  
Intercultural Communication Competence ◽  
Methodological Rigor ◽  
Key Variables

PurposeA significant body of research has now been accumulated in the intercultural service encounter (ICSE) literature. However, no study to date has provided scholars and practitioners with a systematic review to map and better understand the ICSE domain.Design/methodology/approachTo fill this gap, the authors systematically review and critically examine the state of academic research on ICSE.FindingsBased on a systematic review of 31 journal articles published over the last two decades, the results illustrate that ICSE research is a vibrant and rapidly growing stream of the broader international business domain, and it is topically and methodologically diverse. This review also identifies significant knowledge gaps related to the adoption of different theoretical orientations by researchers examining ICSE at different levels of analysis, a lack of contextual positioning, as well as poor methodological rigor.Originality/valueBased on the findings, the authors introduce a multilevel and multidisciplinary conceptual framework that integrates the concepts of emotional intelligence (EI) and intercultural communication competence (ICC) as the key variables that explain trust development during the interaction between two key culturally different stakeholders: service providers (employees) and service receivers (customers). Finally, the authors discuss the contributions and implications for both academics and practitioners.

The Fragility of Alliance Diplomacy

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Paul Poast
Keyword(s):  
Military Force ◽  
Military Alliances ◽  
Military Action ◽  
Treaty Negotiations ◽  
Meaning And Purpose ◽  
Defensive Action ◽  
The Military ◽  
Do So

This introductory chapter provides an overview of alliance treaties. Alliance treaties are documents calling on the signatories to cooperate in responding with active military force to a non-signatory's aggression. The documents are written and signed by official representatives of states, and the signatory states become allies. The military action specified in the document can be either offensive or defensive. Defensive action entails protecting another signatory under attack, while offensive action entails protecting a non-signatory by attacking its aggressor. Reflecting the variety of documents that can constitute an alliance treaty, a negotiation can be a simple conversation between diplomats or a series of formal meetings involving officials from numerous countries. A negotiation concludes in either agreement, meaning it produces an alliance treaty signed by all the participants, or nonagreement, meaning the talks end without a signed alliance treaty and the participants have no plans to continue the talks. This book assesses why alliance treaty negotiations end in agreement or nonagreement. Since states have attempted but failed to negotiate alliance treaties, there is a need to explore the process that distinguishes groups of states that form alliances from groups of states that attempt to do so but fail. Only then can one truly understand the meaning and purpose of military alliances.

Sustainable development of rural areas: strategy and conceptual framework (Ukrainian case)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2325
Author(s):  
Andrii Sava ◽  
Oksana Dudziak ◽  
Oleksiy Krasnorutskyy ◽  
Olena Moskvichova ◽  
Liliia Rarok
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Specific System ◽  
Econometric Modelling ◽  
Economic Mechanism ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
Current State ◽  
Three Components

The algorithm for determining the priority of solving problems of rural development on the example of the whole of Ukraine, taking into account the economic, social and environmental components are investigated in this article. Calculations based on econometric modelling of the current state of functioning of rural areas were the methodological basis for the study of this work. A specific system of evaluation of selected indicators was used as a tool for analysis. The results helped to establish a certain typology of rural areas according to the level of their development and to group the solution of their development problems into three components: economic, social and environmental. Elements of the organizational and economic mechanism for regulating the development of rural areas have been developed based on these results, which provides for measures in the areas of software, regulatory and legal support.

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