scholarly journals Irony and heroism

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maksim Prikhodko
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Specific Aspect ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sacred Text ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Literary Device ◽  
Rhetorical Discourse ◽  
Historical Life

In the article we investigate the Christian – pagan polemic of Origen's treatise “Contra Celsum” in fragment 7.53-58, where the problem of the correlation of irony and heroism reveals the contrast between false and true deeds, for which divine honours are given. The irony that Celsus uses to attack Christians serves as a kind of “divide” that marks a contrast between pagan ideas about heroism, as a principle of deification of people, and the principles on which, from Celsus’ point of view of, Christians consider Jesus to be God. A special subject of the article is Celsus’ reflection on the ironic motive of the Book of Jonah, the story of the gourd (Jonah 4, 5-11), and the salvation of the prophet Daniel from the lion's den (Dan. 6, 16-23). Origen’s response to Celsus’ speech shows a certain similarity to the text of a pagan author in structural, stylistic and lexical aspects. Such factor reveals a rhetorical content of the response of Origen. In the field of rhetorica, Origen uses irony against his opponent: pagan heroes and philosophers now appear funny or not serious enough, whereas the Old Testament prophets are revealed as genuinely great and as a source of miracles. In light of this, Origen’s response to Celsus replaces Celsus’ ironic allusion to the gourd story from the fourth chapter of the Book of Jonah with the first verse of the second chapter, which opens the episode of Jonah’s stay in the belly of the whale. An analysis of this substitution, based on the hermeneutic principles of Origen, shows the role of Biblical irony as a specific aspect of the spiritual meaning of the sacred text. It is hypothesized that the essence of this specificity is the creation of a contrast that sets any feat of any person in the light of the historical life of Jesus Christ, who completely and exceptionally realized God's providence. This reveals a pattern or principle of going beyond the limits of human virtue to the sphere of divine being. To compare any feats with the earthly life and the death of the Saviour renders the opposition of ironic and heroic no longer a contrast between false and true: any heroism, even the exploits of the Old Testament prophets, becomes ironic / ridiculous. Thus Origen’s Christian irony is not only an instrument of rhetorical discourse, but a philosophical and literary device that allows transcending, or elevating to an unattainable level, the heroism of the life and death of the Saviour.

scholarly journals SEMANTIC NEGOTIATION AND RELIGIOUS TRANSLATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (08) ◽  
pp. 59-71
Author(s):  
Hayat NAJI
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Normal Reader ◽  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Sacred Text ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
Target Culture

The translation of religious texts has always been a perilous undertaking, especially when it concerns a sacred text. Indeed, seeing translation as an act of communication requires a knowledge of the communicative parameters that constitute it. The translator-speaker, who plays the role of intermediary, must create an interaction at the level of meaning and its semantic components. From this emerges the role of the addressee as the main protagonist and the only interpretative force of the message. Thus, the process of negotiation manages the translating activity, since the transfer of a message is not only reduced to a process of reformulation of the source text in another language, but, largely exceeds this compartmentalization. We will first discuss the challenges and stakes of the translation of religious texts, which we have chosen to illustrate with examples that make this aspect clear. Then, we will insist on the question of the translation as a semantic negotiation, considering that there is a confrontation between transmitter and receiver from the point of view of knowledge, historical and linguistic references. Indeed, this facet of the pyramid where the cultural dimension of translation and interpretation is played out remains unknown and implicit. It is quite easy to reveal what is related to the cultural, social and historical reality of a particular receiver. But that is not enough to communicate, it is also necessary to question the cultural references of this one, the representations conveyed by the language. Indeed, we have chosen to present examples of the Holy Qur'an translated by translators of different religions, and given that some translations have deviated from the noble mission of translation, in this case, the faithful transmission of the meaning, without any objectivity whatsoever, especially when it is a sacred text whose inimitability is not to be proven or tested. Thus, the difficulty in our choice stems, on the one hand, from the sacred character of the chosen writing, and on the other hand, from the nature of research in this field which is condemned to remain always relative. Since several elements control the translation of the sacred text, namely, the language, the tradition and the personal factors of the translator. Finally, the field of religious translation requires a great deal of precision and neutrality, and a constant rethinking of the fact that the slightest subjective or cultural interpretation could call into question our research work. Thus, when it comes to cultural transfer, the translator's task is to take into consideration the knowledge that already exists in the target culture about the source culture. Indeed, it is necessary to know how to relate the knowledge concerning the target culture to the knowledge via the source culture. The translator is the first receiver who receives and interprets the message; he will therefore try to understand the source culture with his own knowledge and value judgments. The translator is indeed a mediator because he assumes two roles, that of receiver and reader of the source message, however, the translator having a task of reader which must be different from that of the normal reader, since he must undoubtedly appropriate the competence of mediator in communication which crosses with the function of transmitter of the translated message. Moreover, this same message undergoes a second transfer; the target reader receives it and interprets it in turn according to his own ideological and cultural schemes. Thus, the process of the translated text is not limited to a single phase, but, it enchains back and forth during which the text acquires the imprint of the translator who makes the transfer. Without forgetting to negotiate the meaning by respecting all the circumstances of the original text. So, to what extent can this semantic negotiation communicate the said and the unsaid of the text? .

scholarly journals Peculiarities of Past Tense Grammatical Expression in Short Prosaic Forms of the Serbian Literary Discourse of the 20th–21st centuries

2019 ◽  
pp. 58-73
Author(s):  
Veronika Yarmak
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Literary Discourse ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Literary Device ◽  
Communicative Strategy ◽  
Language Context ◽  
Illustrative Material

The article deals with semantic and emotional load of Serbian verb's analytical and synthetic forms as explicit means of past tense expression in stylized epistolary fragments of short prose forms of Serbian classical literary discourse of different epochs. The author consistently considers stylized epistolary passages from tales by eminent Serbian writers: L. Lazarević, Y. Vselinović, І. Sekulić, М. Кapora, noting the key role of perfects, aorists, imperfects, pluperfects in chronotopes of short stories with a relatively clear configuration (when a retrospection of linear event sequence is present) and rather vague boundaries (in cases when letters are peculiar to time dialogue between writer and reader). Particular attention is paid to investigation of functions of preterit verb forms in stylized letters drawn towards reporting people about actual events. The author's attention is also focused on the mechanisms of creating the so-called intimization effect and the role of various Serbian past tense verb forms in this process. The letters as a literary device and an integral part of the author's communicative strategy are examined not only in the context of merely grammatical parameters of temporal strata but also from the point of view of deictic and narrative use of past tense grammemes. Serbian epistolary literary discourse provides rich illustrative material for specifying the issue of deictic and narrative parameters' relevance in respect of usage of tense forms or grammemes selected for analysis. The research proves that correlation of the mentioned parameters in Serbian language context is highly interesting, however, rather complicated and controversial. The comparison of Serbian and French literary texts shows that the temporal picture of the latter is almost diametrically opposite, meaning full functionality of aorist and imperfect and limited use of analytical perfect, which is used in the reproduction of direct speech, mainly in dialogues.

scholarly journals On the sacral meaning of the musical instrument and the role of prophet David in the scene of the Death of the Rigtheous man. A contribution to the study of the visual representations of musical instruments in the east-Christian sacral art

Muzikologija ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 277-302
Author(s):  
Andjela Gavrilovic
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Visual Representations ◽  
Musical Instrument ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
King David ◽  
Byzantine Art ◽  
Christian Art ◽  
Sacred History

The Old Testament prophet David was known in sacred history as the King of Jews, as a prophet, the compiler of the Psalter, but also as a musician. Therefore, he is usually depicted with certain musical instruments in his hands in Eastern Christian art that illustrates sacred history or the biblical narrative. Although the representations of musical instruments in the art of the lands under the Byzantine cultural and spiritual influence have been minutely analysed, the existing art still provides opportunities for further research. Until present day most attention was given to the organographic analysis of the musical instruments (M. Velimirovic, D. Devic, R. Pejovic), while their meaning and the role in the scenes have remained insufficiently addressed. The scene analysed in this paper allows for both types of analysis. What is interesting from the iconographic and organographic point of view is the fact that the musical instruments with which Emperor David is portrayed in the scenes of the Death of the Righteous man are different. On this occasion, we will look at scenes of the Death of the Righteous man in the time span from the thirteenth to the seventeenth centuries in Byzantine art, as well as Serbian, Russian and Romanian ecclesiastical art after 1453 from the aspect of iconography. Special attention will be paid to the justification of the reasons for the appearance of certain instruments in the hands of King David, as well as their meanings.

scholarly journals The Story about the Vision of Cyril Belozersky in the North Russian Lives of the Monasteries’ Founders: The Lives of Cyril Belozersky and Alexander Svirsky

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-22
Author(s):  
T. I. Kovaleva
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Main Achievement ◽  
Holy Trinity ◽  
Spiritual Path ◽  
One Stage ◽  
The North ◽  
Literary Device ◽  
Title Character

The story about the vision of Cyril Belozersky is the first description of the Virgin’s appearance, indicating the place of the monastery’s foundation, in Russian hagiography. The text of this story is read in the North Russian Lives of the monasteries’ founders: Therapont Belozersky’s, Alexander Svirsky’s, Ephraim of Perekom’s, Cyril Novoezersky’s, Philip of Irap’s. From our point of view, there is a process of mastering by hagiographers the episode of the vision from the Life of Cyril Belozersky as a literary device for constructing the situation of the ascetic’s religious retreat in the listed monuments. In them the story of the vision is introduced by the authors in the narrative when the title character for some reason cannot make religious retreat, and this vision helps him to achieve what he wants. There is a similar plot schemes in these Lives, but the borrowed episode is used differently by their authors. They use it in accordance with the characteristics of the ascetic’s holiness. From this point of view, we have already examined the using of the plot fragment from the Life of Cyril Belozersky in the Life of Therapont Belozersky. The author of Therapont’s Life introduces Cyril and almost literally replicates description of the saint’s religious retreat from his Life without making Therapont the visionary. The story about the vision of Cyril Belozersky in the Life of Alexander Svirsky is used otherwise. In this article the analysis episodes of Cyril and Alexander’s religious retreat reveals the role of a similar story in the concept of two different Lives. In the Cyril’s biography, the observed vision marks the stage of the ascetic’s transition to the foundation of the monastery. This is the main achievement of Cyril. In the Life of Alexander, a similar story marks only one stage of the ascetic’s spiritual path. Alexander, like Cyril, became the founder of the monastery. But above all, he is known as the visionary of the Holy Trinity. This vision is the most significant in the concept of his Life. The most important stories of the visions in the Cyril and Alexander’s Lives had influenced the iconography of the saints becoming the basis for popular iconographic versions of compositions “The Apparition of the Virgin to Cyril Belozersky” and “The Apparition of the Holy Trinity to Alexander Svirsky”.

Elucidation of block boundaries as the dissolution channels in hydrated cement

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 484-485
Author(s):  
N.V. Belov ◽  
U.I. Papiashwili ◽  
B.E. Yudovich
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Benzoyl Peroxide ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Hardened Cement ◽  
Hydrated Cement ◽  
Hardened Cement Paste

It has been almost universally adopted that dissolution of solids proceeds with development of uniform, continuous frontiers of reaction.However this point of view is doubtful / 1 /. E.g. we have proved the active role of the block (grain) boundaries in the main phases of cement, these boundaries being the areas of hydrate phases' nucleation / 2 /. It has brought to the supposition that the dissolution frontier of cement particles in water is discrete. It seems also probable that the dissolution proceeds through the channels, which serve both for the liquid phase movement and for the drainage of the incongruant solution products. These channels can be appeared along the block boundaries.In order to demonsrate it, we have offered the method of phase-contrast impregnation of the hardened cement paste with the solution of methyl metacrylahe and benzoyl peroxide. The viscosity of this solution is equal to that of water.

On everyday academic research

2017 ◽  
pp. 98-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Tirole
Keyword(s):  
Common Good ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Research Quality ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
The Common ◽  
Verification Of Models ◽  
Science And Research

In the fourth chapter of the book “The economy of the common good”, the nature of economics as a science and research practices in their theoretical and empirical aspects are discussed. The author considers the processes of modeling, empirical verification of models and evaluation of research quality. In addition, the features of economic cognition and the role of mathematics in economic research are analyzed, including the example of relevant research in game theory and information theory.

Whatever Happened to the Cambridge Capital Theory Controversies? (With comments by L. Pasinetti, F. Fisher, J. Felipe and J. McCombie, R. Greenfield and reply by the authors)

2009 ◽  
pp. 4-27
Author(s):  
A. Cohen ◽  
G. Harcourt
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Capital Theory

The article written by the well-known theorists and historians of economic thought contains a detailed overview of the Cambridge capital controversy, which had raged from the mid-1950-s through the mid-1970-s. The authors track the origins of the controversy and cover arguments of both sides in chronological order. From their point of view, the discussion hasnt been resolved, and its main underlying aspects were ideological beliefs and fundamental methodological controversies on the nature of equilibrium and on the role of time in economic theory. The article is published with comments written by other leading theoreticians.

УКРАЇНОЗНАВЧИЙ ОСВІТНІЙ ЧИННИК В УМОВАХ СУЧАСНОЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МАСОВОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ

2019 ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Н. В. Фрадкіна
Keyword(s):  
Mass Culture ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Character Trait ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
The Individual

The purpose and tasks of the work are to analyze the contemporary Ukrainian mass culture in terms of its value and humanistic components, as well as the importance of cultural studies and Ukrainian studies in educational disciplines for the formation of a holistic worldview of modern youth.Analysis of research and publications. Scientists repeatedly turned to the problems of the role of spirituality in the formation of society and its culture. This problem is highlighted in the publications by O. Losev, V. Lytvyn, D. Likhachev, S. Avierintsev, M. Zakovych, I. Stepanenko and E. Kostyshyn.Experts see the main negative impact of mass culture on the quality approach, which determines mass culture through the market, because mass culture, from our point of view, is everything that is sold and used in mass demand.One of the most interesting studies on this issue was the work by the representatives of Frankfurt School M. Horkheimer and T. Adorno «Dialectics of Enlightenment» (1947), devoted to a detailed analysis of mass culture. Propaganda at all socio-cultural levels in the form is similar in both totalitarian and democratic countries. It is connected, according to the authors, with the direction of European enlightenment. The tendency to unify people is a manifestation of the influence of mass culture, from cinema to pop. Mass culture is a phenomenon whose existence is associated with commerce (accumulation in any form – this is the main feature of education), in general, the fact that it exists in this form is related to the direction of the history of civilization.Modern mass culture, with its externally attractive and easily assimilated ideas and symbols, appealing to the trends of modern fashion, becomes a standard of prestigious consumption, does not require intense reflection, allows you to relax, distract, not teach, but entertains, preaches hedonism as the main spiritual value. And as a consequence, there are socio-cultural risks: an active rejection of other people, which leads to the formation of indifference; cruelty as a character trait; increase of violent and mercenary crime; increase in the number of alcohol and drug addicts; anti-patriotism; indifference to the values of the family and as a result of social orphanhood and prostitution.Conclusions, perspectives of research. Thus, we can conclude that modern Ukrainian education is predominantly formed by the values of mass culture. Namely, according to the «Dialectic» by Horkheimer and Adorno, «semi-enlightenment becomes an objective spirit» of our modern society.It is concluded that only high-quality education can create the opposite of the onset of mass culture and the destruction of spirituality in our society. It is proved that only by realizing the importance of cultivating disciplines in the educational process and the spiritual upbringing of the nation, through educational reforms, humanitarian knowledge will gradually return to student audiences.Formation of youth occurs under the influence of social environment, culture, education and self-education. The optimal combination of these factors determines both the process of socialization itself and how successful it will be. In this context, one can see the leading role of education and upbringing. It turns out that the main task of modern education is to spread its influence on the development of spiritual culture of the individual, which eventually becomes a solid foundation for the formation of the individual. Such a subject requires both philosophical and humanitarian approaches in further integrated interdisciplinary research, since the availability of such research will provide the theoretical foundation for truly modern educational and personal development.

The role of graining in ensuring food security

2020 ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
R. M. Gambarova
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
The Government ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Grain Farms

Relevance. Grain is the key to strategic products to ensure food security. From this point of view, the creation of large grain farms is a matter for the country's selfsufficiency and it leading to a decrease in financial expense for import. Creation of such farms creates an abundance of productivity from the area and leads to obtaining increased reproductive seeds. The main policy of the government is to minimize dependency from import, create abundance of food and create favorable conditions for export potential.The purpose of the study: the development of grain production in order to ensure food security of the country and strengthen government support for this industry.Methods: comparative analysis, systems approach.Results. As shown in the research, if we pay attention to the activities of private entrepreneurship in the country, we can see result of the implementation of agrarian reforms after which various types of farms have been created in republic.The role of privateentrepreneurshipinthedevelopmentofproduction is great. Тhe article outlines the sowing area, production, productivity, import, export of grain and the level of selfsufficiency in this country from 2015 till 2017.

Tauchnitz for Translators. The Circulation of English-language Literature in Finland

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 161-179
Author(s):  
Outi Paloposki
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
English Language ◽  
Book History ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Book Production ◽  
German Publisher ◽  
Language Literature ◽  
Selection Of

The article looks at book production and circulation from the point of view of translators, who, as purchasers and readers of foreign-language books, are an important mediating force in the selection of literature for translation. Taking the German publisher Tauchnitz's series ‘Collection of British Authors’ and its circulation in Finland in the nineteenth and early twentieth century as a case in point, the article argues that the increased availability of English-language books facilitated the acquiring and honing of translators' language skills and gradually diminished the need for indirect translating. Book history and translation studies meet here in an examination of the role of the Collection in Finnish translators' work.

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