A large-scale survey on finger counting routines, their temporal stability and flexibility in educated adults

A strong link between bodily activity and number processing has been established in recent years. Although numerous observations indicate that adults use finger counting (FC) in various contexts of everyday life for different purposes, existing knowledge of FC routines and their use is still limited. In particular, it remains unknown how stable the (default) FC habits are over time and how flexible they can be. To investigate these questions, 380 Polish participants completed a questionnaire on their FC routines, the stability of these routines, and the context of FC usage, preceded by the request to count on their fingers from 1 to 10. Next, the test–retest stability of FC habits was examined in 84 participants 2 months following the first session. To the best of our knowledge, such a study design has been adopted for the first time. The results indicate that default FC routines of the majority of participants (75%) are relatively stable over time. At the same time, FC routines can flexibly adapt according to the situation (e.g., when holding an object). As regards prevalence, almost all participants, in line with previous findings on Western individuals, declared starting from the closed palm and extending consecutive fingers. Furthermore, we observed relations between FC preferences and handedness (more left-handers start from the left hand) and that actual finger use is still widespread in healthy adults for a variety of activities (the most prevalent uses of FC are listing elements, presenting arguments and plans, and calendar calculations). In sum, the results show the practical relevance of FC in adulthood, the relative stability of preferences over time along with flexible adaptation to a current situation, as well as an association of FC routines with handedness. Taken together our results suggest that FC is the phenomenon, which is moderated or mediated by multiple embodied factors.

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Purdue Pegboard: Test-Retest Estimates

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1988.66.2.503 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 503-506 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

John R. Reddon ◽

David M. Gill ◽

Stephen E. Gauk ◽

Marita D. Maerz

Keyword(s):

Temporal Stability ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Left Hand ◽

Right Hand ◽

The Right ◽

Test Retest Reliability ◽

Right And Left Hand ◽

Over Time

26 normal, self-reported dextral subjects (12 men, 14 women) were assessed with a Purdue Pegboard 5 times at weekly intervals to evaluate temporal stability and efficacy of lateralization with this test. There was a statistically significant increase in performance over time for men on the right- and left-hand placing subtests and for women on the assemblies subtest. For men/women the test-retest reliability over the 5 sessions averaged .63/.76 for the right-hand, .64/.79 for the left-hand, .67/.81 for both-hands, .81/.83 for assemblies, and .33/.22 for the right/left-hand ratio.

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An Analysis of the Generalizability and Stability of the Halo Effect During the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.631871 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Giulio Gabrieli ◽

Albert Lee ◽

Peipei Setoh ◽

Gianluca Esposito

Keyword(s):

Large Body ◽

Halo Effect ◽

Global Evaluation ◽

Aesthetic Perception ◽

Aesthetic Appearance ◽

The Aesthetic ◽

The Stability ◽

Almost All ◽

The Relationship ◽

Over Time

The influence on the global evaluation of a person based on the perception of a single trait is a phenomenon widely investigated in social psychology. Widely regarded as Halo effect, this phenomenon has been studied for more than 100 years now, and findings such as the relationship between aesthetic perception and other personality traits—such as competence and trustworthiness—have since been uncovered. Trustworthiness plays an especially crucial role in individuals' social interactions. Despite the large body of literature published on the Halo effect, and especially on the relationship between aesthetic appearance and perceived trustworthiness, little is known about the overall generalizability of the effect, as almost all of the studies have been conducted on adult participants from Western countries. Moreover, little is known about the stability of the effect over time, in the event of major destabilization, such as the outbreak of a pandemic. In this work, the cross-cultural generalizability of the Halo effect is investigated before and during the first few months of the COVID-19 pandemic. An analysis of the generalizability and stability over time of the Halo effect is presented. Participants (N = 380, N = 145 Asians, N = 235 Caucasians) have been asked to rate the aesthetic appearance and perceived trustworthiness of a set of human faces of different ages, gender, and ethnicity. Result of our analysis demonstrated that the Halo effect (Aesthetic × trustworthiness) is influenced by the age of presented faces, but not by their gender or ethnicity. Moreover, our results show that the strength of the effect can be affected by external events and that the volatility is higher for adults' than children's faces.

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No fingers, no SNARC? Spatial-Numerical Associations and temporal stability of finger counting

10.31234/osf.io/23mya ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Krzysztof Cipora ◽

Kinga Woloszyn ◽

Mateusz Hohol

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Temporal Stability ◽

Snarc Effect ◽

Large Magnitude ◽

Finger Counting ◽

Weak Evidence ◽

Left And Right ◽

The Difference ◽

The Relationship ◽

Over Time

The Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC) effect (i.e., faster left/right side responses to small/large magnitude numbers, respectively) is considered as strong evidence for the link between numbers and space. The studies have shown considerable variation in this effect. Among the factors determining individual differences in the SNARC effect is the hand an individual uses to start the finger counting sequence. Left-starters show a stronger and less variable SNARC effect than right-starters. This observation has been used as an argument for the embodied nature of the SNARC effect. For this to be the case, one must assume that the finger counting sequence (especially the starting hand) is stable over time. Subsequent studies challenged the view that the SNARC differs depending on the finger counting starting hand. At the same time, it has been pointed out that the temporal stability of finger counting starting hand should not be taken for granted. Thus, in this preregistered study, we aimed to replicate the difference in the SNARC between left- and right-starters and explore the relationship between the temporal stability of finger counting starting hand and the SNARC effect. We expected that higher stability should be associated with a stronger SNARC effect. Results of the preregistered analysis did not show the difference between left- and right-starters. However, further exploratory analysis provided weak evidence that this might be the case. Lastly, we found no evidence for the relationship between finger counting starting hand stability and the SNARC effect. Overall, these results challenge the view on the embodied nature of the SNARC effect.

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Stability of the high on-treatment platelet reactivity phenotype over time in clopidogrel-treated patients

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1160/th10-07-0440 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 105 (01) ◽

pp. 107-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Juliane Jaitner ◽

Julia Stegherr ◽

Tanja Morath ◽

Siegmund Braun ◽

Isabell Bernlochner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Platelet Function ◽

Large Scale ◽

Light Transmission ◽

Platelet Reactivity ◽

Adenosine Diphosphate ◽

Antiplatelet Treatment ◽

Chi Square ◽

Multiple Electrode Aggregometry ◽

The Stability ◽

Over Time

SummaryInterindividual response variability to clopidogrel treatment is a well established phenomenon. In recent studies and ongoing large-scale trials where patients with high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HPR) to clopidogrel are being randomised to an intensified antiplatelet treatment, confirmation of the HPR phenotype is based on one single platelet function assessment. The stability of the HPR phenotype over time has never been investigated but should be considered crucial for justification of intensified antiplatelet treatment regimens beyond clinical trials. The goal of this study was to test for the stability of the HPR phenotype over time in clopidogrel-treated patients. Patients (n=31) under chronic clopidogrel treatment (75 mg/day) were investigated by serial adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation assessment with multiple electrode aggregometry (MEA) on a Multiplate analyser and light transmission aggregometry (LTA) at three different time points (once per week) during monitored antiplatelet treatment. On the basis of a cut-off level approach (468 AU*min for MEA, 53% for LTA) patients were classified into patients with (n=27) or without (n=4) HPR. For MEA, the phenotype was stable in 93.5% (n=29) of patients whereas 6.5% (n=2) crossed the cut-off level. For LTA, the phenotype was stable in 68% (n=21) of patients whereas 32% (n=10) patients crossed the cut-off level (chi-square P=0.01 for comparison of pheno-type stability between both assays). In conclusion, the HPR phenotype is stable over time in the majority of clopidogrel-treated patients. Comparative assessment of phenotype stability across available platelet function assays warrants further investigation.

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Age differences in the temporal stability of a male African elephant (Loxodonta africana) social network

Behavioral Ecology ◽

10.1093/beheco/arz152 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Derek Murphy ◽

Hannah S Mumby ◽

Michelle D Henley

Keyword(s):

Social Network ◽

Social Relationships ◽

Temporal Dynamics ◽

Temporal Stability ◽

Network Centrality ◽

Older Individuals ◽

Local Conditions ◽

The Stability ◽

Older Males ◽

Over Time

Abstract Social animals live in complex and variable socio-ecological environments where individuals adapt their behavior to local conditions. Recently, there have been calls for studies of animal social networks to take account of temporal dynamics in social relationships as these have implications for the spread of information and disease, group cohesion, and the drivers of sociality, and there is evidence that maintaining stable social relationships has fitness benefits. It has recently been recognized that male elephants form strong social bonds with other males. The nature of these relationships, and thus network structure, may vary over time in response to varying environmental conditions and as individuals age. Using social network analysis, we examine the stability of relationships and network centrality in a population of male African elephants. Our results suggest that males may maintain stable social relationships with others over time. Older males show greater stability in network centrality than younger males, suggesting younger males face uncertainty in transitioning to adult society. For elephants, where older individuals function as social repositories of knowledge, maintaining a social network underpinned by older males could be of particular importance.

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Development of left/right handedness in the chick heart

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.115.4.1071 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 115 (4) ◽

pp. 1071-1078 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

C. Hoyle ◽

N.A. Brown ◽

L. Wolpert

Keyword(s):

Chick Embryos ◽

Heart Tube ◽

Left Hand ◽

Right Hand ◽

Precardiac Mesoderm ◽

Heart Looping ◽

Chick Heart ◽

The Stability ◽

The Right ◽

Almost All

The chick heart tube develops from the fusion of the right and left areas of precardiac mesoderm and in almost all cases loops to the embryo's right-hand side. We have investigated whether any intrinsic difference exists in the right and left areas of precardiac mesoderm, that influences the direction of looping of the heart tube. Chick embryos incubated to stages 4,5 and 6 were cultured by the New method. Areas of precardiac mesoderm were exchanged between donor and host embryos of the same stage and different stages to form control, double-right and double-left sided embryos. Overall, double-right sided embryos formed many more left-hand loops than double-left sided embryos. At stages 4 and 5 a small percentage of double-right embryos formed left-hand loops (13%) whereas at stage 6 almost 50% of hearts had left-hand loops. Control embryos formed right-hand loops in 97% of cases. The stability of right-hand heart looping by double-left sided embryos, may be related to the process of ‘conversion’, whereas the direction of looping by double-right sided embryos has become randomised. There is some indication that an intrinsic change occurred in the precardiac mesoderm between stages 5 and 6 that later influenced the direction of looping of the heart tube. The direction of body turning is suggested to be linked to the direction of heart looping.

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Mineralogical investigations of the first package of the alternative buffer material test – I. Alteration of bentonites

Clay Minerals ◽

10.1180/claymin.2013.048.2.04 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 199-213 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

S. Kaufhold ◽

R. Dohrmann ◽

T. Sandén ◽

P. Sellin ◽

D. Svensson

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Carbon Accumulation ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Material Test ◽

Buffer Material ◽

Set Up ◽

One Year ◽

The Stability ◽

Iron Tube ◽

Almost All

AbstractBentonite, which is envisaged as a promising engineered barrier material for the safe disposal of highly radioactive waste, was and is investigated in different large scale tests. The main focus was and is on the stability (or durability) of the bentonite. However, most countries concentrated on one or a few different bentonites only, regardless of the fact that bentonite performance in different applications is highly variable. Therefore, SKB (Svensk Kärnbränslehantering) set up the first large scale test which aimed at a direct comparison of different bentonites. This test was termed the ‘alternative buffer material test’ and considers eleven different clays which were either compacted (blocks) or put into cages to keep the material together. One so-called package consisted of thirty different blocks placed on top of each other. These blocks surrounded a heated iron tube 10 cm in diameter. Altogether three packages were installed in the underground test laboratory Äspö, Sweden. The first package was terminated 28 months after installation and the bentonite had been exposed for the maximum temperature (130°C) for about one year.Almost all geochemical and mineralogical alterations of the different bentonites (apart from exchangeable cations) were restricted to the contact between iron and bentonite. The increase of the Fe2O3 content was attributed to corrosion of the tube. However, the typical 7 or 14 Å smectite alteration product was not found. At the contact of one sample, siderite was precipitated. Some samples showed anhydrite and organic carbon accumulation and some showed dissolution of clinoptilolite and cristobalite. IR spectroscopy, XRD, and XRF data indicated the formation of trioctahedral minerals/domains in the case of some bentonites. Even more data has to be collected before unambiguous conclusions concerning both alteration mechanisms and bentonite differences can be drawn.

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Temporal stability of primate scent samples

SN Applied Sciences ◽

10.1007/s42452-021-04455-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Alice C. Poirier ◽

John S. Waterhouse ◽

Jacob C. Dunn ◽

Andrew C. Smith

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Temporal Stability ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Headspace Gas ◽

The Stability ◽

Natural Decay ◽

Over Time

AbstractA common recommendation in the field of animal chemosignaling is to store and transport scent samples frozen, since they are likely to change with time and degrade due to bacterial activity inside the sample containers and the loss of the most volatile compounds. However, we still ignore the exact pattern of change or degradation for these types of samples. Here we experimentally tested the stability of primate scent samples during analytical procedures. For this purpose, we used swabs of naturally deposited glandular secretions from captive tamarins (Neotropical primates) analyzed by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We successively extracted the samples by solid-phase microextraction, while controlling for the delay between extractions, and compared the number of compounds detected in the samples under each condition. We found that compounds were lost and transformed over time inside the sample vials. Such natural decay of scent signals is likely to contribute to the long term information transmitted. We found no evidence that long delays at room temperature affected sample chemical composition more than short delays. Nonetheless, we showed that repeated extraction of a sample increased the loss of compounds. The changes in sample chemical composition observed over time in this experiment support standard recommendation to avoid storing samples for long periods at room temperature and to extract each sample only once, in order to ensure optimum results.

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Individuality and temporal stability of the human gut microbiome

Central Asian Journal of Global Health ◽

10.5195/cajgh.2013.120 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

Author(s):

Shinichi Sunagawa ◽

Siegfried Schloissnig ◽

Manimozhiyan Arumugam ◽

Kristoffer Forslund ◽

Makedonka Mitreva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Temporal Stability ◽

16S Rrna Genes ◽

Rrna Genes ◽

Genomic Context ◽

Human Gut ◽

Sequencing Technologies ◽

Long Time ◽

One Year ◽

The Stability

Introduction: The breakthrough of next generation sequencing-technologies has enabled large-scale studies of natural microbial communities and the 16S rRNA genes have been widely used as a phylogenetic marker to study community structure. However, major limitations of this approach are that neither strain-level resolution nor genomic context of microorganisms can be provided. This information, however, is crucial to answer fundamental questions about the temporal stability and distinctiveness of natural microbial communities.Material and methods: We developed a methodological framework for metagenomic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation analysis and applied it to publicly available data from 252 human fecal samples from 207 European and North American individuals. We further analyzed samples from 43 healthy subjects that were sampled at least twice over time intervals of up to one year and measured population similarities of dominant gut species.Results: We detected 10.3 million SNPs in 101 species, which nearly amounts to the number identified in more than 1,000 humans.Conclusion: The most striking result was that host-specific strains appear to be retained over long time periods. This indicates that individual-specific strains are not easily exchanged with the environment and furthermore, that an individuals appear to have a unique metagenomic genotype. This, in turn, is linked to implications for human gut physiology, such as the stability of antibiotic resistance potential.

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EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL WAVE SET-UP AT POROUS PBA REVETMENTS ON A SAND FOUNDATION

Coastal Engineering Proceedings ◽

10.9753/icce.v33.structures.27 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 (33) ◽

pp. 27

Author(s):

Gisa Foyer ◽

Hocine Oumeraci

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Wave Length ◽

Irregular Waves ◽

Scale Model ◽

Large Scale Model ◽

Internal Set ◽

Deep Water Wave ◽

Set Up ◽

The Stability ◽

Almost All

Wave set-up is generally considered for the stability analysis of beaches, but not or not explicitly for the design of revetments. Based on large-scale model results with regular and irregular waves, it is shown in this paper that this is not justified. For this purpose, the wave set-up on a porous bonded revetment and the related internal set-up in the sand foundation below the revetment are analysed for different breaker types. The results particularly show that (i) considerable set-up values are obtained for almost all breaker types, (ii) a good correlation exists with the deep water wave length for both external and internal set-up and (iii) the internal set-up is significantly affected by the wave set-up on the slope. Empirical formulae for the prediction of the external and internal set-up are also proposed for both regular and irregular waves.

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