Pervasiveness and Epidemiological Profile of SARS-CoV-2 Infection among the Population of Majha Region of Punjab,India

Introduction: There are many types of coronaviruses that causes respiratory and intestinal infection in humans. Among these coronaviruses, is a group of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-like bat coronavirus, including both SARS-CoV and SARS-Cov-2 that comprise a unique clade under the subgenus Sarbecovirus. The SARS-CoV-2 strains in India are more closely related to bat-CoVRaTG13 (93% homology) than pangolin CoV (83.5% homology). India reported its first case of Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) on January 30, 2020. Punjab, a state in northwestern India comprises of 22 districts which are classified into three major distinct regions viz. Majha, Malwa and Doaba. Four districts of Majha region of Indian state of Punjab are Amritsar, Tarn Taran, Gurdaspur and Pathankot. Aim: The present study describes the SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology based on samples tested for this virus; received at Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (VRDL), Government Medical College, Amritsar-Punjab, India. Materials and Methods: This epidemiological study was designed taking into consideration three main factors i.e. the gender, the age groups and the factor whether the individual has any symptoms or not. To study their context of applicability and its interpretation, a total of 3,47,418 samples from period of 01st April 2020 to 31st October 2020 were included in this study. Ribonucleic Acid amplification by Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) of SARS-CoV-2 from nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs of all individuals revealed confirmation of 17,920 positive samples. Total 2,29,310 males and 1,18,108 females were tested for the COVID-19 infection. Social science statistics online tool (https://www.socscistatistics.com/tests/) was used for χ2 test to analyse different parameters. Results: Maximum number of COVID-19 positive patients was detected in 21 to 30 years age group (p<0.05). Highest positivity ratio of samples was observed in individuals exceeding the age of 50 years. Number of asymptomatic individuals was found to be quite higher than symptomatic individuals in total population. Overall percent positivity of asymptomatic individuals was 4.81% (p<0.00001), which accounts to 4.71% of total number of tested individuals in this study. Conclusion: COVID-19 is an evolving disease and data from this study elucidates the epidemiological profile of the SARS-CoV-2 infection among population of Majha region of Punjab state of Indian subcontinent.

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The second wave: estimating the hidden asymptomatic prevalence of COVID-19 in Ireland as we plan for imminent immunisation

HRB Open Research ◽

10.12688/hrbopenres.13206.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. 19

Author(s):

Catherine Comiskey ◽

Anne Snel ◽

Prakashini Banka

Keyword(s):

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Age Groups ◽

Mitigation Measures ◽

Current Evidence ◽

First Case ◽

Total Prevalence ◽

Time Period ◽

Back Calculation ◽

Asymptomatic Individuals

Since the first case of COVID-19 in Ireland was recorded policy makers have introduced mitigation measures to control the spread of infection. Infection is spread by both known cases and hidden, undetected asymptomatic cases. Asymptomatic individuals are people who transmit the virus but display no clinical symptoms. Current evidence reveals that this population is a major contributing factor to the spread of the disease. There is little or no knowledge of the scale of the hidden prevalence of all infections both asymptomatic and symptomatic in Ireland. Furthermore, as governments plan for the roll out of imminent immunisation programmes, the need to know the scale of the hidden prevalence and hence knowledge of the level of immunisation required is essential. We describe and analyse the numbers of reported cases of COVID-19 in Ireland from the first case in February 2020 to mid-December 2020. Using the method of back-calculation we provide estimates of the asymptomatic prevalence of cases from June to December 2020. The descriptive analysis highlighted two epidemic waves of known cases in the time period. Wave two from June to December included twice as many cases as wave one and cases were significantly younger. The back-calculation estimates of asymptomatic prevalence during this time period revealed that for every case known there was an additional unknown case and total prevalence in wave two was estimated to be approximately 95,000 as opposed to the reported 48,390 cases. As prevalence in wave two is known to be spreading within and from younger age groups the role of mixing patterns on spread needs to be disseminated to the wider public to adequately inform them how personal modifications in behaviour can contribute to the control of the epidemic. While universally imposed lockdowns and mitigation measures may be essential, personal behavioural mixing choices are powerful protectors.

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Detection of Norovirus in Saliva Samples from Acute Gastroenteritis Cases and Asymptomatic Subjects: Association with Age and Higher Shedding in Stool

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v12121369 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 1369

Author(s):

Eduard Anfruns-Estrada ◽

Aurora Sabrià ◽

Cristina Fuentes ◽

Sara Sabaté ◽

Efrén Razquin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Gastroenteritis ◽

Age Groups ◽

Clinical Information ◽

Virus Shedding ◽

Secretor Status ◽

Asymptomatic Infections ◽

Asymptomatic Individuals ◽

The Individual ◽

Strain Virus ◽

Asymptomatic Subjects

Norovirus infections are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide and across all age groups, with two main genogroups (GI and GII) infecting humans. The aim of our study was to investigate the occurrence of norovirus in saliva samples from individuals involved in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in closed and semiclosed institutions, and its relationship with the virus strain, virus shedding in stool, the occurrence of symptoms, age, and the secretor status of the individual. Epidemiological and clinical information was gathered from norovirus outbreaks occurring in Catalonia, Spain during 2017–2018, and stool and saliva samples were collected from affected and exposed resident individuals and workers. A total of 347 saliva specimens from 25 outbreaks were analyzed. Further, 84% of individuals also provided a paired stool sample. For GII infections, norovirus was detected in 17.9% of saliva samples from symptomatic cases and 5.2% of asymptomatic individuals. Positivity in saliva occurred in both secretors and nonsecretors. None of the individuals infected by norovirus GI was positive for the virus in saliva. Saliva positivity did not correlate with any of the studied symptoms but did correlate with age ≥ 65 years old. Individuals who were positive in saliva showed higher levels of virus shedding in stool. Mean viral load in positive saliva was 3.16 ± 1.08 log10 genome copies/mL, and the predominance of encapsidated genomes was confirmed by propidium monoazide (PMA)xx-viability RTqPCR assay. The detection of norovirus in saliva raises the possibility of oral-to-oral norovirus transmission during the symptomatic phase and, although to a lesser extent, even in cases of asymptomatic infections.

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Study of clinico-epidemiological profile of leprosy patients at tertiary care center

International Journal of Research in Dermatology ◽

10.18203/issn.2455-4529.intjresdermatol20210569 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 207

Author(s):

Ujjwal Kumar ◽

Krishnendra Varma ◽

Kamlapat Baraithiya

Keyword(s):

Care Center ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Age Groups ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Medical College ◽

Leprosy Patients ◽

Male Preponderance ◽

Epidemiological Profile ◽

Subject Material ◽

In The Mists

Background: Leprosy is often mentioned as the oldest disease known to man, the origins of which are lost in the mists of antiquity. In spite of having been declared eliminated in December 2005 from India as a public health problem, India has still 60% of the entire global case load.Methods: A total of 60 Leprosy patients belonged to Ujjain and its adjoining districts, attending the outpatient department of dermatology at R.D Gardi medical college, Ujjain (M.P.). Over a period of 1 year i.e. January 2019 to December 2019 constituted the subject material for study. The data was analysed for clinico-epidemiological characteristic and relevant investigations were done.Results: A total of 60 patients attended the leprosy clinic during the study period. Maximum number of patient belonged to age groups of 21-40 years. Male preponderance with M:F ratio was 3:1. Family history was seen in 3 patients (5.0%). 73.3% patients were from rural area. Borderline tuberculoid (19 patients) was commonest clinical presentation and 2 cases of childhood leprosy were recorded.Conclusions: The present study gives a general picture about the current trends of Leprosy in this particular region and highlights the importance of clinico-epidemiological profile and relevant investigations. This study emphasizes the need of spread of awareness about the disease, facilities for investigation and early diagnosis.

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Impairment Tutorial: Functionally Limiting Upper Extremity Pain: Controversies in Impairment Rating

Guides Newsletter ◽

10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2003.sepoct02 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 4-12

Author(s):

Lorne Direnfeld ◽

James Talmage ◽

Christopher Brigham

Keyword(s):

Upper Extremity ◽

Radicular Pain ◽

Illness Behavior ◽

Orthopedic Surgeon ◽

First Case ◽

Clinical Presentations ◽

Whole Person ◽

Physical Examinations ◽

Upper Extremity Impairment ◽

The Individual

Abstract This article was prompted by the submission of two challenging cases that exemplify the decision processes involved in using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides). In both cases, the physical examinations were normal with no evidence of illness behavior, but, based on their histories and clinical presentations, the patients reported credible symptoms attributable to specific significant injuries. The dilemma for evaluators was whether to adhere to the AMA Guides, as written, or to attempt to rate impairment in these rare cases. In the first case, the evaluating neurologist used alternative approaches to define impairment based on the presence of thoracic outlet syndrome and upper extremity pain, as if there were a nerve injury. An orthopedic surgeon who evaluated the case did not base impairment on pain and used the upper extremity chapters in the AMA Guides. The impairment ratings determined using either the nervous system or upper extremity chapters of the AMA Guides resulted in almost the same rating (9% vs 8% upper extremity impairment), and either value converted to 5% whole person permanent impairment. In the second case, the neurologist evaluated the individual for neuropathic pain (9% WPI), and the orthopedic surgeon rated the patient as Diagnosis-related estimates Cervical Category II for nonverifiable radicular pain (5% to 8% WPI).

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Age related volume of cadaver-prostates in Bangladesh

Ibrahim Medical College Journal ◽

10.3329/imcj.v4i2.6501 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 74-77

Author(s):

Rukshana Ahmed ◽

Shamim Ara

Keyword(s):

Prostate Gland ◽

Age Groups ◽

Clinical Settings ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Medical College ◽

Age Related ◽

Group A ◽

Key Words Prostate ◽

The Mean ◽

Group B

Pathological changes in the prostate gland occur commonly with advancing age including inflammation, atrophy, hyperplasia and carcinoma and a change in volume is also evident. Estimation of volume of prostate may be useful in a variety of clinical settings. A cross-sectional descriptive study was designed to see the changes in volume of the prostate with advancing age and done in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from August 2006 to June 2007. The study was performed on 70 post-mortem human prostates collected from the unclaimed dead bodies that were under examination in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. The samples were divided into three age groups; group A (10-20 years), group B (21-40 years) and group C (41-70 years). Volume of the sample was measured by using the ellipsoid formula. The mean ± SD volume of prostate was 7.68 ± 3.64 cm3 in group A, 10.61 ± 3.99 cm3 in group B and 15.40 ± 6.31 cm3 in group C. Mean difference in volume between group A and group C, group B and group C were statistically significant (p<0.001). Statistically significant positive correlation was found between age and volume of prostate (r = + 0.579, p < 0.001). Key Words: Prostate; volume; Bangladeshi. DOI: 10.3329/imcj.v4i2.6501Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 74-77

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Perfil Epidemiológico de Pacientes Submetidos à Biópsia Gástrica em um Hospital Escola do Sul de Minas Gerais/ Epidemiological Profile of Patients Undergo Gastric Biopsy in a School Hospital of Minas Gerais

REVISTA CIÊNCIAS EM SAÚDE ◽

10.21876/rcsfmit.v4i3.229 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 48-57

Author(s):

Isabela Maria A. Ribeiro Simões ◽

Ana Carolina Mauad Coli ◽

Roseane de Souza Candido Irulegui

Keyword(s):

Helicobacter Pylori ◽

Age Groups ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Minas Gerais ◽

Gastric Biopsy ◽

Gastric Ulcers ◽

Histopathological Diagnosis ◽

Gastric Diseases ◽

H Pylori ◽

Epidemiological Profile

Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de lesões benignas e neoplasia gástrica através do estudo de biópsias realizadas em um Hospital Escola do Sul de Minas Gerais, no período entre 2007 e 2011. Materiais e Métodos: A pesquisa documental foi quantitativa e retrospectiva, baseada na análise dos registros de biópsias e prontuários. Realizou-se o levantamento de dados referentes à idade, gênero, cor, profissão, diagnóstico histopatológico e presença de Helicobacter pylori nas amostras. Resultados: O número total de biópsias gástricas analisadas foi de 1225, cujo perfil populacional encontrado foi: idade média de 56,75 anos, sexo masculino (52%), cor branca (81,9 %), aposentado (30%). Os diagnósticos mais frequentes foram: gastrites (71,9%), pólipos (14,2%), adenocarcinomas (5,9%), úlceras gástricas (6%), linfomas (0,4%), sem alterações (0,4%) e outros (1,2%). Em outros, encontram-se achados de malignidade, metaplasia e xantelasma gástrico. Em relação à presença de Helicobacter pylori nas amostras, o resultado encontrado foi de24% positivas, 46% negativas e 30% não pesquisadas. Conclusão: Os resultados confirmam a alta frequência das doenças gástricas e sua incidência nas diversas faixas etárias, além do envolvimento do H. pylori em tais afecções. É de grande importância a caracterização dos dados epidemiológicos, o que permite prováveis direcionamentos para programas de prevenção e informação para a população. Palavras-chave: biópsia gástrica, gastropatia, perfil epidemiológico. ABSTRACTObjective: To determine the prevalence of benign lesions and gastric cancer through study of biopsies performed at a school hospital in southern Minas Gerais, in the period between 2007 and 2011.Materials and Methods: The research was quantitative and retrospective, based on analysis of biopsies records and medical records. We conducted the survey data regarding age, sex, color, profession, histopathological diagnosis and the presence of Helicobacter pylori in the samples. Results: The total number of gastric biopsies analyzed was 1225. Population listing was found: mean age of 56.75 years, male (52%), white (81.9%), retired (30%). The most frequent diagnoses were gastritis (71.9%), polyps (14.2%), adenocarcinomas (5.9%), gastric ulcers (6%), lymphoma (0.4%), unchanged (0, 4%) and others (1.2%). In others, there are: findings of malignancy, metaplasia, gastric xanthelasma. Regarding the presence of Helicobacter pylori in the sample, the result was: 24% positive, 46% negative, 30% non searched. Conclusion: The results confirm the high frequency of gastric diseases and their incidence in the various age groups additionally to the involvement of H. pylori in such conditions. It is of great importance to characterize the epidemiological data, allowing probable directions for prevention and information programs for population. Keywords: gastric biopsy, gastropathy, epidemiological profile

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Validity of the Gender Dysphoria diagnosis and incidence trends in Sweden: a nationwide register study

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-95421-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Malin Indremo ◽

Richard White ◽

Thomas Frisell ◽

Sven Cnattingius ◽

Alkistis Skalkidou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gender Dysphoria ◽

Age Groups ◽

Medical Intervention ◽

Future Research ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Incidence Trends ◽

Interaction Terms ◽

Definition Of ◽

The Individual ◽

Nationwide Register Study

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the validity of the Gender Dysphoria (GD) diagnoses in the Swedish National Patient Register (NPR), to discuss different register-based definitions of GD and to investigate incidence trends. We collected data on all individuals with registered GD diagnoses between 2001 and 2016 as well as data on the coverage in the NPR. We regarded gender confirming medical intervention (GCMI) as one proxy for a clinically valid diagnosis and calculated the positive predictive value (PPV) for receiving GCMI for increasing number of registered GD diagnoses. We assessed crude and coverage-adjusted time trends of GD during 2004–2015 with a Poisson regression, using assigned sex and age as interaction terms. The PPV for receiving GCMI was 68% for ≥ 1 and 79% for ≥ 4 GD-diagnoses. The incidence of GD was on average 35% higher with the definition of ≥ 1 compared to the definition of ≥ 4 diagnoses. The incidence of GD, defined as ≥ 4 diagnoses increased significantly during the study period and mostly in the age categories 10–17 and 18–30 years, even after adjusting for register coverage. We concluded that the validity of a single ICD code denoting clinical GD in the Swedish NPR can be questioned. For future research, we propose to carefully weight the advantages and disadvantages of different register-based definitions according to the individual study’s needs, the time periods involved and the age-groups under study.

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Age and Spinal Disease Correlate to Albumin and Vitamin D Status

Global Spine Journal ◽

10.1177/2192568220982561 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 219256822098256

Author(s):

Anderson Gomes Marin ◽

Raphael de Rezende Pratali ◽

Samuel Machado Marin ◽

Carlos Fernando Pereira da Silva Herrero

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Nutritional Status ◽

Age Groups ◽

Hypovitaminosis D ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Surgical Approaches ◽

Albumin Concentration ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Epidemiological Profile

Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Objectives: Thus, this study aimed to assess the epidemiological profile of a patient sample that underwent spinal surgery regarding their nutritional and vitamin D status. Methods: Serum albumin and vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D) levels were measured in patients with different spinal surgical approaches and various pathologies at a single institution. 112 patients were retrospectively identified for inclusion and stratified by age into 4 age groups and by pathology. The nutritional status of the patients was classified in vitamin D inadequacy (< 30ng/mL), vitamin D deficiency (<20ng/mL), and hypoalbuminemia (<3.5g/dL). Data was analyzed comparing vitamin D, and albumin means considering gender, age group, and pathologies. Results: Twenty-eight (25.2%) patients had hypoalbuminemia. There was no difference between gender (p = 0.988); there was a significant decrease in albumin concentration increasing the age (p < 0.001). The prevalence of hypoalbuminemia was significantly higher in patients with trauma, tumor and infection than in those patients with degenerative and deformity diseases (p = 0.003). The prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy was 33.7%, and that of deficiency was 62.2%, while severe deficiency (< 10 ng/mL) in 16.3%. The vitamin D concentration was significantly different among the pathologies (P = 0.047), the lower concentration occurring in patients with tumor. Conclusion: Older patients, as well as patients with tumor and infectious pathologies, seem to have a higher prevalence of hypoalbuminemia, inferring malnutrition. There was a low epidemic level of vitamin D concentration, almost all patients presenting some degree of hypovitaminosis D, independent of age, gender and nutritional status.

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Gender Determination by Linear Dimension of Permanent Canine: An Odontometric Analysis

Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Science ◽

10.3126/jmcjms.v2i1.11392 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 23-27

Author(s):

B Sharma ◽

N Balaji ◽

MK Sumathi

Keyword(s):

Sexual Dimorphism ◽

Sex Determination ◽

Linear Dimension ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

Medical College ◽

Type Iv ◽

Racial Background ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Natural Change ◽

The Individual

Background and objectives: Identification, an aspect of forensic anthropology, is the recognition of an individual based on the physical characteristics unique to the individual. Among the four main attributes i.e. gender, age, stature and ethnic or racial background of an individual’s biological identity, sex determination is usually the first step in the human identification process. Teeth can be used as a means of sex determination as teeth are resistant to post-mortem degradation and survive deliberate, accidental or natural change. This study was carried out with an objective to determine the sexual dimorphism of maxillary and mandibular canine by linear tooth diameter for permanent dentition in Moradabad population. Material and Methods: A total number of 40 subjects (20 Males and 20 Females) were included in this study. After obtaining an informed written consent, alginate impression was taken with help of perforated impression trays and study models were prepared with type IV dental stone. Linear (MD, BL, Crown Height) were taken with digital vernier caliper. Results: It was observed that males’ shows more mean linear crown diameter as compared to females. Also, the mesiodistal and buccolingual measurement shows statistically significant difference for all canines, being higher for males than females. Conclusion: The present study has expressed sexual dimorphism of permanent canine using Student’s test and indicate that linear dimension of maxillary canine can be used for sexual diamorphism with accuracy along with other accepted procedure for sex determination. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmcjms.v2i1.11392 Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Sciences (2014) Vol. 2 (1): 23-27

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