MODELING THE ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS AND SUB-ARCTIC SEDIMENTS

1979 ◽  
Vol 1979 (1) ◽  
pp. 621-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greggory Malinky ◽  
David G. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Hydrocarbon ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Saturated Solution ◽  
Transport Pathway ◽  
South Central ◽  
Major Chemical

ABSTRACT The extent of association between labeled hydrocarbons representing the major chemical classes of petroleum, and marine suspended sediments from south-central Alaska has been investigated in a series of laboratory experiments using hydrocarbon concentrations near or below saturated solution. For a saturated solution of either an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon, the concentration of hydrocarbon in parts per million (ppm) associated with sediment is roughly 30 percent of the original aqueous concentration in ppm. Extrapolation of these results to permitted discharge concentrations and dilution rates encountered in south-central Alaska indicates that concentrations of hydrocarbons sorbed to sediments are in the parts per trillion (ppt) to parts per billion (ppb) range. It appears that this process cannot be a major transport pathway for the dispersal of oil under the conditions investigated.

scholarly journals Plastic microbeads from cosmetic products: an experimental study of their hydrodynamic behaviour, vertical transport and resuspension in phytoplankton and sediment aggregates

Elem Sci Anth ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Möhlenkamp ◽  
Autun Purser ◽  
Laurenz Thomsen
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Material ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Benthic Boundary Layer ◽  
Cosmetic Products ◽  
Transport Pathway ◽  
Transport Pathways ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Hydrodynamic Behaviour ◽  
Algal Material

Hydrodynamic behaviour and the transport pathways of microplastics within the ocean environment are not well known, rendering accurate predictive models for dispersal management of such pollutants difficult to establish. In the natural environment, aggregation between plastic microbeads and phytodetritus or suspended sediments in rivers and oceans further complicate the patterns of dispersal. In this laboratory study, the physical characteristics and hydrodynamic behaviour of a selection of common plastic microbeads, as used in exfoliation skincare cosmetic products, were investigated. Additionally, the potential for aggregation of these microbeads with phytodetritus and suspended sediments, as well as the subsequent sinking and resuspension behaviour of produced aggregates, were investigated with roller tanks, settling columns and erosion chamber. Physical characteristics of the plastic microbeads showed great heterogeneity, with various densities, sizes and shapes of plastic material being utilised in products designed for the same purpose. The majority of the plastics investigated were positively buoyant in both freshwater and seawater. Aggregation between plastic microbeads and phytoplankton was observed to be swift, with even extremely high concentrations of plastics being rapidly scavenged by suspended algal material. Following aggregation to sizes of 300 to 4400 μm diameter, some formerly buoyant plastics were observed to settle through the water column and enter the benthic boundary layer with settling velocities ranging between 32 and 831 m day–1. These aggregates could be resuspended in the laboratory under critical shear velocities of 0.67–1.33 cm s–1 (free stream velocities of > 10 cm s–1). This rapid aggregation and subsequent settling indicates a potentially important transport pathway for these waste products, a pathway that should be considered when modelling discharge and transport of plastic microbeads and determining the ecosystems that may be at risk from exposure.

Bioavailability of Crude Oil from Experimentally Oiled Sediments to English Sole (Parophrys vetulus), and Pathological Consequences

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 657-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. B. McCain ◽  
H. O. Hodgins ◽  
W. D. Gronlund ◽  
J. W. Hawkes ◽  
D. W. Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Hydrocarbon ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
English Sole ◽  
Initial Exposure ◽  
Aryl Hydrocarbon ◽  
Parophrys Vetulus

English sole (Parophrys vetulus) were exposed to experimentally oiled (Alaskan North Slope crude oil) sediments over a 4-mo period to assess the bioavailability and tissue hydrocarbon distribution kinetics in flatfish. Data were also obtained on hydrocarbon related physiological changes and tissue pathology. Crude oil was mixed with aromatic hydrocarbon-free sediments to a concentration of 700 μg/g dry weight at the beginning of the experiment. During the 1st mo of the experiment this concentration decreased to 400 μg/g dry weight, and remained relatively stable during the remainder of the 4-mo period. Compositional changes were observed in the alkane and aromatic fractions, with a differential decrease in the substituted naphthalenes. Flatfish maintained in such oiled sediments readily took up alkane and aromatic petroleum hydrocarbons from these sediments, and accumulated these in skin, muscle, and liver; 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene and 1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene were accumulated to greater extent than other aromatics. Tissue hydrocarbons decreased with time, and after 27-d continuous exposure to oiled sediments only the liver contained detectable levels of hydrocarbons. After 2 mo < 2% of the initial aromatic hydrocarbon load could be detected, and only in the liver in flatfish that were continuously maintained on oiled sediments. Depuration of tissue aromatics differed for various aromatics, 1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene and 2-methylnaphthalene being most persistent. Depuration is thought to be due to induction of the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase system during initial exposure to oiled sediments. Concomitant with the high tissue hydrocarbon period were found enhanced weight loss and severe hepatocellular lipid vacuolization (HLV). Although the observations, on growth changes and liver pathology are preliminary, the data indicate the need for further detailed study of fish growth abnormalities and pathology in the presence of petroleum hydrocarbons. Key words: flatfish, crude oil, bioavailability, pathology, aromatic hydrocarbons, bottom sediments, depuration

Intensified Viscosity Reduction of Heavy Oil by Using Reservoir Minerals and Chemical Agents in Aquathermolysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 236-238 ◽  
pp. 839-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiu Yue Chen ◽  
Yong Jian Liu ◽  
Jie Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbon ◽  
Heavy Oil ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Reduction Ratio ◽  
Viscosity Reduction ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Chemical Agents

Through laboratory experiments with samples from Daqing and Liaohe oilfields, the effects of reservoir mineral,NiSO4 and tetrahydronaphthalene (THN) were investigated in the aquathermolysis (AT) of heavy oi1. The results indicate that, in contrast with simple AT, the addition of reservoir minerals leads to lower average molecular weight, higher contents of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon and lower contents of resin and asphalting, and the viscosity reduction ratio of the two oi1 samples increases from 7.41% and 12.95% to 16.05% and 25.29% respectively, which means that reservoir minerals can catalyze the AT of heavy oi1.With the addition of NiSO4 and THN into the reaction system, the average molecular weight of the reaction products decreases further, the contents of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon increase and the contents of resin and asphalting decrease further, the viscosity decreases greatly with a reduction ratio as high as 84.39%.

Determination of Hydrocarbon Uptake and Effects on Mackenzie River Fishes Using Bile Analysis

1987 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 604-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.D. Morgan ◽  
G.A. Vigers ◽  
P.G. Nix ◽  
J.M. Park
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Hydrocarbon ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Hydrocarbon Contamination ◽  
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Biochemical Indicator ◽  
Mackenzie River

Abstract Analysis of bile for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in resident freshwater fishes and experimentally exposed fish in the Mackenzie River indicated that bile analysis provided a more sensitive biochemical indicator of hydrocarbon contamination than analysis of water, sediments or suspended sediments. This paper reports the first estimates of hydrocarbon bioaccumulation in bile from controlled in situ exposures of fish to hydrocarbons, as well as preliminary evidence of effects on fish livers.

Interaction between oil and suspended sediments in class 1-2 rivers

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (1) ◽  
pp. 299120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Perez ◽  
Ping Furlan ◽  
Nagy Hussein ◽  
David Shinn ◽  
Richard Crook
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Class 1

We report on laboratory experiments dealing with the interaction of clay-sized sediments with oil slicks on Class 1–2 rivers. We find that given enough time, clay-sized sediments can sink nearly all surface oil. In addition, the greater the viscosity of the oil, the less the degree of interaction. We present plots for estimating the rate at which sediments attach to and bring down oil slicks – at the maximum rate observed, about 15% of a slick of intermediate fuel oil (IFO) could be sunk in 1 km of rapids with 0.5 m waves; half of a slick could be sunk in about 4500 m of river length.

Effects of Calcium and pH on the Reproductive Success of Amnicola limosa (Gastropoda)

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 1694-1699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margo A. Shaw ◽  
Gerry L. Mackie
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Hatching Success ◽  
South Central ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
The Relationship

Field and laboratory experiments were designed to examine the relationship between water chemistry (especially pH and calcium) and the reproductive success of Amnicola limosa. Fecundity (no. eggs∙female−1) was positively correlated with lake buffering capacity (P = 0.002) in naturally occurring populations. We documented a 66% reduction in fecundity in lakes over a pH range of 7.6–5.8. However, fecundity was higher than expected in a highly-coloured, low-pH lake. The number of juveniles produced per egg was not related to any water chemistry variable (multiple R2 = 0.186). A laboratory experiment demonstrated that pH, and not calcium, was limiting embryonic development. All embryos held at pH 4.5 failed to hatch. Eggs held at pH 5.5 experienced reduced hatching success (P = 0.013) and delayed development (P < 0.001) compared with those held at pH 6.5. Length of newly hatched snails did not differ significantly between treatments (P = 0.891). The critical calcium concentration required for embryonic development in laboratory incubation lay between 0.14 and 1.11 mg∙L−1. This is well below the calcium concentration of acidifying lakes in south-central Ontario.

scholarly journals Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles: Application on the Removal of Petroleum Oil from Contaminated Water and Soils

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Murgueitio ◽  
Luis Cumbal ◽  
Mayra Abril ◽  
Andrés Izquierdo ◽  
Alexis Debut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Iron Nanoparticles ◽  
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Iron Particles ◽  
Reducing Conditions ◽  
Nanoscale Iron Particles ◽  
Petroleum Oil

Iron nanoparticles were produced using the extract of mortiño berry (Vaccinium floribundum) (vZVI) as reducing and stabilizer agent. Fresh nanoparticles were characterized using TEM, XRD, and FTIR techniques, while laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the removal of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) from water and soil after treatment with synthesized nanoscale iron particles. Nanoparticles as produced were spherical in the range of 5–10 nm. After treatment with vZVI nanoparticles, water contaminated with two concentrations of TPHs (9.32 mg/L and 94.20 mg/L) showed removals of 85.94% and 88.34%, respectively, whereas a contaminated soil with a TPHs concentration of 5000 mg/kg treated during 32 h with nanoparticles reached a removal of 81.90%. Results indicate that the addition of vZVI nanoparticles produced strong reducing conditions, which accelerate removal of TPHs and suggest that these nanoparticles might be a promising technology to clean up TPHs contaminated water and soils.

EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL DISPERSANTS AND MINERAL FINES ON PARTITIONING OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN NATURAL SEAWATER

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 (1) ◽  
pp. 633-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Lee ◽  
Zhengkai Li ◽  
Thomas King ◽  
Paul Kepkay ◽  
Michel C Boufadel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Bulk Water ◽  
Natural Seawater ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Aliphatic And Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Mineral Aggregates

ABSTRACT The interaction of chemical dispersants and suspended sediments with crude oil influences the fate and transport of oil spills in coastal waters. Recent wave tank studies have shown that dispersants facilitate the dissipation of oil droplets into the water column and reduces the particle size distribution of oil-mineral aggregates (OMAs). In this work, baffled flasks were used to carry out a controlled laboratory experimental study to define the effects of chemical dispersants and mineral fines on the partitioning of crude oil, major fractions of oil, and petroleum hydrocarbons from the surface to the bulk water column and the sediment phases. The dissolved and dispersed oil in the aqueous phase and OMA was characterized using an Ultraviolet Fluorescence Spectroscopy (UVFS). The distribution of major fractions of crude oil (the alkanes, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes) was analyzed by thin layer chromatography coupled to flame ionized detection (TLC/FID); aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results suggest that chemical dispersants enhanced the transfer of oil from the surface to the water column as dispersed oil, and promoted the formation of oil-mineral aggregates in the water column. Interaction of chemically dispersed oil with suspended particular materials needs to be considered in order to accurately assess the environmental risk associated with chemical oil dispersant use in particle-rich nearshore and esturine waters. The results from this study indicate that there is not necessarily an increase in sedimentation of oil in particle rich water when dispersants are applied.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF ENERGY LOSS NEAR BED SURFACE ON WAVE-INDUCED PORE PRESSURE IN SAND LAYER

1988 ◽  
Vol 1 (21) ◽  
pp. 136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshi-Hiko Maeno
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Pore Pressure ◽  
Boundary Layer Thickness ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
Dimensionless Parameters ◽  
Damping Characteristics ◽  
Wave Induced

The effects of energy loss near the interface between the water and the sand bed on the wave-induced pore pressure are investigated by laboratory experiments. The interface between them includes the complicated factors: (1) roughness of seabed surface such as ripples; (2) boundary layer thickness in the sediment; (3) concentration of suspended sediments. These factors have been studied with respect to dimensionless parameters (e.g. Reynolds number, sediment Reynolds number, the ratio of orbital diameter to sand grain diameter, and Shields number), since many experimental formulas including these parameters have been proposed for predicting the geometry of roughness and the concentration of suspended sediments. The parameters described above are examined in relation to the damping characteristics of the wave-induced pore pressures. The transmissivity of pressure is constant until a critical value of the dimensionless parameters, and then decreases with increasing parameters. The critical values indicate the bed regime boundary of flat bed to ripple bed. Examinations of waveinduced pore pressure make it possible to predict the bed regime boundary.

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