GROUP V FUEL OILS: SOURCE, BEHAVIOR, AND RESPONSE ISSUES

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 (1) ◽  
pp. 559-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Michel ◽  
Debra Scholz ◽  
Charles B. Henry ◽  
Bradford L. Benggio
Keyword(s):  
Surf Zone ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Physical Nature ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Group V ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fuel Oils ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Neutrally Buoyant

ABSTRACT Electric utilities have been increasing their use of Group V fuel oils (known in the industry as low-API gravity fuel oils or LAPIO), because of their relatively low cost and high btu values. Group V fuel oils are defined as having an API gravity less than 10 at 60° F (thus a specific gravity ≤1.00 g/cm3). These oils have a wide range of densities and properties and thus cannot be characterized as a single product with a given set of properties and behavior. Group V fuel oils can float, be neutrally buoyant, sink, or all three, depending on their composition and the physical nature of the receiving waters (salinity, temperature, suspended sediment content). They can physically separate into fractions with different behavior. Three models are proposed for predicting the behavior of Group V fuel oil spills, based on observations at previous spills. If spilled directly into the water, heavier-than-water oil will form into drops and remain in suspension if there is any current. In no-current areas, sinking oil can accumulate on the bottom and be recovered. When mixed in the surf zone, the oil tends to pick up sand and sink, without ever stranding on shore. Special problems are associated with locating, containing, and recovering oil that is neutrally buoyant or on the bottom.

scholarly journals Effect of blending biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil on the properties of residual fuel oil: energy saving and the economic cost

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (52) ◽  
pp. 33017-33026
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Abd El-Aziz Mohamed ◽  
Mostafa A. A. Mahmoud ◽  
H. A. El Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Residual Fuel Oil ◽  
Wide Range

The mazout properties were improved using ecofriendly ways because of its wide range of applications, abundance and low cost.

scholarly journals Development of Technology for Production of Coal-Water Fuel and Determination of the Optimality of Its Combustion

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Aldasheva
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Organic Fuels ◽  
Simple Technology

The article investigates the processes of preparing liquid fuel based on a mixture of coal from the Alai deposit (Kyrgyzstan) and water with the addition of other components, for combustion in various power plants and intended to replace organic fuels (solid fuel, fuel oil and gas). On the basis of the research results, a technological scheme for the preparation of coal-water fuel from the organic matter of the Alai deposit has been developed. Methods and technologies for the preparation of coal-water fuel are described. As a result, an efficient and energy-efficient method for producing coal-water fuel has been developed, which has a high energy potential, environmental friendliness, low cost, a wide range of applications and a fairly simple technology for its implementation.

scholarly journals A Custom Microcontrolled and Wireless-Operated Chamber for Auditory Fear Conditioning

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Aparecido Amaral Júnior ◽  
Flávio Afonso Gonçalves Mourão ◽  
Mariana Chamon Ladeira Amâncio ◽  
Hyorrana Pereira Pinto ◽  
Vinícius Rezende Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Auditory Pathway ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Stimulation System ◽  
And Behavior

ABSTRACTAnimal behavioral paradigms, such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning, are an important tool to study the neural basis of cognition and behavior. These paradigms involve manipulating sensory stimuli in a way that learning processes are induced under controlled experimental conditions. However, the majority of the commercially available equipment did not offer flexibility to manipulate stimuli. Therefore, the development of most versatile devices would allow the study of more complex cognitive functions. The purpose of this work is to present a low-cost, customized and wireless-operated chamber for animal behavior conditioning, based on the joint operation of two microcontroller modules: Arduino Due and ESP8266-12E. Our results showed that the auditory stimulation system allows setting the carrier frequency in the range of 1 Hz up to more than 100 kHz and the sound stimulus can be modulated in amplitude, also over a wide range of frequencies. Likewise, foot-shock could be precisely manipulated regarding its amplitude (from ~200 μA to ~1500 μA) and frequency (up to 20 pulses per second). Finally, adult rats exposed to a protocol of cued fear conditioning in our device showed consistent behavioral response and electrophysiological evoked responses in the midbrain auditory pathway. Furthermore, the device developed in the current study represents an open source alternative to develop customized protocols to study fear memory under conditions of varied sensory stimuli.

A Review of the Problems Posed By Spills of Heavy Fuel Oils

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 (1) ◽  
pp. 591-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. V. Ansell ◽  
B. Dicks ◽  
C. C. Guenette ◽  
T. H. Moller ◽  
R. S. Santner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Fuel Oils ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oils ◽  
Heavy Crude ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACT Experience shows that spills of persistent heavy fuel oils, whether from cargo carried on tankers or bunker fuel used by ships in general, are among the most difficult to combat. Because of their viscous nature, which leads to prolonged persistence in the marine environment, these oils have the potential to cause widespread contamination of sensitive environmental and economic resources. This is also true for heavy crude oils and those crudes that form viscous and persistent emulsions, and many of the observations contained in this paper apply equally to such oils. The paper highlights some of the specific problems that the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Limited (ITOPF) staff have experienced during their on-site involvement in over 150 fuel oil spills during the last 25 years including incidents such as the Eleni V (United Kingdom/Netherlands, 1978), Tanio (France, 1980), Nestucca (United States/Canada, 1988), Korea Hope (South Korea, 1990), Vista Bella (Caribbean, 1991), Katina P (Mozambique, 1992), Morris J Berman (Puerto Rico, 1994), Apollo Sea (South Africa), Iron Baron (Australia, 1995), Nakhodka (Japan, 1997), Evoikos (Singapore, 1997), Kure (United States, 1997), New Carissa (United States, 1999), Erika (France, 1999), Volgoneft 248 (Turkey, 1999), and Treasure (South Africa, 2000). This review of the practical lessons that can be learned from past events is intended to provide an informed basis for the selection of more effective response techniques and equipment, and for the development of improved spill response management and contingency planning.

scholarly journals ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE TILTING BOTTOM CURRENT METER

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. T. Paka ◽  
V. N. Nabatov ◽  
A. A. Kondrashov ◽  
A. O. Korzh ◽  
A. P. Podufalov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surf Zone ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Simple Calculation ◽  
Bottom Current ◽  
Maximum Relative Error ◽  
Shirshov Institute ◽  
Additional Element ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Improved Design ◽  
Wall Perforation

The article describes the advanced design of Tilt Current Meter (TCM), developed in the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology. This type of meters is used in recent years mainly in Western countries due to low cost, ease of manufacture and the possibility of replication. In most designs the device is a physical pendulum in the form of a long floating cylinder attached to a stationary platform and deviating from the vertical in the action of hydrodynamic force. The tilt is recalculated to the flow rate by the accelerometer signals. The main drawback of the existing samples is the presence of contaminating signals in measurements due to transverse auto – oscillations of the cylinder in a stable flow in the formation of vortices wake. In the advanced design the watertight container with the electronics block and the additional element of buoyancy are placed in an external rigid shroud. The shroud is made of cylindrical plastic pipe with a wall perforation area of 55%, this measure effectively prevents the appearance of transverse oscillations in a wide range of Reynolds numbers. For the developed design the simple calculation ratios allowing to carry out estimation of a measuring range and sensitivity of the meter on the basis of its geometrical and mass parameters are given. The improved design of the ISTT is primarily intended for the measurement of weak bottom currents, although it is possible to regulate the sensitivity for measurements in the surf zone. The range of measured bottom current velocities is 3–56 cm/s with a maximum relative error of 25% for small velocities and 3–5% for maximum velocities.

Using Binding Communication to Promote Conservation Among Hotel Guests

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lohyd Terrier ◽  
Benedicte Marfaing
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Communication Strategies ◽  
Communication Strategy ◽  
Communication Model ◽  
Classical Communication ◽  
Persuasive Message ◽  
Sustainable Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

This research applies the binding communication model to the sustainable communication strategies implemented in most hotels. The binding communication model links a persuasive message with the implementation of a low-cost commitment to strengthen the link between the attitudes and behavior of those receiving the message. We compared the effectiveness of a classical communication strategy (n = 86) with that of a binding communication strategy (n = 101) to encourage guests to choose sustainable behavior. Our results show that using the binding communication strategy generates significantly more sustainable behavior in guests than using the classical communication strategy. We discuss our results and suggest future avenues of research.

Tickets for the Inclusive Museum

2020 ◽  
pp. 390-406
Author(s):  
Magda Nikolaraizi ◽  
Charikleia Kanari ◽  
Marc Marschark
Keyword(s):  
Hard Of Hearing ◽  
Learning Experiences ◽  
Learning Needs ◽  
Participatory Learning ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Right ◽  
Physical Features ◽  
And Behavior

In recent years, museums of various kinds have broadened their mission and made systematic efforts to develop a dynamic role in learning by offering a wide range of less formal experiences for individuals with diverse characteristics, including individuals who are deaf or hard-of-hearing (DHH). Despite the worthwhile efforts, in the case of DHH individuals, museums frequently neglect to consider their unique communication, cognitive, cultural, and learning characteristics, thus limiting their access and opportunities for fully experiencing what museums have to offer. This chapter examines the potential for creating accessible museum environments and methods that reflect an understanding of the diverse communication, cognitive, cultural, and learning needs of DHH visitors, all of which enhance their access and participation in the museum activities. The role of the physical features of museum spaces for the access and behavior of DHH visitors is emphasized, together with attention to exhibition methods and the communication and cognitive challenges that need to be considered so DHH visitors can get the maximum benefit. The chapter emphasizes the right of individuals who are DHH to nonformal learning and analyzes how museums could become more accessible to DHH individuals by designing, from the beginning, participatory learning experiences that address their diverse needs.

scholarly journals Information and information resources in COVID-19: Awareness, control, and prevention

2021 ◽  
pp. 096100062110165
Author(s):  
Mohammadhiwa Abdekhoda ◽  
Fatemeh Ranjbaran ◽  
Asghar Sattari
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Information Resources ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Strategic Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Data Collection Instrument ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Control

This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the role of information and information resources in the awareness, control, and prevention of COVID-19. This study was a descriptive-analytical survey in which 450 participants were selected for the study. The data collection instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data through SPSS. The findings show that a wide range of mass media has become well known as information resources for COVID-19. Other findings indicate a significant statistical difference in the rate of using information resources during COVID-19 based on age and gender; however, this difference is not significant regarding the reliability of information resources with regard to age and gender. Health information has an undisputable role in the prevention and control of pandemic diseases such as COVID-19. Providing accurate, reliable, and evidence-based information in a timely manner for the use of resources and information channels related to COVID-19 can be a fast and low-cost strategic approach in confronting this disease.

scholarly journals Advanced mycelium materials as potential self-growing biomedical scaffolds

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Elena Antinori ◽  
Marco Contardi ◽  
Giulia Suarato ◽  
Andrea Armirotti ◽  
Rosalia Bertorelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Dermal Fibroblasts ◽  
Engineering Systems ◽  
Edible Fungi ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Fibrous Network ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractMycelia, the vegetative part of fungi, are emerging as the avant-garde generation of natural, sustainable, and biodegradable materials for a wide range of applications. They are constituted of a self-growing and interconnected fibrous network of elongated cells, and their chemical and physical properties can be adjusted depending on the conditions of growth and the substrate they are fed upon. So far, only extracts and derivatives from mycelia have been evaluated and tested for biomedical applications. In this study, the entire fibrous structures of mycelia of the edible fungi Pleurotus ostreatus and Ganoderma lucidum are presented as self-growing bio-composites that mimic the extracellular matrix of human body tissues, ideal as tissue engineering bio-scaffolds. To this purpose, the two mycelial strains are inactivated by autoclaving after growth, and their morphology, cell wall chemical composition, and hydrodynamical and mechanical features are studied. Finally, their biocompatibility and direct interaction with primary human dermal fibroblasts are investigated. The findings demonstrate the potentiality of mycelia as all-natural and low-cost bio-scaffolds, alternative to the tissue engineering systems currently in place.

scholarly journals Drivers of Infectious Disease Seasonality: Potential Implications for COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 074873042098732
Author(s):  
N. Kronfeld-Schor ◽  
T. J. Stevenson ◽  
S. Nickbakhsh ◽  
E. S. Schernhammer ◽  
X. C. Dopico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Timing Phase

Not 1 year has passed since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since its emergence, great uncertainty has surrounded the potential for COVID-19 to establish as a seasonally recurrent disease. Many infectious diseases, including endemic human coronaviruses, vary across the year. They show a wide range of seasonal waveforms, timing (phase), and amplitudes, which differ depending on the geographical region. Drivers of such patterns are predominantly studied from an epidemiological perspective with a focus on weather and behavior, but complementary insights emerge from physiological studies of seasonality in animals, including humans. Thus, we take a multidisciplinary approach to integrate knowledge from usually distinct fields. First, we review epidemiological evidence of environmental and behavioral drivers of infectious disease seasonality. Subsequently, we take a chronobiological perspective and discuss within-host changes that may affect susceptibility, morbidity, and mortality from infectious diseases. Based on photoperiodic, circannual, and comparative human data, we not only identify promising future avenues but also highlight the need for further studies in animal models. Our preliminary assessment is that host immune seasonality warrants evaluation alongside weather and human behavior as factors that may contribute to COVID-19 seasonality, and that the relative importance of these drivers requires further investigation. A major challenge to predicting seasonality of infectious diseases are rapid, human-induced changes in the hitherto predictable seasonality of our planet, whose influence we review in a final outlook section. We conclude that a proactive multidisciplinary approach is warranted to predict, mitigate, and prevent seasonal infectious diseases in our complex, changing human-earth system.

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