Comparative Antibacterial Analysis and Synergistic Potency of the Leaf Extracts of Ocimum gratissimum Linn. and Gongronema latifolium Benth. on Some Enteric Bacterial Isolates

The research was undertaken to investigate the comparative phytochemical and in-vitro antibacterial activity of the single and combined strengths of the leaf extracts of Ocimum gratissimum Linn and Gongronema latifolium Benth. on some enteric bacterial isolates. The sensitivity test and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were carried out using a modified agar-well diffusion method. The enteric bacterial isolates tested included Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella Typhi and Enterobacter aerogenes. Standard methods were applied to obtain the ethanol and aqueous leaf extracts. The ethanol extracts of O. gratissimum and G. latifolium produced highly significant inhibitory activity against all the enteric bacterial isolates tested. Comparatively, the ethanol plant extracts were more potent than the commercially available drug, Ciprofloxacin and the aqueous plant extracts. The isolates were sensitive at a minimum inhibitory concentration of 1.25 mg/ml for the ethanol extract but varied from 2.5 mg/ml - 5.0mg/ml in the aqueous extract. It was also observed that the synergistic antibacterial effect of the medicinal plant extracts was greater than the singular antibacterial effect of the individual plant extracts in both the ethanol and aqueous extracts. The potency of the individual extracts and the combined effect may be due to the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins and saponins in the leaves of the plants. This study partly validates the use of the plant extracts in the treatment of disease caused by the enteric bacterial isolates by multiple traditional medicine practitioners in Nigeria, however, strict adherence to dosage is recommended. The leaf extract is a potential source of the new drug if the components are purified and enhanced for treating infections caused by these enteric pathogens.

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Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) on some selected bacterial isolates

10.53771/ijbpra.2021.1.1.0013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 006-013

Author(s):

IA Karfi ◽

UU Zango ◽

T Olatinwo ◽

M Suleiman

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Bacterial Isolates ◽

Vernonia Amygdalina ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

No Inhibition

Plants with medicinal value produce certain chemical elements known as phytochemicals that have antibacterial activity. The study was aimed at determining the antibacterial activity of Vernonia amygdalina against bacterial isolates using agar well diffusion method. In addition, the phytochemicals analysis of the extracts was also determined. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of saponins, steroids, terpenoids, tannins, alkaloids, and flavonoids. The result of Vernonia amygdalina showed that the average zones of inhibitions observed against these bacterial ranges from 6-22mm. The highest zone is also exhibited against E. coli with average diameter of zone of inhibition of 22mm. At 100mg/ml concentration for Samonella, the zone of inhibition was recorded to be 21mm while at 12.5mg/ml there was no inhibition. At 25mg/ml and 12.5mg/ml, against Pseudomonas there was no inhibition. In other to further confirm the activity of these plant extracts, the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration was determined and the result showed that the extract exerted good antibacterial activity on all the test organisms at different concentration. The result of minimum inhibitory concentration ranges from 10 to 12.5mg/ml and that of MBC ranges from 5 to 20mg/ml. It is worthy to note that MBC values is greater than that of minimum inhibitory concentration. The study provides insight into the antibacterial activities of the plant extracts and its use in the treatment of bacterial infections.

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In-vitro synergistic antibacterial effect of atorvastatin and ampicillin against resistant Staphylococcus spp and E.coli isolated from bovine mastitis

10.1101/695817 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Sriraam Sankar ◽

Ramasamy Thangamalai ◽

Sriram Padmanaban ◽

Porteen Kannan ◽

M R Srinivasan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Antibacterial Effect ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Mannitol Salt Agar ◽

E Coli ◽

Antibiotic Drug ◽

Staphylococcus Spp

AbstractThe colossal rise in antimicrobial resistance has led to treatment failures and so mastitis has become cumbersome to treat. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of non-antibiotic drug, atorvastatin in combination with antimicrobial, ampicillin against two commonly isolated bacterial species Staphylococcus spp and E. coli from bovine mastitis. Milk samples were collected from mastitis cows, visiting Veterinary Clinical Complex. Bacterial isolation was performed using Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar and Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA), followed by characterization and identification by biochemical tests and gram staining. Genotypic confirmation was done by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with subsequent screening for resistant genes-mec A, blaTEM. Antibiotic Sensitivity Test (ABST) of the isolates against 12 different antimicrobials, atorvastatin only, and combination of atorvastatin with ampicillin were performed using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ampicillin alone and ampicillin in combination with atorvastatin were determined by modified microdilution method. Staphylococcus spp (77.5%) and E.coli (35%) were the two major pathogens isolated in the current study and multi-drug resistance was observed. Among the antimicrobials, the ampicillin showed 100% resistance against Staphylococcus spp and 85.71% resistance against E. coli. Atorvastatin did not display antibacterial effect as a sole agent but displayed synergistic antibacterial activity with ampicillin. There was an average increase in Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of ampicillin for E.coli and Staphylococcus spp isolates and atorvastatin decreased the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of ampicillin in combination. The ampicillin shows more resistance against both Staphylococcus spp and E.coli, while atorvastatin improves the effect of ampicillin in-vitro. So, atorvastatin may be combined with ampicillin for the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative infections. However, further studies are required to ascertain the exact mechanism of action of atorvastatin with respect to their antibacterial effect for them to be redeployed as an antimicrobial drug in the future.

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Screening of Antibacterial, Anti-Biofilm, Cell Proliferation Inhibition, and Synergistic Effects of Biogenic Synthesized Silver Nanostructures Using Trillium govanianum with Antibiotics

Journal of the chemical society of pakistan ◽

10.52568/000616 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 120-120

Author(s):

Nazia Gulzar Nazia Gulzar ◽

Saiqa Andleeb Saiqa Andleeb ◽

Shaukat Ali Shaukat Ali ◽

Sadia Nazer Sadia Nazer ◽

Tariq Iqbal Muhammad Abdul Rauf Khan and Abida Raza Tariq Iqbal Muhammad Abdul Rauf Khan and Abida Raza

Keyword(s):

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Antibacterial Effect ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Silver Nanostructures ◽

E Coli ◽

Maximum Inhibition ◽

Trillium Govanianum ◽

Agar Well Diffusion Method

The aim of study is to develop the economic plant-based antibacterial agents to improve the treatment strategies for bacterial infections at nano-scale. In current research silver nanostructures synthesis was carried out using Trillium govanianum aqueous extract. Characterizations were done using UV–Visible spectrophotometer, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Antibacterial efficacy of green-synthesized silver nanostructures and aqueous extract was evaluated via agar well diffusion method, crystal violet assay (antibiofilm analysis), tetrazolium salt assay (cell viability assay), Direct agar overlay technique, and TLC- spot screening against clinical bacterial pathogens. Synergistic effect of synthesized nanostructures, aqueous extract along with antibiotics was determined by agar disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration was also evaluated using agar well diffusion method. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method was used for screening of antioxidant potential effect at various concentrations (0.5, 1 and 1.5 and#181;l). The indication of major phytochemical constituents was determined using both qualitative methods and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Absorbance in UV region (295 nm) corresponds to the out of plane quadrupole Plasmon-resonance while at 350 nm corresponds to in-plane dipole resonance. SEM images shows prepared the morphology of Ag nanostructures TGAgNSs is not exactly spherical while XRD analysis shows that highly crystalline TGAgNSs have been prepared with average crystallite size of 27.94 nm. The FTIR spectrum represents sharp peaks of aldehyde, amide I, aromatic rings, and polysaccharides. Minimum inhibitory concentration showed the increased bactericidal effect with increase in concentration of silver nanostructures. Maximum inhibition of E. coli, S. epidermidis, S. pyogenes, and K. pneumonia was recorded at 0.12 mg/ml concentration of TGAgNSs with 7.6.0and#177;0.0 mm, 7.6and#177;0.0 mm, 6.6and#177;0.0 mm, and 7.0and#177;0.0 mm zones of inhibition. Similarly, TGAgNSs showed maximum inhibition of E. coli, S. pyogenes, and S. marcesscens at 0.14 mg/ml concentration (8.3and#177;0.0 mm, 7.0and#177;0.0 mm, 7.0and#177;0.0 mm), respectively. Cell viability, antibiofilm assay, TLC-spot screening, and TLC-bio-autography proves the potential antibacterial effect of TGAgNSs. Synergistic effect showed greater antibacterial effect. Glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, proteins, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols, and tannins were detected. The scavenging potential of TGAgNSs was calculated as 74% at 1.5 and#181;l. It was concluded that green synthesized nanostructures have efficient antibacterial potential and would be used in medical devices to cure infections in near future.

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In-vitro Screening of Antimicrobial Activities of Ocimum gratissimum on Clinical Isolates

South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology ◽

10.9734/sajrm/2019/v4i130095 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Ifeanyi Onyema Oshim ◽

Evelyn Ukamaka Urama ◽

Oluwayemisi Odeyemi ◽

Augustina Nkechi Olise ◽

Sunday Odeyemi

Keyword(s):

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Negative Control ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Ocimum Gratissimum

This study was undertaken to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of crude ethanol and methanol extracts of the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum L. (scent leaf) on Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus auerus and Candida albicans.The antimicrobial activities were carried out using agar well diffusion method. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) of the plant extracts on the test isolates were determined by the agar dilution method. Ciprofloxacin and fluconazole (positive controls) were used in comparison with crude extract of O. gratissimum leaves and also, Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as the negative control. The ethanolic extract of O. gratissimum showed antibacterial activity with the mean inhibitory zone diameter of 3 -7mm against S. auerus, 2 mm against E. coli, 2 – 12 mm against K. pneumoniae, 2 mm against P.aeruginosa. Ethanol and methanol crude extracts of O. gratissimum leaves showed no effect on C.albicans. O. gratissimum extracts showed the lower antimicrobial activity than the commercially available antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and fluconazole). The minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of the extracts on the test organisms also increased in the following order; methanol < ethanol. Hence, this extract could only serve as antibacterial agent in the management of bacterial infection because it has no antifungal activities on Candida isolates used in this study.

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CABBAGELEAF EXTRACT(BRASSICA OLERACEA VAR. CAPITATA ALBA) AS A HERBAL MEDICINE FOR LEUCORRHEA

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10s2.19483 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (14) ◽

pp. 39

Author(s):

Ami Tjitraresmi ◽

Sri Agung Fitri Kusuma ◽

Dewi Rusmiati

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Comparative Analysis ◽

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Herbal Medicine ◽

Contact Time ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Leaf Extracts

Objective:This study was aimed to examine antifungal activity of cabbage leaf extracts against Candida albicans, determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), analyzed the comparative value of the extracts with ketoconazole and studied the fastest contact time to eliminate Candida albicans. Methods: The extraction of fresh cabbage leaf was done using the maceration method. The antifungal activity test and its comparative analysis against ketokonazole were assessed using the agar diffusion method. The extracts were tested for determining minimum inhibitory concentration value (MIC) using solid medium. While the fastest contact time test was performed using turbidimetric method.Results: Based on its inhibitory diameter, cabbage leaf extracts gave potent antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The MIC concentrations of testing extracts were various ranged from 1.50 to 1.75%w/v. In a comparative analysis of the extracts with ketoconazole, showed that ketoconazole gave greater antifungal activity than the extract at the same concentration. Cabbage leaf extract with concentration 2.5% gave the fastest contact time (2.5 minutes) for eliminating Candida albicans, while Cabbage leaf extract with concentration 0.4% gave the longest contact time (15 minutes) for eliminating Candida albicans.Conclusion:Cabbage leaf extract has a potential antifungal activity against Candida albicans, and prospective to be developed as a topical herbal medicine for treating candidiasis.

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Antibiotic sensitivity and in vitro antimicrobial activity of plant extracts to pseudomonas fluorescens isolates collected from diseased fish

International Journal of Natural Sciences ◽

10.3329/ijns.v1i4.9733 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 82-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

MJ Foysal ◽

MM Rahman ◽

M Alam

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Pseudomonas Fluorescens ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Sensitivity Pattern ◽

Medicinal Plant Extracts

Studies were conducted to identify Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates from a collection of bacteria isolated from bacterial haemorrhagic septicaemia infected carp and catfish, evaluate their antibiotic sensitivity pattern and screen the antibacterial activity of some medicinal plant extracts against the isolates.. A total of 10 isolates were identified as P. fluorescens by morphological, physiological and biochemical tests. In vitro antibiotic sensitivity test of the P. fluorescens isolates were conducted by disc diffusion method for seven antibiotics where, all of the isolates were found to be sensitive only against streptomycin and gentamycin but, most of the isolates (80%) were found resistant to chloramphenicol (C). Moreover, eighty percent of the isolates showed resistance to multiple antibiotics. A total of 118 plant extracts were screened for their antibacterial activity against the P. fluorescens isolates where the isolates exhibited sensitivity to 30 samples. Leaf extracts of Tamarindus indicus, Terminalia chebula, Citrus aurantifolia, Eugenia caryophyllata and Spondias pinnata were found to inhibit the growth of all of the P. fluorescens isolates. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijns.v1i4.9733 IJNS 2011 1(4): 82-88

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Antimicrobial activities of different parts of two geographically distinct varieties of Jatropha curcas Linn. fruit in Pakistan

Bangladesh Journal of Botany ◽

10.3329/bjb.v50i2.54076 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 219-226

Author(s):

Abdul Haq ◽

Alam Khan ◽

Zulfiqar Ali Malik ◽

Mushtaq Ahmed ◽

Samiullah Khan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Seed Coat ◽

Jatropha Curcas ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Seed Kernel ◽

Subtilis Atcc ◽

Bacillus Subtilis Atcc

Antimicrobial activities of deoiled seed kernel (mechanically pressed), fruit coat and seed coat of Jatropha curcas Linn. collected from two regions (Bannu and Peshawar) of Pakistan were investigated. The antimicrobial activities were carried out against Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 43816), Escherichia coli (ATCC 10536), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) and two clinical fungal isolates Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans using agar well diffusion method. The antibacterial activities of Peshawar sample were found to be higher than Bannu, against selected strains. While antifungal activities of both samples were similar. Highest zone of inhibition 31.5 ± 0.7 mm was exhibited by n-hexane extract of deoiled seed kernel of Peshawar sample against Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633). The minimum inhibitory concentration of ethanolic extracts of deoiled seed kernel and seed coat of Peshawar sample was 31.25 - 25 mg/ml. Whereas, minimum inhibitory concentration of ethanolic and n-hexane extracts of Bannu sample was 62.5 - 125 mg/ml. The results suggested that antimicrobial potential of J. curcas Linn. varied with geographical distribution. The investigation of different varieties of medicinal plants belonging to the same species will greatly enhance the chances of best pharmaceuticals discovery. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(2): 219-226, 2021 (June)

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STRUCTURE CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION POTENTIAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL EXTRACTS FROM PHELLINUS LINTEUS AGAINST SKIN INFECTIOUS PATHOGENS, STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS ATCC12228 AND PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNES DMST14916

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i12.19032 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 78

Author(s):

Surachai Techaoei ◽

Pattaranut Eakwaropas ◽

Khemjira Jarmkom ◽

Warachate Khobjai

Keyword(s):

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Crude Extract ◽

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Propionibacterium Acnes ◽

Structure Characterization ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Phellinus Linteus ◽

Chemical Profile

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Phellinus linteus against skin infectious pathogens, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC12228 and Propionibacterium acnes DMST 14916.Methods: Fungal fruiting bodies were extracted with 95% ethanol and ethyl acetate, and then, vaporized. The antimicrobial activities were determined by the disc diffusion method against Propionibacterium acnes DMST 14916 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC12228 skin infectious pathogens. A minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for those crude extracts were determined. Finally, the chemical profile of crude extract was determined by using thin layer chromatography and GC-MS.Results: The result demonstrated that the ethanolic extraction had more active fractions with an MIC of 0.5 mg/ml against the growth of Propionibacterium acnes DMST 14916 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC12228 and also showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MBC) at a concentration of 1.0 mg/ml, while ethyl acetate-based solvents failed to develop on TLC according to Retention factor (Rf) values of 0.71-0.76. The GC-MS was applied to investigate the chemical profile of crude extract of Phellinus linteus, revealing a component of hexadecanoic acid and 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid.Conclusion: Phellinus linteus fruiting body extracts have great potential as antimicrobial compounds against Propionibacterium acnes DMST 14916 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC12228. Thus, they can be used in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by bacterial pathogens.

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Antibiogram signatures of non-cholera causing Vibrio species recovered from environmental niches in Eastern Cape, South Africa.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-233720/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Oluwakemi Victoria Ayodele ◽

Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh

Keyword(s):

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Vibrio Vulnificus ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Morbidity Rate ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Vibrio Fluvialis

Abstract Background: The use of antibiotics globally has helped reduce mortality and morbidity rate due to its ability to effectively treat bacterial infections in both humans and animals. However, the menace of antimicrobial resistance has become a challenge to public health due to its increased mortality and morbidity rate. This study determined the antibiogram pattern of non-cholera causing Vibrio species against a panel of 11 antibiotics that are wildly used for treatment. Multiple antibiotic resistance phenotype, multiple antibiotic resistant indices and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of test antibiotics were also determined.Results: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to confirm 100 isolates of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 82 and 46 isolates of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio fluvialis respectively, collected from the culture collections of the Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), University of Fort Hare. Thereafter, disc diffusion method was used to determine the antibiogram pattern of target non-cholera causing Vibrio species against a panel of 11 antibiotics that are of clinical importance. The highest rate of Vibrio parahaemolyticus resistance was observed against tetracycline (22 %) and nalidixic acid (16 %). Vibrio fluvialis also displayed highest rate of resistance against tetracycline (28 %) and nalidixic acid (28 %), while Vibrio vulnificus isolates exhibited highest rate resistance against imipenem (40 %) and tetracycline (22 %). A total of 38 MARP patterns were observed and the MAR indices ranged between 0.3 and 0.8. Against the resistant Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio fluvialis isolates, minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 16 µg/ml to 2048 µg/ml for both tetracycline and nalidixic acid, while against Vibrio vulnificus isolates, minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 8 µg/ml to 256 µg/ml for both imipenem and nalidixic acid. Conclusions: Results obtained from this study is an indication that antibiotic resistant bacteria that could pose as threat to health of humans and animals are present in the environment.

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ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF MANGIFERA INDICA LEAF EXTRACT ON FUNGI ISOLATED FROM BREAD VENDED WITHIN BAKORI, NIGERIA

Innovare Journal of Agricultural Sciences ◽

10.22159/ijags.2021.v9i2.40710 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

ABDULAZIZ BASHIR KUTAWA ◽

SALMAN SADA BAKORI ◽

HABU MUSA

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Mangifera Indica ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Chemical Test ◽

Concentration Result ◽

Powdered Form

Objective: The present study was carried out to determine the antifungal activity of Mangifera indica leaves extract on fungi isolated from bread vended within Bakori. Methods: The powdered form of M. indica leaves was used to prepare the extract using ethanol, the leaves were air dried at room temperature for 10 days. Results: The chemical test was carried out to identify the secondary metabolites, some of the metabolites that were present include alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, and tannins. Both fungal isolates were identified on the basis of morphological characteristics as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Mucor spp. The antifungal activity of M. indica leaves extract was determined using agar well diffusion method on Aspergillus and Mucor spp. The results showed that the extract was found to inhibit A. niger at 100 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, and 25 mg/ml with 13.9 mm, 11.5 mm, and 8.0 mm, respectively, and A. flavus at 100 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, and 25 mg/ml with 13.6 mm, 11.2 mm, and 8.1 mm, respectively, while Mucor spp. was found to be resistant at 25 mg/ml while 100 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml showed an activity. Minimum inhibitory concentration result showed a promising activity against Aspergillus spp. at 25 mg/ml while Mucor spp. at 50 mg/ml. Conclusion: Therefore, M. indica leaf extracts can be used in the treatment of diseases or illness caused by Aspergillus and Mucor spp.

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