scholarly journals Evaluation of the Production Processes of Different Brands of Sachet Water Sold in the Open Market in Ado-Ekiti, Southwest, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
G. O. Daramola ◽  
T. A. Kumoluyi ◽  
H. A. Edogun ◽  
A. Fadeyi ◽  
A. Awosanya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Positive Culture ◽  
Coliform Bacterium ◽  
Open Market ◽  
The Public ◽  
Positive Culture Result ◽  
Southwest Nigeria ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Sachet Water

Life on earth is practically impossible without water, in fact, the presence of water on our planet is one of the critical factors that make life possible on earth. Apart from commercial, agricultural, industrial, domestic and sundry uses of water, humans, like other living organisms, require water for their physiological needs. However, as vital as water is to humans, if the water consumed by them is  not potable or is unwholesome, it can lead to serious and sometimes life-threatening illnesses. This thus makes it important to periodically assess and monitor the potability and  wholesomeness of any form of drinking water, particularly the ones presented to the public. In this study, twenty-two different brands of commercial sachet-water sold in the open market in Ado-Ekiti, southwest, Nigeria were consecutively sampled and analysed. The factories where the brands were manufactured were also visited and served structured self-administered questionnaires that were filled by their respective production managers. Data from the questionnaires were analysed and juxtaposed with the outcome of laboratory investigations with a view to identifying the factors responsible for the  un wholesomeness of any of the brands. Out of the twenty-two sachet-water brands sampled, none (0%) had physically visible colour; none (0%) had physically perceivable odour; none (0%) had detectable taste. All (100%) were physically  clear; 1 (5%) was bagged in a 60-cl cellophane sachet, while 21 (95%) were bagged in 50-cl cellophane sachets; all (100%) claimed to have NAFDAC (the regulatory agency responsible for the control and regulation of food, drugs and allied products in Nigeria) registration number- going by what was written on their finished products. Nearly all- 21 (95%)- all the sampled brands had a pH value of 5, while  1 (5%) had pH value of 6, resulting in a mean pH of 5. More than half of the brands sampled from the open market- 11 (50%)- yielded a positive culture result, 3 (14%) of which were coliforms.  According to WHO standards there shouldn’t be a single coliform bacterium in drinking water, which makes it quite unsettling that three of the brands contained coliforms which of course could be enteric coliform- an indication of the fact that these brands had come in contact with human faeces. The public heath implication of this is discussed and appropriate recommendations made.

Environmental significance of atrazine in aqueous systems and its removal by biological processes: an overview

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-178 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Biological Degradation ◽  
Environmental Significance ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Carbon Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Living Organisms

Atrazine, a chlorinated s-triazine group of herbicide is one of the most widely used pesticides in the World. Due to its extensive use, long half-life and various toxic properties, it has very high environmental significance. Up to 22 mg l-1 of atrazine was found in ground water whereas permissible limit of atrazine is in ppb level in drinking water. As per Indian standard there should not be any pesticide present in drinking water. Among many other treatment processes available, Incineration, adsorption, chemical treatment, phytoremediation and biodegradation are the most commonly used ones. Biological degradation of atrazine depends upon various factors like the operating environment, external carbon and nitrogen sources, carbon/ nitrogen ratio (C/N), water content and the bacterial strain. Although, general atrazine degradation pathways are available, the specific pathways in specific conditions are not yet clearly defined. In this paper extensive review has been made on the occurrence of atrazine in surface and ground water bodies, probable sources and causes of its occurrence in water environment, the toxicity of atrazine on various living organisms and its removal by biological processes.

Water Pollution and Its Impact on Environment of Society

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Thyagaraju
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Government ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Biological Entities ◽  
Micro Organisms

The present seminar paper mainly highlight  the concept of  water pollution, causes of water pollution,  Its Effects, Elements of  pollutants, Methods  used to prevent the water pollution in environment  and the mandatory initiatives taken by the concerned authorities for prevention of  water pollution. Water   is essential for survival of all living organisms on the earth. Thus for human beings and plants to survive on land, water should be easily accessible. The term “Pollution” is generally refers to addition of any foreign body either living or non – living or deletion of anything that naturally exists. The basic Sources of Water pollution causes due to Culmination into lakes, rivers, ponds, seas, oceans etc. Domestic drainage and sanitary waste, Industrial drainage and sewage, Industrial waste from factories, Dumping of domestic garbage, Immersion of Idols made of plaster of Paris, Excess use of Insecticides , pesticides, fungicides, Chemical fertilizers, Soil erosion during heavy rains and floods, Natural disasters, tsunami etc. General pollutants  which are also caused for water pollution  which include Organic, Inorganic, and Biological entities, Insecticides, Pesticides, Disinfectants ,Detergents, Industrial solvents, Acids, Ammonia fertilizers, heavy metals, Harmful bacteria, Virus, Micro –Organisms and worms, Toxic chemicals. Agricultural lands become infertile and thereby production also drops, Spread of epidemic diseases like Cholera, Dysentery, Typhoid, Diarrhea, Hepatitis, Jaundice etc. The  basic responsibility of the Government, NGOs, National Pioneer scientific Research Institutions may conduct  research oriented programs on control of water pollution by create  awareness among the public through mass media and Environmental Education on recycling units,  and  water treatment plants must be established both at domestic levels and Industry levels, Every citizen must feel responsible to control water pollution. There have been many water pollution prevention acts that have been set up by the governments of the world. But these are not enough for permanent water pollution solutions. Each of us needs to take up the responsibility and do something at an everyday at individual level. Otherwise we can’t survive in a society forever in a future. 

scholarly journals How Perceptions of Trust, Risk, Tap Water Quality, and Salience Characterize Drinking Water Choices

Hydrology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Madeline A. Grupper ◽  
Madeline E. Schreiber ◽  
Michael G. Sorice
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
The Public ◽  
Water Behavior

Provision of safe drinking water by water utilities is challenged by disturbances to water quality that have become increasingly frequent due to global changes and anthropogenic impacts. Many water utilities are turning to adaptable and flexible strategies to allow for resilient management of drinking water supplies. The success of resilience-based management depends on, and is enabled by, positive relationships with the public. To understand how relationships between managers and communities spill over to in-home drinking water behavior, we examined the role of trust, risk perceptions, salience of drinking water, and water quality evaluations in the choice of in-home drinking water sources for a population in Roanoke Virginia. Using survey data, our study characterized patterns of in-home drinking water behavior and explored related perceptions to determine if residents’ perceptions of their water and the municipal water utility could be intuited from this behavior. We characterized drinking water behavior using a hierarchical cluster analysis and highlighted the importance of studying a range of drinking water patterns. Through analyses of variance, we found that people who drink more tap water have higher trust in their water managers, evaluate water quality more favorably, have lower risk perceptions, and pay less attention to changes in their tap water. Utility managers may gauge information about aspects of their relationships with communities by examining drinking water behavior, which can be used to inform their future interactions with the public, with the goal of increasing resilience and adaptability to external water supply threats.

scholarly journals A Historical Review of the Benefits and Hypothetical Risks of Disinfecting Drinking Water by Chlorination

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip C.W. Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
World Health ◽  
Free Radical Scavengers ◽  
Special Interest Groups ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Enzymes ◽  
The Public

This review examines the benefits and alleged risks associated with the disinfection of drinking water by chlorination, through critical appraisal of the historical saga of chloroform as the main disinfection by-product (DBP). The author maintains that the provision of clean drinking water is a survival issue for humankind and supports unreservedly the recommendation by the World Health Organization (WHO) of the United Nations to disinfect by chlorination, for the reasons stated herein. The author aims to lead water professionals to a deeper understanding of the public health issues concerning chloroform and how the corpus of knowledge was attained by colossal multi-disciplinary effort on a global scale.Origins of the alleged risks of chlorination are traced and the assumptions behind these allegations are questioned. The author welcomes and encourages innovations for improved methods of water treatment insofar that the standards of potability set out by the WHO are met in the very least, but argues that the commencement point of research into new techniques should be an acknowledgment of the development of disinfection up to contemporary times, on the part of water engineers and policy makers. There must be a clear recognition of the horrific consequences of failure to eliminate pathogens and toxic substances. To this effect, landmark tragedies are described to emphasize the point.Significantly, this work addresses topics which are sine quo non to the debate over chlorination but which are often lacking in public discourse, namely: differences in the way cytochrome P450 enzymes oxidize carbon tetrachloride which is not normally a product of chlorination, and chloroform, which is a disinfection by-product; the role of free radical scavengers in protecting the human body; the difficulties of extrapolating experimental results from rodents to humans; the awareness of the complex relationship between governments, chemical industries, special interest groups and the public. Also introduced are the aetiologies of some cancers (e.g., Hepatitis B and C viruses as the instigators for hepatocellular carcinoma) to juxtapose claims that chloroform in drinking water is the sole culprit responsible for liver, bladder, colorectal cancers and birth defects etc. Other well known human carcinogens and a few inorganic compounds known to cause harm are also depicted. Lastly, a structured approach towards integrating the overarching concepts in the analysis of alleged carcinogenicity is applied to chloroform and the inferences discussed.The literature reviewed spanned the years 1848 – 2017.

Artificially making Lifeform

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1290-1295
Author(s):  
Souvik Das
Keyword(s):  
Medical Community ◽  
Programming Algorithm ◽  
The Public ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Not For Profit ◽  
Funding Agencies ◽  
Proper Definition ◽  
Inanimate Matter ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract: The word ‘life’ is a mysterious word with a chart of attributes that have neither been completed nor has been agreed upon by the race of humans. Probably the proper definition of life is impossible to identify for humans (the proof for this claim is given later) but the handbook to the secret shall be updated till the end, thanks to the inquisitive attitude of humans. For this piece, we shall adopt the description from the professional medical community of today. Though this topic falls midway between science and philosophy, this project is strictly technical. To quote dictionary.com, Life is the condition that distinguishes organisms from inorganic objects and dead organisms, being manifested by growth through metabolism, reproduction and the power of adaptation to environment- through changes originating internally; cambridge.com teaches Life is the period between birth and death, or the experience or state of being alive; medicaldictionary.thefreedictionary.com states Life is the property or quality that distinguishes living organisms from dead organisms and inanimate matter, manifested in functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction and response to stimuli or adaptation to the environment originating from within the organisms. There are several other definitions but to summarize, we can safely state that though the concept is somewhat vague, we could indeed point out some common principles. We shall, in this project, try to replicate the characteristics so as to attain life in medical terms. (The order does not base upon importance of the listed character since the characters, all of them are absolute essentials and cannot possibly be categorized as more or less important). 1) Metabolism 2) Growth 3) Adaptability 4) Birth 5) Death 6) Self-stimulated response to environment 7) Reproduction 8) Can sustain self without foreign intervention Keywords: artificial, life, intelligence, computer, programming, algorithm This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

How swachh (clean) is urban India today?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhitush Lutra ◽  
◽  
Deepa Karthykeyan
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Public Utilities ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
Negative Externalities ◽  
Public Supply ◽  
Urban India ◽  
Sachet Water

Where public supply has failed and made unsatisfactory progress in supplying drinking water, the private sector has readily stepped in to supply citizens with drinking water – most often to make big money. Much of the water bottling industry (i) provides a highly inelastic good, (ii) is immensely profitable and (iii) has significant negative externalities on public utilities, the natural environment and the quality of life in urban settings. The wide-spread introduction of a tax on the commercial water extraction and/or bottled or sachet water is ripe. The new mantra must not be “3Rs”, but “4Rs” – reduce, reuse, remunerate, recycle.

scholarly journals Abilities of the mCP Agar Method and CRENAME Alpha Toxin-Specific Real-Time PCR Assay To Detect Clostridium perfringens Spores in Drinking Water

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (24) ◽  
pp. 7654-7661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrée F. Maheux ◽  
Ève Bérubé ◽  
Dominique K. Boudreau ◽  
Romain Villéger ◽  
Philippe Cantin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Sample ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Alpha Toxin ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public

ABSTRACTWe first determined the analytical specificity and ubiquity (i.e., the ability to detect all or most strains) of aClostridium perfringens-specific real-time PCR (rtPCR) assay based on thecpagene (cpartPCR) by using a bacterial strain panel composed ofC. perfringensand non-C. perfringens Clostridiumstrains. All non-C. perfringens Clostridiumstrains tested negative, whereas allC. perfringensstrains tested positive with thecpartPCR, for an analytical specificity and ubiquity of 100%. ThecpartPCR assay was then used to confirm the identity of 116 putativeC. perfringensisolates recovered after filtration of water samples and culture on mCP agar. Colonies presenting discordant results between the phenotype on mCP agar andcpartPCR were identified by sequencing the 16S rRNA andcpagenes. Four mCP−/rtPCR+colonies were identified asC. perfringens, whereas 3 mCP+/rtPCR−colonies were identified as non-C. perfringens. ThecpartPCR was negative with all 51 non-C. perfringensstrains and positive with 64 of 65C. perfringensstrains. Finally, we compared mCP agar and a CRENAME (concentration andrecovery of microbial particles,extraction ofnucleicacids, andmolecularenrichment) procedure pluscpartPCR (CRENAME +cpartPCR) for their abilities to detectC. perfringensspores in drinking water. CRENAME +cpartPCR detected as few as oneC. perfringensCFU per 100 ml of drinking water sample in less than 5 h, whereas mCP agar took at least 25 h to deliver results. CRENAME +cpartPCR also allows the simultaneous and sensitive detection ofEscherichia coliandC. perfringensfrom the same potable water sample. In itself, it could be used to assess the public health risk posed by drinking water potentially contaminated with pathogens more resistant to disinfection.

scholarly journals Daily urinary excretion of uranium in members of the public of Southwest Nigeria

2011 ◽  
Vol 412-413 ◽  
pp. 344-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Höllriegl ◽  
Adeseye M. Arogunjo ◽  
Augusto Giussani ◽  
Bernhard Michalke ◽  
Uwe Oeh
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
The Public ◽  
Southwest Nigeria

scholarly journals ANALISIS KINERJA BPSPAMS TIRTO SUMBER MULYO SEBAGAI PERTIMBANGAN MENJADI UNIT BUMDES DI DESA MIJEN KECAMATAN KEBONAGUNG KABUPATEN DEMAK

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-102
Author(s):  
Astohar Astohar ◽  
Dhian Andanarini Minar Savitri ◽  
Yuyun Ristianawati ◽  
Prihansantyo Siswo Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Performance Appraisal ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Government Institutions ◽  
Village Level ◽  
Management Group ◽  
The Village

BPSPAMS Tirto Sumber Mulyo Mijen Village is one of the BPSPAMS in the District Kebonagung which has the task of managing water and sanitation at the village level. In the management of water and sanitation facilities at the village level it is necessary to assess the performance so that it can be evaluated for future follow-ups for the strategy or position of the management group that has been included in the BUMDes  Maju Lancar unit. This performance appraisal standard uses the performance appraisal standard from the 2020 Technical Guidelines for SPAMS Management. The results of the performance appraisal show that in general the performance of BPSPAMS Tirto Sumber Mulyo is in the medium category. Partially, it shows the performance of planning in the low category, in the high-performance administration and finance, on the performance of drinking water and sanitation services in the medium category and for the performance of the partnership in the low category. The hope in the future for improving the performance of BPSPAMS together with BUMDes Maju Lancar needs to collaborate or increase cooperation with external parties such as academics, practitioners and government institutions that can increase benefits and benefits for the public

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