scholarly journals From Two to One Index Isomorphism in Optimization Program for Quarterly Disaggregation of Annual Times Series

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Raïmi Aboudou Essessinou ◽  
Guy Degla ◽  
Babacar Mbaye Ndiaye
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Method ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Optimization Program ◽  
Single Index ◽  
Times Series ◽  
Resolution Algorithm ◽  
Isomorphic Transformation ◽  
The Cost

The quarterly disaggregation of an annual economic aggregate, by a mathematical method with a cyclical indicator, gives rise to a problem of minimization to make the quarterly economic aggregate smooth. This involves two indexes for the quarter and the year, which sometimes can make the resolution algorithm less efficient if the problem is large. In this paper we propose a method of indexing quarterly variables based on an isomorphic transformation of a two-index program into a one-index program, in order to minimize the cost of the algorithm of resolution. This method of continuous indexing of variables, applied to national accounts, shows that the algorithm with a single index is more efficient than the algorithm with two indexes when solving the optimization program of the quarterly disaggregation.

scholarly journals Getting Prices Right: What Should Be Done?

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus Deaton
Keyword(s):  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Identification Problems ◽  
Single Index ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Price Indexes ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Heterogeneous Consumers

Much of the profession accepts that the CPI likely overstates the rate of increase of the cost-of-living. It is less clear that there are sound and feasible steps that the BLS can adopt to improve matters in the short run. There are unresolved conceptual and identification problems in the measurement of quality. Superlative price indexes are not feasible, and feasible approximations are not superlative, and may not even be better. The need for a single index that aggregates over heterogeneous consumers with different incomes, tastes, and needs casts serious doubt on the cost-of-living approach.

ters or direct labor hours). This method allowed cost prices to be determined at each successive stage of the production process. The addition of the charges incurred at one level of production to the previous charges provided the cost of the product at that par­ ticular production level. However, since the method did not pro­ vide the original breakdown of the various cost components, com­ ponents had to be recomputed on a separate schedule. The homo­ geneous sections method was adopted in the plan for cost compu­ tations because it allowed precise calculations, and afforded great possibilities of application to various situations. Another characteristic related to product costing introduced in the French Plan was the use of mirror or contra-accounts which allowed product costs to be computed without altering expense accounts. In fact, charges were debited to the appropriate cost accounts by crediting contra-accounts, which preserved the infor­ mation registered in financial accounting’s expense accounts while ensuring the identity of the information carried from financial accounts to cost accounts. Second, the rational classification (discussed in the next sec­ tion) which had developed in France in the 1920s [CNOF, 1946, p. 46] and which, by the 1940s, had been widely adopted by the majority of French enterprises for their balance sheets [CNOF, 1946, p. 23] inspired the 1942 Plan's standard balance sheet. How­ ever, the rational classification was not retained for the 1942 Plan’s chart of accounts since it was inspired by the German chart. The 1942 Plan was mainly criticized for its lack of logic and its complexity, and for being overly oriented toward the determi­ nation of financial results for external purposes, and of product costs for internal and external pricing of products. Not enough attention was paid to the role of accounting in the daily manage­ ment of operations [Brunet, 1951, pp. 252-253]. The other major criticism addressed to the Plan concerned the duality of the operations account and the profit and loss ac­ count, stemming from the possibility of classifying expenses either by nature or by function depending on whether the cost classes (5, 6 and 7) were used or not. This situation deprived national ac­ countants of valuable information needed in the preparation of national accounts [Brunet, 1951, p. 2521. As will be seen in a later section, this criticism was taken into account in the drafting of the 1947 Plan. An official adaptation of the 1942 Plan was only produced for the aeronautic industry. However, Brunet [1951, p. 254] mentions that a number of major companies also adopted the general plan,

2014 ◽  
pp. 341-341
Keyword(s):  
Balance Sheet ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Product Costing ◽  
General Plan ◽  
Operations Account ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Product Costs ◽  
Rational Classification

scholarly journals SNA Under the framework of global public goods

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-397
Author(s):  
Dong Qiu ◽  
◽  
Dongju Li ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Network Effect ◽  
Global Public Good ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Global Public Goods ◽  
System Of National Accounts ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Cost

<abstract> <p>ISWGN (Inter-Secretariat Working Group on National Accounts) is revising 2008 SNA and is expected to publish the latest version of SNA in 2025. In this context, this paper observes SNA (System of National Accounts) from a new perspective of global public goods and further understands the public goods attributes of national accounts. The global public good is developed from the theory of public goods. According to its definition, classification, and supply rule, SNA is considered a global public good in essence. In terms of characteristics, SNA belongs to means-oriented and best shot supply-oriented global public goods. It has network effect and belongs to network global public goods. And it is also global institutional knowledge, belonging to knowledge-based global public goods. Although SNA serves as a global standard of national accounts, it is not mandatory for consumption. As a global public good, SNA can enhance a country's statistical ability, avoid and reduce the cost of developing the system of national accounts, and reduce transaction costs. At the same time, SNA has the problem of underprovision and underuse, which requires global cooperation in the revision process of SNA. The evolution of SNA demand determines the evolution of SNA supply. Therefore, even if SNA is a global public good, it does not mean that countries should copy SNA, but need to "localize" SNA and transform it from a global public good to a national or regional public good.</p> </abstract>

Comparative analysis of costs of some selected infrastructure components across Africa

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Chinganya ◽  
Abdoulaye Adam ◽  
Marc Kouakou
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Economic Growth And Development ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Cost

The economic growth and development of a country depend on a solid infrastructure and the robustness of systems that have been put in place. Together, these constitute a nation’s “engine of growth” and include housing, water, electricity, transportation, communication, and construction. It is postulated that the cost of doing business in Africa is much higher than in other regions, largely because of the poor quality of its infrastructure and to accessibility constraints. The distribution of price levels of these economic drivers, which contribute to the cost of doing business in Africa. Price level indices (PLIs) have been calculated to provide a comparison of the cost of selected infrastructure components across African countries. The data were collected from the 2005 round of the International Comparison Program (ICP) in Africa, covering 48 out of a total of 52 countries and 22 major aggregates of the national accounts.

The Terms of Trade as a Tax on Agriculture: Hungary's Trade with Austria, 1883–1913

1972 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 298-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott M. Eddie
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
World Market ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost

Protection of a domestic manufacturing industry to encourage its expansion through import substitution is equivalent (in the absence of equal protection for agriculture) to a “tax” on agriculture to support the development of the industrial sector. To call this policy of biasing the intersectoral terms of trade to favor industry a typical strategy of underdeveloped countries would be, if anything, to understate its universality. The arguments for and against such a strategy are well known, and an approximation of the benefits to the industrial sector can be gleaned from the national accounts of many countries. What remains hidden in the accounts, however, is the cost to the agricultural sector as a result of its being forced to trade at less favorable terms of trade than those provided by the world market. The purpose of this paper is to work out a simple methodology for measuring this cost and then to attempt an estimate of the cost in a particular case.

scholarly journals Cost Optimization of Steel-concrete Composite Floor Systems with Castellated Steel Beams

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Kaveh ◽  
Amir Fakoor
Keyword(s):  
Cost Function ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Design Theory ◽  
Particle System ◽  
Cost Optimization ◽  
Steel Beams ◽  
Optimization Program ◽  
Accurate Design ◽  
Floor Systems ◽  
The Cost

Performance of cost optimization program of composite steel deck-slabs (DS) and supporting castellated beams (CB) consisting of interior beams, edge beams and girders is proposed in this paper. The program applies the vibrating particle system (VPS) meta-heuristic algorithm, which imitates the free vibration of ideal one-story frame structures with viscous damping. The program is also furnished with an advanced cost function, which takes into account both material and fabrication costs of all parts of the floor system. The effect of four major cost reduction procedures and additional cost-saving techniques are studied on the cost function. Considering various DS profiles, altering the dimensions of hexagonal openings, different number of floor divisions and choosing costlier DSs except the optimal deck are the major cost reduction procedures. Inclusion of partial composite action for CBs, infilling certain openings of CBs and applying camber are the supplementary economizing techniques. To realize the economy of LRFD method, a meticulous design theory of composite CBs in adherence with LRFD principles of AISC 360-16 specifications is applied to the formulation of the strength constraints. Due to excessive deflections and due emphasis on vibration control of CBs, we implement accurate design procedures for the formulation of the serviceability constraints. Performance and superiority of the proposed optimization program is validated by studying three distinct real-size design examples taken from the literatures.

scholarly journals The Influence of Main Design Parameters on the Overall Cost of a Gearbox

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 2365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngoc-Pi Vu ◽  
Dinh-Ngoc Nguyen ◽  
Anh-Tung Luu ◽  
Ngoc-Giang Tran ◽  
Thi-Hong Tran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Experiment ◽  
Cost Optimization ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Main Design ◽  
Optimization Program ◽  
The Third ◽  
Input Parameters ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Total Ratio

This study is aimed at determining optimum partial gear ratios to minimize the cost of a three-stage helical gearbox. In this work, eleven input parameters were investigated to find their influence on the optimum gear ratios of the second and the third stages ( u 2 and u 3 ). To reach the goal, a simulation experiment was designed and implemented by a cost optimization program. The results revealed that in addition to the input parameters, their interactions also have important effects in which the total ratio gearbox ratio ( u t ) and the cost of shaft ( C s ) have the most impact on u 2 and u 3 responses, respectively. Moreover, the proposed models of the two responses are highly consistent to the experimental results. The proposed regression equations can be applied to solve optimization cost problems.

The IBM-PC in electron microscopy

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 612-613
Author(s):  
James F. Mancuso
Keyword(s):  
Head Start ◽  
Image Acquisition ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Financial Applications ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Instrument Control ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Training And Support ◽  
Control Image ◽  
Ibm Pc

IBM PC compatible computers are widely used in microscopy for applications ranging from control to image acquisition and analysis. The choice of IBM-PC based systems over competing computer platforms can be based on technical merit alone or on a number of factors relating to economics, availability of peripherals, management dictum, or simple personal preference.IBM-PC got a strong “head start” by first dominating clerical, document processing and financial applications. The use of these computers spilled into the laboratory where the DOS based IBM-PC replaced mini-computers. Compared to minicomputer, the PC provided a more for cost-effective platform for applications in numerical analysis, engineering and design, instrument control, image acquisition and image processing. In addition, the sitewide use of a common PC platform could reduce the cost of training and support services relative to cases where many different computer platforms were used. This could be especially true for the microscopists who must use computers in both the laboratory and the office.

New Feasible Concepts of Aberration Correction for Realizing High-Resolution Electron Microscopes

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 202-203
Author(s):  
H. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Spherical Aberration ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
Electron Wave ◽  
Optical Lens ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Rotationally Symmetric ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Imaging Performance ◽  
Acceleration Voltage

The imaging performance of the light optical lens systems has reached such a degree of perfection that nowadays numerical apertures of about 1 can be utilized. Compared to this state of development the objective lenses of electron microscopes are rather poor allowing at most usable apertures somewhat smaller than 10-2 . This severe shortcoming is due to the unavoidable axial chromatic and spherical aberration of rotationally symmetric electron lenses employed so far in all electron microscopes.The resolution of such electron microscopes can only be improved by increasing the accelerating voltage which shortens the electron wave length. Unfortunately, this procedure is rather ineffective because the achievable gain in resolution is only proportional to λ1/4 for a fixed magnetic field strength determined by the magnetic saturation of the pole pieces. Moreover, increasing the acceleration voltage results in deleterious knock-on processes and in extreme difficulties to stabilize the high voltage. Last not least the cost increase exponentially with voltage.

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