scholarly journals Evolution of COVID-19 Infection in Mexico until March 23, 2020: A Descriptive Ecological Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 42-48
Author(s):  
Nicolas Padilla-Raygoza ◽  
Cuauhtemoc Sandoval-Salazar ◽  
Daniel Alberto Díaz-Martinez ◽  
Efrain Navarro-Olivos ◽  
Maria de Jesus Gallardo-Luna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Study ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
General Direction ◽  
The Past ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
Public Health Challenge

Aims: COVID-19 has been a big public health challenge around the world in the past several months. The aim of this study is to describe the epidemic and report the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Mexico until March 23, 2020. Study Design: Ecological descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: Registries of confirmed cases for COVID-19 in Mexican population during February and until 23 March 2020, from National System of Epidemiological Surveillance/ General Direction of Epidemiology/ Secretary of Health, Mexico. Methodology: Based on the database of confirmed cases of COVID-19 by Secretary of Health in Mexico, we collected data on age, gender, and source of infection (travel to USA, European or Asian countries. As of March 23, 2020, 405 cases have been identified in Mexico. It was included 405 registries. Results: The first confirmed case in Mexico has been identified on February 20, 2020 and the incidence has been rising from the end of February and throughout March. The early confirmed cases were imported cases resulting from travel to USA, Italy, Germany, Spain, France and Singapore. No one travelled to China. No cases of community transmission have been reported. Conclusion: The frequency of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Mexico are concerning and the health authorities in Mexico are waiting for the peak of the epidemiological curve to occur in April.

scholarly journals Update of the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Infection, COVID-19, and Mortality in Mexico Until May 15, 2020: An Ecological Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 36-45
Author(s):  
Nicolás Padilla-Raygoza ◽  
Cuauhtémoc Sandoval-Salazar ◽  
Luis-Antonio Díaz-Becerril ◽  
Vicente Beltrán-Campos ◽  
Daniel Alberto Díaz-Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Study ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
General Direction ◽  
The Past ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
Public Health Challenge ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Aims: Disease for a novel coronavirus has been a big public health challenge around the world in the past several months. The aim of this study is to describe the epidemic and report the number of confirmed cases and deaths of disease for a novel coronavirus in Mexico until May 15, 2020. Study Design:  Ecological study. Place and Duration of Study: Registries of confirmed cases for disease for a novel coronavirus in Mexican population during January and until May 15, 2020, from National System of Epidemiological Surveillance/ General Direction of Epidemiology/ Secretary of Health, Mexico. Methodology: Based on the database of confirmed cases of disease for a novel coronavirus by Secretary of Health in Mexico, we collected data on age, gender, and deaths, and co-morbidities. As of May 15, 2020, 45,032 cases have been identified in Mexico.  Results: The first confirmed case in Mexico has been identified on January 8, 2020 and the incidence has been rising from the end of February and throughout March. The early confirmed cases were imported cases resulting from travel to USA, Italy, Germany, Spain, France and Singapore. No one travelled to China. No cases of community transmission have been reported. The cause-specific mortality rate was 10.59% and the possibility to death is three times more if comorbidities are in the patient. Conclusion: The frequency of confirmed cases of disease for a novel coronavirus in Mexico are concerning and the health authorities in Mexico are waiting for the peak of the epidemiological curve to occur in May. The mortality is high with co-morbidities.

scholarly journals Evolution of COVID-19 Infection in Mexico until 28 March, 2020: A Descriptive Ecological Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
Nicolás Padilla-Raygoza ◽  
Efraín Navarro-Olivos ◽  
María de Jesús Gallardo-Luna ◽  
Francisco J. Magos-Vazquez
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Mexican Population ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
General Direction ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Imported Cases

Aims: To describe the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Mexico. Study Design: Ecological descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: Registries of confirmed cases for COVID-19 in Mexican population during February and until 28 March 2020, 13:00 PM, from National System of Epidemiological Surveillance/ General Direction of Epidemiology/ Secretary of Health, Mexico. Methodology: Accord to database of confirmed cases of COVID-19 by Secretary of Health in Mexico, it was collected data on age, gender, source of infection (travel to USA, European or Asian countries). It was included 848 registries. Results: The first confirmed case in Mexico was 20 February 2020 and the frequency is arising at the end of February and throughout March. The early confirmed cases were imported cases for travel to USA, Italy, Germany, Spain, France and Singapore. No one travelled to China. Now, there are confirmed cases infected for contact with a case. Conclusion: The frequency of confirmed cases of COVID-19 is higher and the health       authorities in Mexico are waiting that the peak of the epidemiological curve is in late March and early April.

scholarly journals Two-Way Contact Network Modeling for Identifying the Route of COVID-19 Community Transmission

Informatics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Sung Jin Lee ◽  
Sang Eun Lee ◽  
Ji-On Kim ◽  
Gi Bum Kim
Keyword(s):  
Simulated Data ◽  
Contact Network ◽  
Transmission Route ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
Centrality Analysis ◽  
Selection Of

In this study, we address the problem originated from the fact that “The Corona 19 Epidemiological Research Support System,” developed by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, is limited to analyzing the Global Positioning System (GPS) information of the confirmed COVID-19 cases alone. Consequently, we study a method that the authority predicts the transmission route of COVID-19 between visitors in the community from a spatiotemporal perspective. This method models a contact network around the first confirmed case, allowing the health authorities to conduct tests on visitors after an outbreak of COVID-19 in the community. After securing the GPS data of community visitors, it traces back to the past from the time the first confirmed case occurred and creates contact clusters at each time step. This is different from other researches that focus on identifying the movement paths of confirmed patients by forward tracing. The proposed method creates the contact network by assigning weights to each contact cluster based on the degree of proximity between contacts. Identifying the source of infection in the contact network can make us predict the transmission route between the first confirmed case and the source of infection and classify the contacts on the transmission route. In this experiment, we used 64,073 simulated data for 100 people and extracted the transmission route and a top 10 list for centrality analysis. The contacts on the route path can be quickly designated as a priority for COVID-19 testing. In addition, it is possible for the authority to extract the subjects with high influence from the centrality theory and use them for additional COVID-19 epidemic investigation that requires urgency. This model is expected to be used in the epidemic investigation requiring the quick selection of close contacts.

scholarly journals The past and present of pandemic management: health diplomacy, international epidemiological surveillance, and COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavio D’Abramo
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Health Diplomacy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Colonial Expansion ◽  
Administrative Systems

AbstractThe establishment of international sanitary institutions, which took place in the context of rivalry among the great European powers and their colonial expansion in Asia, allowed for the development of administrative systems of international epidemiological surveillance as a response to the cholera epidemics at the end of the nineteenth century. In this note, I reflect on how a historical analysis of the inception of international epidemiological surveillance and pandemic management helps us to understand what is happening in the COVID-19 pandemic today.

scholarly journals Association between indicators of cattle density and incidence of paediatric haemolytic – uraemic syndrome (HUS) in children under 15 years of age in France between 1996 and 2001: an ecological study

2005 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 712-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. HAUS-CHEYMOL ◽  
E. ESPIE ◽  
D. CHE ◽  
V. VAILLANT ◽  
H. DE VALK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Poisson Regression ◽  
Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
The Past

Over the past years Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 emerged as an important cause of severe gastrointestinal illnesses and haemolytic–uraemic syndrome (HUS) with up to 10% of children infected with STEC developing HUS. We conducted a geographical ecological study using the district as the statistical unit. For each district, we estimated the incidence of HUS among children <15 years for the period 1996–2001 from national HUS surveillance data and data obtained on cattle density. We used multivariate Poisson regression to quantify the relation, adjusted for covariates, between paediatric HUS incidence and exposure to cattle. In univariate analysis, a positive association was observed between several cattle-density indicators and HUS incidence. In multivariate analysis, HUS paediatric incidence was associated with dairy cattle density and the ratio of calves to children <15 years (P<0·001). Our findings are consistent with previous studies in other countries and support the recommendation to limit exposure of children to dairy cattle and manure to reduce the risk of STEC infection.

scholarly journals Evaluation of WGS-subtyping methods for epidemiological surveillance of foodborne salmonellosis.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manal Mohammed ◽  
Salina Thapa
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Outbreak Investigation ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Salmonella Dublin ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Investigation Methods

Abstract Background: Salmonellosis is one of the most common foodborne diseases worldwide. Although human infection by non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) enterica subspecies enterica is associated primarily with a self-limiting diarrhoeal illness, invasive bacterial infections (such as septicaemia, bacteraemia and meningitis) were also reported. Human outbreaks of NTS were reported in several countries all over the world including developing as well as high-income countries. Conventional laboratory methods such as pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) do not display adequate discrimination and have their limitations in epidemiological surveillance. It is therefore very crucial to use accurate, reliable and highly discriminative subtyping methods for epidemiological characterisation and outbreak investigation. Methods: Here, we used different whole genome sequence (WGS)-based subtyping methods for retrospective investigation of two different outbreaks of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Dublin that occurred in 2013 in UK and Ireland respectively. Results: Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based cluster analysis of Salmonella Typhimurium genomes revealed well supported clades, that were concordant with epidemiologically defined outbreak and confirmed the source of outbreak is due to consumption of contaminated mayonnaise. SNP-analyses of Salmonella Dublin genomes confirmed the outbreak however the source of infection could not be determined. The core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) was discriminatory and separated the outbreak strains of Salmonella Dublin from the non-outbreak strains that were concordant with the epidemiological data however cgMLST could neither discriminate between the outbreak and non-outbreak strains of Salmonella Typhimurium nor confirm that contaminated mayonnaise is the source of infection, On the other hand, other WGS-based subtyping methods including multilocus sequence typing (MLST), ribosomal MLST (rMLST), whole genome MLST (wgMLST), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs), prophage sequence profiling, antibiotic resistance profile and plasmid typing methods were less discriminatory and could not confirm the source of the outbreak. Conclusions: Foodborne salmonellosis is an important concern for public health therefore, it is crucial to use accurate, reliable and highly discriminative subtyping methods for epidemiological surveillance and outbreak investigation. In this study, we showed that SNP-based analyses do not only have the ability to confirm the occurrence of the outbreak but also to provide definitive evidence of the source of the outbreak in real-time.

scholarly journals Mayaro virus in Latin America and the Caribbean

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niloofar Ganjian ◽  
Ana Riviere-Cinnamond
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Mayaro Virus ◽  
Health Organization

Objectives. To assess the distribution of Mayaro virus (MAYV) in Latin America and the Caribbean and evaluate existing country-level MAYV surveillance mechanisms. Methods. Research was conducted from May 2018 through May 2019 to collect data from academic literature on Mayaro fever in Latin America and the Caribbean. PubMed, ClinicalKey, Scopus, Nature, SciELO, LILACS, and Google Scholar were searched for peer-reviewed journal articles, and data from health authorities, including the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and ministries of health, was also sought. MAYV-related publications published from 1954 through 2019 were screened. Publications that added to the overall understanding of MAYV, including its geographical and epidemiological distribution, were included in this report. Results. A total of 901 MAYV cases have been reported in humans in countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. Since its discovery in 1954 in Trinidad and Tobago, MAYV has been isolated from individuals living in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, French Guiana, Haiti, Mexico, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela. Of those 901 cases, 42 of them were reported exclusively by health authorities. In contrast, 843 confirmed and presumptive autochthonous cases and an additional 16 imported cases were identified in academic literature. No country-level surveillance mechanisms for MAYV were recorded in academic literature or by health authorities. Conclusions. This report demonstrates that MAYV surveillance efforts are limited in comparison to the virus’s presence in Latin America and the Caribbean, highlighting the importance of enhancing arboviral surveillance systems in the affected countries.

scholarly journals Vitamin E status in healthy population in Asia: a review of current literature

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Anku Malik ◽  
Manfred Eggersdorfer ◽  
Geeta Trilok-Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Conclusive Data ◽  
Vitamin E Status ◽  
Lipid Soluble Antioxidant

Abstract. Vitamin E is a lipid soluble antioxidant which mainly circulates as α-tocopherol in the human plasma. Its deficiency is associated with ataxia, neuropathy, anaemia and several other health conditions. Although substantial data on vitamin E status has been published worldwide, there is paucity of data on the extent of deficiency from most Asian countries, including India. Part of the problem is lack of validated biomarkers for vitamin E and no consensus on cut offs for defining deficiency and sufficiency. Thus, interpretation of the data on the vitamin E status is difficult. Limited available data from 31 studies on vitamin E status in healthy people from Asia, the most populated continent, has been collated for the purpose of this review. Broadly, the results suggest inadequate vitamin E status in most age groups, with the prevalence of deficiency reaching 67%, 80%, 56% and 72% in infants, children and adolescents, adults, elderly and pregnant women, respectively, based on varying cut offs. The findings are not surprising as both, vitamin E intakes and its status have not received too much attention in the past. Lack of conclusive data accentuates the need for more research on the vitamin E status across all age groups and to define age, gender and physiological state specific cut offs for vitamin E levels.

scholarly journals The Spatial Dimension Of Take-Offs And Sustainability: The Case Of East Asian Countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 719
Author(s):  
Paul Moon Sub Choi ◽  
Jinhwan Oh ◽  
Changsu Ko
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Spatial Dimension ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Economic Openness ◽  
Human Capital Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
Capital Development ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

This study examines the relationship between the size of a country and its “take-off” for economic development. We find that most countries which experienced economic upheavals in the past decades are relatively small in terms of area. Specifically, take-offs appear to be quicker for smaller landmasses with larger potential workforce and higher population density, controlled for financial markets maturity, corporate governance, economic openness, and human capital development. We also find that take-offs are not sustainable by nature as most countries in East Asia that which experience take-offs are currently facing slow-downs of their economies. Through this finding, we predict that China may experience a slow-down at around 36% and may reach to the 50-60% of income level of the U.S.  

BRUCELLOSIS: A LONG AND COSTLY WAY TO FIGHT. WHY?

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 1250-1259
Author(s):  
G.G. Absatirov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Topical Issue ◽  
Operational Analysis ◽  
Immunological Status ◽  
The Past ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Epizootic Process ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
State Programs

The materials of the article are devoted to a highly topical issue - epizootological and epidemic manifestations of brucellosis and trends in their development in the modern period in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Despite the measures taken by the Government, the epizootic situation and the problem of eliminating brucellosis over the past 20 years continues to be tense and remains relevant for the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Health. Over the years of independence in the republic, several state programs to fight and prevent brucellosis have been developed and approved in the format of the Rules for the fight and prevention of the disease. On the basis of a retrospective and operational analysis of state programs for controlling and preventing brucellosis, using serological and factor monitoring, as well as monitoring the immunological status, as well as organization and implementation of antiepizootic measures, an analysis of the above measures is presented, the risks and causes of the onset and spread of the disease are indicated on the territory of the regions. The factors influencing the epizootic process of brucellosis, systemic deficiencies in the organization and implementation of antiepizootic measures aimed at the links of the epizootic chain, the mechanism of isolating the source of infection and its neutralization are shown. Based on the results of the study, measures are proposed to correct the diagnosis and specific prevention of brucellosis, as well as the need for effective coordination in organizing and conducting anti-brucellosis measures.

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