scholarly journals An Overview on the Biosynthetic Pathways and Medicinal Values of Secondary Metabolites

2021 ◽  
pp. 100-114
Author(s):  
Ashwini V. Armarkar ◽  
Divyani S. Mahure ◽  
Anita R. Pounikar ◽  
Rani T. Bhagat ◽  
Dhanashri N. Nagare
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Shikimic Acid ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Acid Pathway

Nature is a treasure hunt of novel molecules which are extensively used by humans for their medicinal values for millennia. Herbal medicines have emerged as life savers all over the world due to their multifunctional and diverse array of activities on the human body. Plants supply numerous bioactive molecules which are capable of treating disease conditions. Plants produce varieties of phytochemicals which are commonly recognized as primary and secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites are inimitable resources for exploitation for pharmaceuticals, food additives e.t.c. They are often involved in the control of abiotic or biotic stress. They play distinctive roles in the defense mechanism of plants, act as insect repellant, regulate signaling pathways, and also exhibit varied range of pharmacological actions such as antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer anti-diabetic and others. Secondary metabolites are derived from one or mixed pathways that give rise to formation of various compounds i.e., alkaloids, volatile oils, tannins, glycosides and resins etc. which have great importance in modern medicine. Isopentenyl diphosphate and Shikimic acid pathway serve as primary precursors for the synthesis some of types of secondary metabolites. The present review deals with the brief introduction, significance of secondary metabolites in the plants, biosynthetic pathways, and therapeutic importance of some commonly known secondary metabolites.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of Natural Products

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella O. Bruce ◽  
Felix A. Onyegbule
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Shikimic Acid ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Methylerythritol Phosphate ◽  
Acid Pathway ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Nitrogen Containing Compounds

Natural products are in the form of primary and secondary metabolites and are isolated chemical compounds or substances from living organisms. Terpenes, Phenolic compounds, and Nitrogen-containing compounds are secondary metabolites. The biosyntheses of secondary metabolites are derived from primary metabolism pathways, which consist of a tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), methylerythritol phosphate pathway (MEP), mevalonic and shikimic acid pathway. This chapter provides an overview of the diversity of secondary metabolites in plants, their multiple biological functions, and multi-faceted cultural history.

scholarly journals Analytical Methods for Extraction and Identification of Primary and Secondary Metabolites of Apple (Malus domestica) Fruits: A Review

Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Maria Assunta Acquavia ◽  
Raffaella Pascale ◽  
Luca Foti ◽  
Giuseppe Carlucci ◽  
Laura Scrano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Apple Variety ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Phytochemical Compounds ◽  
Apple Fruits

Apples represent a greater proportion of the worldwide fruit supply, due to their availability on the market and to the high number of existing cultivar varieties and apple-based products (fresh fruit, fruit juice, cider and crushed apples). Several studies on apple fruit metabolites are available, with most of them focusing on their healthy properties’ evaluation. In general, the metabolic profile of apple fruits strongly correlates with most of their peculiar characteristics, such as taste, flavor and color. At the same time, many bioactive molecules could be identified as markers of a specific apple variety. Therefore, a complete description of the analytical protocols commonly used for apple metabolites’ characterization and quantification could be useful for researchers involved in the identification of new phytochemical compounds from different apple varieties. This review describes the analytical methods published in the last ten years, in order to analyze the most important primary and secondary metabolites of Malus domestica fruits. In detail, this review gives an account of the spectrophotometric, chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods. A discussion on the quantitative and qualitative analytical shortcomings for the identification of sugars, fatty acids, polyphenols, organic acids, carotenoids and terpenes found in apple fruits is reported.

The Shikimate Pathway: Biosynthesis of Phenolic Products from Shikimic Acid

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Morrow
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Shikimic Acid ◽  
Shikimate Pathway ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Bimolecular Reaction ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Chemotherapy Agent ◽  
Acid Pathway

Like other amino acids, the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan are vitally important for protein synthesis in all organisms. However, while animals can synthesize tyrosine via oxidation of phenylalanine, they can synthesize neither phenylalanine itself nor tryptophan and so these essential amino acids must be obtained in the diet, usually from plant material. Though many other investigators made significant contributions in this area over the years, it was Bernhard Davis in the early 1950s whose use of mutant stains of Escherichia coli led to a full understanding of the so-called shikimic acid pathway that is used by plants and also by some microorganisms for the biosynthesis of these essential amino acids. The pathway is almost completely devoted to their synthesis for protein production in bacteria, while in plants the pathway extends their use to the construction of a wide array of secondary metabolites, many of which are valuable medicinal agents. These secondary metabolites range from simple and familiar compounds such as vanillin (vanilla flavor and fragrance) and eugenol (oil of clove, a useful dental anesthetic) to more complex structures such as pinoresinol, a common plant biochemical, and podophyllotoxin, a powerful cancer chemotherapy agent. Earlier in Chapter 3, we encountered two important intermediates, erythrose-4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), each of which was derived from a different pathway utilized in carbohydrate metabolism. Erythrose-4-P was an intermediate in one of the steps of the pentose phosphate pathway while hydrolysis of PEP to pyruvic acid was the final step in glycolysis. These two simple intermediates provide the seven carbon atoms required for construction of shikimic acid itself. The two are linked to one another via a sequence of enzyme-mediated aldol-type reactions, the first being a bimolecular reaction and the second an intramolecular variant that ultimately leads to a cyclic precursor of shikimic acid known as 3-dehydroquinic acid as shown in Fig. 6.3. Subsequent dehydration of 3-dehydroquinic acid leads to 3-dehydroshikimic acid which then leads directly to shikimic acid via NADPH reduction.

scholarly journals 2-HYDROXY-4-METHOXYBENZALDEHYDE, AN ASTOUNDING FOOD FLAVORING METABOLITE: A REVIEW

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neelima Rathi ◽  
Keerthana Harwalkar ◽  
Jayashree V ◽  
Ashwani Sharma ◽  
Nagashree N Rao
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Traditional Knowledge ◽  
Shikimic Acid ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Flavor Compound ◽  
Security Culture ◽  
Plant Environment ◽  
Acid Pathway

  Objective: Rich endowment of traditional knowledge plays a critical role in health care, food security, culture, environment and development. Traditional knowledge is also widely used by the aromatic, flavoring, food and health industries. Plant-based traditional medicine has often been used to identify and fast-track the development of modern food and drugs. Plants synthesize such wide array of secondary metabolites that includes alkaloids, glucosinolates, terpenoids and phenylpropanoids. This study is aimed to review on indigenous and exotic medicinal plants containing an astounding food flavoring metabolite; 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (HMB).Material and Method: The review focuses on the isomer of vanillin, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde, also called MBALD, HMB, or 2H4MB, a flavor compound that is generally found in the roots and rhizomes of medicinal plants. This food flavoring phenylpropenoid is one of the least investigated isomers of vanillin. HMB is known to exhibit a wide array of medicinal properties. Though the molecular role of these metabolites remains largely unknown, they are known to play a key role in plant-environment interactions/stress response/defence signaling and application in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.Discussion and Conclusion: One of the key secondary metabolites is the group of phenylproponoids synthesized either through shikimic acid pathway or the malonate/acetate pathway. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) is the enzyme involved in phenylpropanoid pathway catalysing the deamination of phenylalanine to synthesize cinnamic acid that subsequently synthesizes variety of phenylpropanoid products. Inspite of its medicinal importance, the regulatory molecular mechanism underlying the biosynthetic pathway is largely unknown.

scholarly journals Profiles of Essential Oils and Correlations with Phenolic Acids and Primary Metabolites in Flower Buds of Magnolia heptapeta and Magnolia denudata var. purpurascens

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Hyejin Hyeon ◽  
Ho Bong Hyun ◽  
Boram Go ◽  
Sung Chun Kim ◽  
Yong-Hwan Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
White Flower ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Primary Metabolites ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Metabolic Systems ◽  
Magnolia Denudata

Magnolia flower buds are a source of herbal medicines with various active compounds. In this study, differences in the distribution and abundance of major essential oils, phenolic acids, and primary metabolites between white flower buds of Magnolia heptapeta and violet flower buds of Magnolia denudata var. purpurascens were characterised. A multivariate analysis revealed clear separation between the white and violet flower buds with respect to primary and secondary metabolites closely related to metabolic systems. White flower buds contained large amounts of monoterpene hydrocarbons (MH), phenolic acids, aromatic amino acids, and monosaccharides, related to the production of isoprenes, as MH precursors, and the activity of MH synthase. However, concentrations of β-myrcene, a major MH compound, were higher in violet flower buds than in white flower buds, possibly due to higher threonine levels and low acidic conditions induced by comparatively low levels of some organic acids. Moreover, levels of stress-related metabolites, such as oxygenated monoterpenes, proline, and glutamic acid, were higher in violet flower buds than in white flower buds. Our results support the feasibility of metabolic profiling for the identification of phytochemical differences and improve our understanding of the correlated biological pathways for primary and secondary metabolites.

scholarly journals Current State and Future Directions of Genetics and Genomics of Endophytic Fungi for Bioprospecting Efforts

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Sagita ◽  
Wim J. Quax ◽  
Kristina Haslinger
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fungal Genomes ◽  
Genetics And Genomics

The bioprospecting of secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi received great attention in the 1990s and 2000s, when the controversy around taxol production from Taxus spp. endophytes was at its height. Since then, hundreds of reports have described the isolation and characterization of putative secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi. However, only very few studies also report the genetic basis for these phenotypic observations. With low sequencing cost and fast sample turnaround, genetics- and genomics-based approaches have risen to become comprehensive approaches to study natural products from a wide-range of organisms, especially to elucidate underlying biosynthetic pathways. However, in the field of fungal endophyte biology, elucidation of biosynthetic pathways is still a major challenge. As a relatively poorly investigated group of microorganisms, even in the light of recent efforts to sequence more fungal genomes, such as the 1000 Fungal Genomes Project at the Joint Genome Institute (JGI), the basis for bioprospecting of enzymes and pathways from endophytic fungi is still rather slim. In this review we want to discuss the current approaches and tools used to associate phenotype and genotype to elucidate biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites in endophytic fungi through the lens of bioprospecting. This review will point out the reported successes and shortcomings, and discuss future directions in sampling, and genetics and genomics of endophytic fungi. Identifying responsible biosynthetic genes for the numerous secondary metabolites isolated from endophytic fungi opens the opportunity to explore the genetic potential of producer strains to discover novel secondary metabolites and enhance secondary metabolite production by metabolic engineering resulting in novel and more affordable medicines and food additives.

scholarly journals PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE LEAF EXTRACTS OF NYCTANTHES ARBOR-TRISTIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajani KS ◽  
Swasha Khandeparker Naik ◽  
Subhadarshini Satapathy ◽  
Sweta Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Percolation Method ◽  
Indian Origin ◽  
Wide Range

The present study highlights preliminary phytochemical analysis of the leaf extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. Plants produce a wide range of bioactive molecules which make them as a rich source of various types of medicines. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is one of the well-known medicinal herbs of Indian origin belonging to family Oleaceae, commonly known as night Jasmine. The leaf extract is taken by percolation method. Various bioactive primary and secondary metabolites were tested using colour reactions with specific reagents. The study reveals that it contains some bioactive compounds which indicate that this plant might be used as anti-malarial, anti-viral and antidiabetic.

scholarly journals Sterols Biosynthesis in Algae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariane Bittencourt Fagundes ◽  
Roger Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Industrial Application ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mevalonic Acid ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Principal Factors ◽  
Acid Pathway

Sterols are secondary metabolites, they are considered bioactive, due to their recognized activity as antioxidants, anticarcinogenic, cardiovascular protectors, and antiviral capacity. These triterpenoids can be found in a wide range of concentrations in different algae strains, being the variations related to external factors. In the world, there are millions of algae, some strains have the ability to produce high-value phytosterols, like stigmasterol, and sitosterol, however, others could lead to cholesterol production. For this reason, understand the principal factors involved in sterols biosynthesis, allows us to appoint the algae strain for industrial application and escalating these specific compounds production. Some algae are capable to produce sterols from mevalonic acid pathway, other strains present the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP), or 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate (DOXP) as the main pathway, each one is responsible for the production of plans of intermediary compounds. In this sense, this chapter summarizes current knowledge of the biosynthetic pathways responsible for different sterols formation, as well as, describe main sterols that could be isolated from algae metabolism.

scholarly journals A tribute to Professor Arnold L Demain – a lifetime in industrial microbiology

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Margaret Britz
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Nutritional Regulation ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Industrial Microbiology ◽  
The World

Professor Arnold (Arny) Lester Demain is one of the few scientists who have witnessed the progress of biotechnology in a career that has spanned almost 60 years. He is one of the world?s leading industrial microbiologists who has pioneered discovery in genetic and nutritional regulation of biosynthetic pathways leading to overproduction of a suite of primary and secondary metabolites, and their subsequent scale-up in manufacturing processes. These metabolites have huge economic value due to their application in the food, pharmaceutical and agricultural sectors. In this article, Arny?s story is summarised and put in context of the changing face of biotechnology in the various ?golden ages? of biotechnology. A former Rubbo Orator in 1979, Arny will be visiting Australia again in 2010 to present the closing plenary address at the Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms Symposium (GIMS) in Melbourne, a role he played before at the first GIMS in 1970.

Flavonoids and other Non-Alkaloidal Constituents of Genus Erythrina: A Detailed Account of Phytochemical Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ninh The Son ◽  
Abdelsamed I. Elshamymistry
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Fatty Acid Derivatives ◽  
Material Sources ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Alkaloidal Constituents ◽  
The Web

: Genus Erythrina belongs to family Fabaceae, which widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas, and has been applied in both traditional herbal medicines, and pharmacological uses. Original research articles and publications on overview of alkaloids related to this genus are available, but a supportive systematic review account highlighted phytochemical aspects of other types of secondary metabolites is now insufficient. Utilizing data information from SCI-Finder, Google Scholar, the Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, Chemical Abstracts, ACS journals, Springer, Taylor Francis, Bentham Science and IOP Science, the reliable material sources of this systematic manuscript paper were obtained from the literature published from 1980s to now. A vast amount of data showed that the non-alkaloidal secondary metabolites obtained from genus Erythrina with various classes of chemical structures. Herein, approximately five hundred constituents were isolated comprising of flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, phytosterols, phenols, arylbenzofurans, coumarins, alcohols, ceramides, mono-sugars and fatty acid derivatives. It resembles the previously phytochemical reports on the plants of differential genus of family Fabaceae, flavonoids reached to the high amount in plants of genus Erythrina. Numerous biological researches such as anti-microbacteria, anti-cancer, anti-virus using isolated compounds from Erythrina species suggested that secondary metabolites of Erythrina plants are now becoming promising agents for drug developments.

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