scholarly journals Toxicological studies of aqueous and ethanol leaf extract of Spondias purpurea (red plum) in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Y. Gara ◽  
A. I. Daniel ◽  
F. M. Muhammad ◽  
H. H. Ndayako
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Renal Tubular Epithelium ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Spondias Purpurea

Abstract Background Spondias purpurea is a flowering plant of the cashew family commonly found in South Western Nigeria. The plant is used in folk medicine for treatment of gastric disorders and diarrhoea. The purpose of the study was to investigate the haematological and histopathological effects of aqueous and ethanol leaf extract of S. purpurea (red plum) in rats. Methods Female wistar rats weighing (121.5 ± 30.41 g) were administered 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg body weight of aqueous and ethanol extracts of S. purpurea leaf (orally) daily for 14 days, while the control group was administered 0.5 ml of normal saline (vehicle). At the end of the study, the rats were euthanized; blood samples were collected for haematological parameters. The liver, kidney and spleen were harvested from the rats for photomicrographic examination. Result The result of the acute toxicity test revealed no death with dose up to 5000 mg/kg body weight. The administration of the extracts showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the hematologic parameters of the animals. The liver sections showed congestion, mononuclear infiltration, widened sinusoidal space and congestions with hemosiderin. Similar changes were observed in the kidney showing slight necrosis of renal tubular epithelium, widened Bowman’s space, and collapsed renal tubules and adhesion of the parietal layer of glomerulus to the Bowman’s space. The spleen showed congestion, lymphocyte proliferation at the germinal centre. Conclusions The result of this study showed that the alterations observed in the organs intensified with increase in the doses of the extracts administered. It can be inferred that the prolonged consumption of S. purpurea leaf maybe associated with significant tissue damage of some vital organs.

scholarly journals Hepatoprotective and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Hydro-alcoholic Extract of Oxalis debilis Kunth. Leaves

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 3626-3633
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Hepatoprotective Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Alcoholic Extract ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Oral Doses

This study aimed to investigate hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Oxalis debilis (ODHE) leaves. Acute oral toxicity evaluated ODHE in graded oral doses (100, 500, 1000, 3000, and 5000 mg/kg body weight) in rats. The hepatoprotective activity was evaluated in CCl4 intoxicated rats at 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight doses of ODHE, while anti-inflammatory activity was determined by carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats at 200, 400, 800 mg/kg body weight doses of ODHE. The ODHE was safe at the highest dose of 5000 mg/kg in experimental rats. In hepatoprotective activity, ODHE significantly reduced the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin (TB) levels as compared to the CCl4control group. On the other hand, ODHE showed an anti-inflammatory effect similar to that of the control group in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model. The histopathological findings showed a significant difference between the ODHE (400 mg/kg) and CCl4 groups. The present experiment showed that ODHE has significant hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. Results confirm the use of O. debilis in folk medicine in the treatment of hepatotoxicity and inflammation.

scholarly journals Acute Toxicity Assessment of the methanolic leaf extract of Annona squamosa Bark in Male Albino Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-155
Author(s):  
Jamila Saleh ◽  
◽  
Funsho Olowoniyi ◽  
Ekpa Emmanuel ◽  
Abdulrahman Abdullateef ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Annona Squamosa ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Doses

Throughout the history of man, traditional and herbal method of treatment of diseases has been used without considering the dose effect. Therefore, this present study is an attempt on investigating the effect of different doses of Annona squamosa methanolic leaf extract on male wistar Rats especially the delicate organs. The work involves oral administration of different doses (10, 100, 1000, 1600, 2900, 5000 mg/kg body weight) of the extract to groups of rats according to Lorkes method. The animals were monitored for 30 days at every 24 hours interval in order to find the median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract. Internal organ-body weight ratios (OBR) of animals in the test groups were determined and compared with those of the control group. LD50 was found to be greater than 5000mg/kg body weight without any significant decrease (p>0.05) in body weight. Biochemical analysis of Aspartate amino transferase (AST), Alanine amino transferase (ALT), Albumin and globulin of animals administered with extract showed no significant difference compared to the control groups (p>0.05) but concentration of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) indicated obvious changes in the treated groups compared to the control groups (p<0.05). Histopathology of the kidney revealed some inflammation at 1000, 1600, and 5000 mg/kg body weight. The implications of using this extract within safe doses in traditional medicine is hereby discussed

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF TULSI LEAF EXTRACT ON BODY WEIGHT GAIN IN BROILER PRODUCTION

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N. Hasan ◽  
M. Mostofa ◽  
M. G. Sorwar ◽  
M. T. Hasan ◽  
K. Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Live Body Weight ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of tulsi leaf (Ocimum sanctum) extract supplementation in drinking water as a growth promoter in broiler chickens. A total of 40 Cobb-500 broiler chicks (day-old) were purchased from local hatchery (Nourish Poultry and Hatchery Ltd.). After seven days of acclimatization chicks were randomly divided into two groups, A (n=20) and B (n=20). The group A was kept as a control and not treated. The group B was supplemented with tulsi leaf extract with feed and water. Weekly observations were recorded for live body weight gain up to 5th weeks and hematological tests were performed at 35th day’s age of broiler to search for hematological changes between control (A) and treatment (B) groups. The initial body weight of groups A and B on 1st day of this experiment were 41.00±1.78 gm and 41.50±2.35 gm, respectively and after 35th day of experiment final body weight were 1640± 74.83 gm and 1920± 33.91 gm, respectively and economics of production were analyzed and found that net profit per broiler was Tk. 21.46 and Tk. 32.29, respectively. The treatment group B was recorded statistically significant (at 1% level) increased (16.97%) for live body weight than that of control group A. The hematological parameters total erythrocyte count (TEC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin (Hb) estimation value of treatment group shows significant difference, while hemoglobin (Hb) estimation does not show significant difference from control group. The results suggest that better growth performance could be achieved in broilers supplemented with tulsi leaf extract.

scholarly journals Effect of beluntas (Pluchea indica) leaf extract on mice spermatogenesis

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-51
Author(s):  
NUR AMALINA ◽  
SUYATMI SUYATMI ◽  
ENDANG LISTYANINGSIH SUPARYANTI
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference

Amalina N, Suyatmi, Suparyanti EL. 2010. Effect of beluntas (Pluchea indica) leaf extract on mice spermatogenesis. Biofarmasi 8: 47-51. This research aimed to determine the effect of beluntas (Pluchea indica L.) leaf extract in habiting spermatogenesis. Flavonoids can inhibit aromatase enzyme that function to catalyze the conversion of androgens into estrogen so that the level of the testosterone hormone will increase. The high concentration of testosterone will affect on the feedback to the pituitary, that not releasing FSH and LH, so it will inhibit spermatogenesis. This research is an experimental research with post-test only controlled group design method, using male mice, 2-3 months age, weight 20-30 g, as many as 24 mice divided into 4 groups. The first group was a control group, the second group as treatment group I that given with 1.4 mg/20 g body weight beluntas extract, the third group as treatment group II that given with 2.8 mg/g body weight beluntas extract. The fourth group as treatment group III that given with 5.6 mg/g body weight beluntas extract. The treatment was given for 10 days after that the testes of mice were taken and from each testicle was made 3 slices and from each slice the most representative seminiferous tubule was taken for spermatid cells. So, each mice had 18 units of data would be analyzed. The data obtained were analyzed with Anova to determine the significant differences before and after the treatment of extract and to be compared the difference between four groups with Dunnet T3 test to determine the difference between each group. Based on the statistical test results with Dunnet T3, it showed a significant difference between the fours study groups, except between treatment groups I and II. This might be due to the effectiveness of the two doses equally so that by doubling the dose, it did not give a doubling effect on decreasing spermatids. The provision of beluntas leaf extract can cause a decrease in the number of spermatid cells in mice. The average spermatid cells number decreased with increasing beluntas leaf extract dose. The best dose for reducing the number of spermatids in this study was the dose in the treatment group III that was 5.6 mg/g body weight.

Potential Antiseptic of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaves extract on Healing wound in Male Wistar rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 3143-3149
Author(s):  
Endang Sri Purwanti Ningsih ◽  
Noorlaila Noorlaila ◽  
Ikhwan Rizki Muhammad ◽  
Windy Yuliana Budianto
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Wound Care ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Rhodomyrtus Tomentosa

Background: The process of wound healing is influenced by various factors such as age, hormones, and wound care. Wound care is done to accelerate wound healing which can be done by various methods, one of them is traditional care. Traditional wound care can use medicinal plants. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa is a medicinal plant that has an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antibacterial content. Thus this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the antiseptic solution of the Rodhomyrtus tomentosa leaf extract on wound healing in male Wistar rats. Method: this research is pure experimental research with post test only control group design. Thirty male white rats were divided into five groups, namely negative control, positive control, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extract 15%, 30%, and 60%. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extraction was carried out by maceration method with 70% ethano solvent. The extraction results are divided into 3 concentrations (15%, 30% and 60%). The wound healing process was evaluated by measuring the length of the wound manually from 0 to 10 days in each group. Meanwhile, the number of fibroblast cells was calculated through hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining and observed using an Olympus CX41 microscope with a 10x magnification and objective lens magnification in 3 fields. Result: There was a significant difference in the reduction in wound length (p =< 0,000) between the five experimental groups (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extract solution 15%, 30% and 60%, negative control and positive control. Solution of rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extract accelerated the increase in the number of fibroblasts compared to the negative control group (p = 0.003), but did not make a difference (p = 0.403) with the positive control group. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extraction solution had the same microscopic effect on the number of fibroblasts with a positive control group given 0.9% NaCl solution. Conclusion: There was a significant difference in the number of fibroblasts between all groups, but no difference in wound healing length.

scholarly journals Regression of gestational diabetes induced cardiomegaly in offspring of diabetic rat

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honório Sampaio Menezes ◽  
Cláudio Galeano Zettler ◽  
Alice Calone ◽  
Jackson Borges Corrêa ◽  
Carla Bartuscheck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Diabetic Rat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Levene Test

PURPOSE: To compare body weight and length, heart weight and length, heart-to-body weight ratio, glycemia, and morphometric cellular data of offspring of diabetic rats (ODR) and of normal rats (control). METHODS: Diabetes was induced in 3 pregnant Wistar rats, bearing 30 rats, on the 11th day after conception by intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg of streptozotocin. Six normal pregnant Wistar rats, bearing 50 rats, made up the control group. Morphometric data were obtained using a scale for the weight, length, heart and body measurements. Morphometric cellular data were obtained by a computer assisted method applied to the measurements of myocytes. Statistical analysis utilized Student's t-test, ANOVA and Levene test. RESULTS: Control offspring had greater mean body weight and length than offspring of diabetic rats (p < 0.001). Heart weight and length and heart-to-body ratios of newborn rats differed between groups at birth (p < 0.001), but showed no difference at 21 days. Mean nuclei area and perimetric value of the myocytes decrees throughout the first 21 days of life (p < 0.01) in the diabetic group. CONCLUSIONS: Heart hypertrophy on the offspring of diabetic rats at birth was demonstrated by the significant difference between the groups. After the eleventh day, no difference was found, which confirmed regression of cardiomegaly. The significant difference between the first and the 21th day of life, for nuclei area feature, demonstrate regression of cardiac hypertrophy in the offspring of diabetic rats.

scholarly journals In vivo antidiarrheal study of ethanolic extracts of Mikania cordata and Litsea monopetala leaves

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatema Nasrin ◽  
Md. Lukman Hakim
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts ◽  
Antidiarrheal Activity

<p class="Abstract">In this study the antidiarrheal activity of ethanolic extracts of the leaves of <em>Mikania cordata</em> and <em>Litsea monopetala</em> was evaluated. Diarrhea was induced in mice by oral administration of castor oil (0.5 mL) 30 min after the administration of the extracts. During a 4 hour study the number of diarrheal feces and percentage inhibition of the extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) was determined. Loperamide (3 mg/kg body weight) served as standard and belonged to the positive control group. The extracts exhibited potent antidiarrheal activity as well as achieved statistically significant p value (p&lt;0.01 and p&lt;0.05) compared to control group. Among the extracts the highest percentage inhibition of defecation (60%) was recorded for leaf extract (400 mg/kg body weight) of <em>L. monopetala</em>. So, the study corroborates the significant antidiarrheal activity of <em>M. cordata</em> and <em>L. monopetala</em> leaf extracts and raises the demand of further sophisticated investigation.</p><p> </p>

A study on the safety evaluation of buphrenorphine administered through an autoinjector compared with manual injection using haematological and biochemical variables in rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 901-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Sheela ◽  
R Vijayaraghavan ◽  
S Senthilkumar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Body Weight Ratio ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Manual Group ◽  
Significant Change

Buprenorphine drug cartridge was made for autoinjector device for use in emergency and critical situations to reduce the morbidity and mortality. Water-filled cartridges were prepared and buprenorphine was injected aseptically in the cartridge, to make 0.05 and 0.10 mg/mL. Rats were injected intraperitoneally, buprenorphine (0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg), repeatedly with the autoinjector and compared with manual injection (7 days and 14 days) using various haematological and biochemical parameters. No significant change was observed in the body weight, organ to body weight ratio and haematological variables in any of the experimental groups compared with the control group. Except serum urea and aspartate aminotransferase, no significant change was observed in glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, bilirubin, protein, albumin, creatinine, uric acid, alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase. The autoinjectors deliver the drugs with spray effect and force for faster absorption. In the present study, the autoinjector meant for intramuscular injection was injected intraperitoneally in rats, and the drug was delivered with force on the vital organs. No significant difference was observed in the autoinjector group compared to the manual group showing tolerability and safety of the buphrenorphine autoinjector. This study shows that buprenorphine autoinjector can be considered for further research work.

scholarly journals Perbedaan Kadar Glutation (GSH) Hepar Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus norvegicus) yang diinduksi Parasetamol Dosis Toksik dengan Pemberian Ekstrak Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 247
Author(s):  
Nur Insani ◽  
H.M.T Kamaluddin ◽  
Swanny Swanny
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Bb Rat ◽  
Toxic Dose ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group Ii

Glutathione (GSH) transferase deficiency due to paracetamol exposure causes further oxidative stress to liver necrosis. To reduce oxidative stress that can cause damage to the liver of the body requires antioxidants. One plant to treat liver disease is the kelor leaf (because it has an active flavonoid material also has antioxidant activity). This study was conducted to determine the difference of glutathione hepar levels of male white rat induced paracetamol toxic dose by giving kelor leaf extract. The type of research is experimental laboratory in vivo with rancagan randomized post test only control group design. With the stages as follows 1.Leaf Extract Kelor with Ethanol 96%, 2.Perpeteration of experimental animals, 3.Treatment of experimental animals by giving extract of 3-dose of kelor leaf that is KP I 250 mg / 200 gr BB rat, KP II 500 mg / 200 gr BB rat, KP III 1000 mg / 200 gr BB rat  for 14 days combined with paracetamol dose 2 gr / 200 gr BB rat compared with the negative control group (group given only paracetamol dose 2 gr / 200 gr BB rat) and control group positif only fed regular feed for 14 days). The result showed that there was a significant difference mean of GSH levels between all treatment groups obtained p = 0,000 (p <α) p values smaller than 0.05. There was the highest increase of GSH in treatment group II (142,7525 μmol / mg) and lowest dose of GSH in positive control group (57,1812 μmol / mg), dose paracetamol toxic dosage and kelor leaf extract 500 mg / gr BB rat can increase GSH hepar p = 0,000 (p <α) p less than 0 , 05. The conclusion of the test results showed that giving of kelor leaf extract at dose of treatment group II can increase GSH hepar level significantly

scholarly journals A 90-Day Oral Toxicity of Hydroethanolic Root Extract of Carissa spinarum in Wistar Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Komlan M. Dossou-Yovo ◽  
Aboudoulatif Diallo ◽  
Povi Lawson-Evi ◽  
Yendubé T. Kantati ◽  
Tchin Darré ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Significant Difference

Background. Herbal medication is a worldwide and ancient practice, mostly in developing countries, where a large part of the population is involved in this practice. Hence, studies must be conducted to evaluate their safety and efficiency to avoid or prevent toxicological risks due to their usage. In Togo, Carissa spinarum is a medicinal plant belonging to Apocynaceae family, used as an aphrodisiac or to heal some ailments including malaria, sickle cell anemia, hypertension, pain, and asthma. Notwithstanding its several ethnomedicinal benefits, just a few toxicological data associated with its chronic use are available. Objective. Therefore, this study aims to assess the toxicity of an ethanolic root extract of Carissa spinarum in Wistar rats. Methods. The 90-day oral toxicity process following OECD TG 408 guidelines is used. Male Wistar rats received Carissa spinarum root hydroethanolic extract at 500 and 1000 mg/kg for 90 days by oral gavage. Body weight changes, hematological and blood biochemical parameters, organ weight changes, malondialdehyde as a lipoperoxidation marker expressed according to tissue proteins, and histopathology of vital organs were assessed. Results. No signs of toxicity or mortality were observed during the 90 days experiment. Hematological parameters have not shown any treatment-related abnormalities. According to biochemical parameters, an increase in the chloride ion level was observed at 1000 mg/kg p < 0.01 . There was no significant difference between the treated groups and the control group concerning the malondialdehyde concentration, body weight, and organ relative weight. No changes in necropsy and histopathology of vital organs associated with extract treatment were observed. Conclusion. The results indicated that an ethanolic root extract of Carissa spinarum does not cause adverse effects, which can lead to Wistar rats’ death after 90-day oral administration at 500 and 1000 mg.

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