Patterns of external insertion in global value chains: a comparative analysis between Brazil and China

ABSTRACT The international trade literature has shown the benefits of the international fragmentation of production for developing countries. However, there are considerations about the hierarchy and control in Global Value Chains (GVCs). Thus, this research aims to evaluate the Brazilian and Chinese international insertion in GVCs by proposing an index about technological sophistication in exports (qtech) by technological intensity for 2005-2015. The results pointed out that the integration in GVCs and technological sophistication have been directed towards technological clusters in which Brazil has revealed comparative advantages, while China has been moving towards technological clusters with dynamic comparative advantages.

Wine Aroma Characterization of the Two Main Fermentation Yeast Species of the Apiculate Genus Hanseniaspora

Hanseniaspora species are the main yeasts isolated from grapes and grape musts. Regarding genetic and phenotypical characterization, especially fermentative behavior, they can be classified in two technological clusters: the fruit group and the fermentation group. Among the species belonging to the last group, Hanseniaspora osmophila and Hanseniaspora vineae have been previously isolated in spontaneous fermentations of grape must. In this work, the oenological aptitudes of the two species of the fermentation group were compared with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the main species of the fruit group, Hanseniaspora uvarum. Both H. osmophila and H. vineae conferred a positive aroma to final wines and no sensory defects were detected. Wines fermented with H. vineae presented significantly higher concentrations of 2-phenylethyl, tryptophol and tyrosol acetates, acetoin, mevalonolactone, and benzyl alcohol compared to H. osmophila. Sensorial analysis showed increased intensity of fruity and flowery notes in wines vinificated with H. vineae. In an evolutionary context, the detoxification of alcohols through a highly acetylation capacity might explain an adaption to fermentative environments. It was concluded that, although H. vineae show close alcohol fermentation adaptations to H. osmophila, the increased activation of phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway is a particular characteristic of H. vineae within this important apiculate genus.

Development of networking cooperation for implementing advanced professional training programs

Nowadays, Russian vocational education is overcoming a stage of profound transformations associated with the post-industrial society's peculiarities, which main characteristics are computerization and digitalization of the economy. Transformations in the digital economy determine new requirements for specialists' training, their competencies, and qualification. The rapid changes in socio-economic conditions cause the need to transform the vocational training system to meet the demands for specialists with competencies that correspond to the current technologies and methods of production. The solution to the relevant problems is facilitated by vocational education's devotion to "anticipation/advance" and "interaction" principles, which are being successfully implemented in the activities of advanced vocational training centers opened in Russia in 2019. The advanced vocational training ensures the development of new and promising professions in great demand by the regional economy. Simultaneously, the interaction principle's implementation allows ensuring interdepartmental coordination when performing the social order for vocational education made by the state, society, and individuals. The article considers forms and features of the interaction between educational organizations and partners, including social partnership, networking cooperation, public and private partnership, educational and technological clusters. The paper presents the Kemerovo region center's performance results for advanced vocational training concerning the creation of a regional network for educational organizations and enterprises involved in the joint development and implementation of advanced vocational training programs intended for specialist training.

Updating and methodological research of the construction complex (a review)

The purpose of the research is to summarize the experience in updating and methodological research of the building complex. The scientific novelty of the results of the performed review consists in formulating the features of construction as a key branch of the economy, defining the concept and structure of the building complex; analysis of the current state of the building complex. Construction has specific features that distinguish it from other branches of material production. The location of the construction complex is extremely uneven, due to the economic development of the state territory. Perspective in the construction complex should be considered: construction technological clusters, uniting the production link of the construction complex; construction economic clusters developing due to groupings of industrial and economic companies within the framework of investment and construction projects; construction of economic sub-clusters that unite the private and public sectors on the basis of common interests. The main factors influencing the level of innovative development of the investment and construction complex of the region are factors of the business climate and personnel policy; strong correlations between indicators of the economic environment in the investment and construction complex.

ANALYSIS OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT FACTORS FOR REGION

Factors that have the most significant impact on the innovative development of the regions of Ukraine were identifies in the article, taking into account the current trends of globalization and regionalization. The region is a complex socio-economic system. Its functioning determined by external environment factors. Moreover, these factors determine the opportunities and prospects of the regional further development. Nowadays the sustainable development of the region, the regional economic complex and economic entities possible only with sufficient resourcing and the implementation of various kinds of innovations. This requires adoption of the latest tools and effective management of all aspects of economic activity, creating opportunities for innovation. The assessment of the innovation development factors for region made based on the systemic and evolution approaches. The general analysis of the trends in the innovative development of the regions of Ukraine, carried out in the article, indicates significant regional differentiation and downward dynamics indicators (namely, the number of performers of scientific and scientific-technical works and the number of innovatively active enterprises) However, the number of implemented innovative technological processes increased. The construction of a matrix of connections between factors of regional innovation and resource clusters carried out using the method of Quality Function Deployment. Data, obtained as a result of the analysis of the factors of innovative development of the region, grounded that substantiate the strategic importance of information and technological clusters of resources for ensuring such development, as well as the competitiveness of the region in conditions of permanent dynamic changes in the external environment. Besides, innovative development as an effective direction for modernizing the economic complex of the region. It should be carried out based on mobilizing endogenous factors – the available internal resources, among which clusters of information and technological resources are the most significant.

Innovativeness of Enterprises as a Determinant of Creating Industrial and Technological Clusters in the Context of Developing Innovative Cooperation

The article aims at substantiating the scientific and practical aspects of forming the resource and technological basis for innovation cooperation on the grounds of creating industrial and technological clusters, emphasizing the dominant features of enterprise innovation. The results of the study show that for a national economy to achieve sustainable development, it is necessary, among other things, to form and implement a whole system of innovation updating carried out through the latest forms of organizing innovation processes at different governmental levels. This requires a balanced partnership between the state, private and public sectors that are users of innovative products. It is substantiated that innovative cooperation is a creative, technological and knowledge technology of uniting the participants of the economic process in the socio-economic environment (industrial and non-industrial spheres), based on a convergent and synergistic approach. A structural and logical diagram of the process of forming innovative cooperation, whose development is determined by the logistics and management activities, and the resource and technological basis for such cooperation are suggested. The financing of innovative activity at industrial enterprises, the number of new technological processes and innovative types of products introduced in 2010–2019, capital investments in waste management are analyzed; the dependence of innovative products sold on innovatively active industrial enterprises is also studied. Scientific and practical aspects of creating a resource and technological basis for innovative cooperation are formed. The elaboration of an integrated logistics management mechanism designed to ensure the development of innovative cooperation can become a prospect for further research in this area.

R&D by US multinationals in China: geography and patterns of co-invention

PurposeThis paper addresses the geographical dimension of cross-border knowledge integration, expressed as the co-invention of patent filings and investigates the siting of patenting activities by major US corporations in China. Most importantly, the study looks into the patterns of international co-invention or the links of these locations to headquarters and other company subsidiaries.Design/methodology/approachThe study explores the cases of six US multinationals that file international patent applications in China. The applications were analyzed based on the composition of invention teams and the locations of inventors.FindingsThe co-invented patent filings by US multinational enterprises (MNEs) in China demonstrate a high degree of US–Chinese subsidiary collaboration. Links with other subsidiaries are marginal, and at the same time, high levels of sole patenting by inventors in China point to competence-creating research and development (R&D) activities taking place.Practical implicationsThe lack of subsidiary-subsidiary collaboration, especially subsidiaries in other emerging markets, indicates a less diversified strategy of leveraging internal networks of knowledge. This also implies that Chinese subsidiaries still lack attractiveness as partners in subsidiary-subsidiary co-invention. Only two companies in our sample, Procter & Gamble and Intel, demonstrate a highly diversified, integrated and transnational pattern of innovation management.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the contextual understanding of the rich landscape of R&D activities of major US MNEs in China. By exploring these cases, the paper identifies a number of trends. First, the R&D activities in this sample are highly concentrated in technological clusters located in Beijing and Shanghai. Technological clustering is an important advantage of the innovation landscape in emerging markets. Second, the paper underscores the importance of differentiating between different types of co-invention. The patent applications in this sample tend to unite inventors mostly from the US and China, and so multi-country applications involving subsidiaries in other countries are rare. Thus, the level of integration outside the center-host bandwidth is low. However, Chinese subsidiaries demonstrate high levels of autonomy by filing single-country applications, which implies that they are building their own research identity.

Industry 4.0: proposing a framework

The term Industry 4.0 has gained prominence in academic and business discourses in recent years, having its concept related to the so-called fourth industrial revolution. Goal: The present research aims to develop and present a framework with the concepts of Industry 4.0. Methodology: The study started from a quantitative analysis of the academic articles available in the Scopus database. Subsequently, a qualitative analysis of articles and technical reports (mostly) was carried out to obtain a more applied technological vision in the industry. With this, technological clusters were built and, finally, the Industry 4.0 framework was proposed. Results: As a result, it was possible to establish an overview of the publications, highlighting the main conceptual views of the different terms that converge for the fourth industrial revolution, as well as the main technologies associated with Industry 4.0, systematizing the knowledge in the industry 4.0 framework. Limitations of the investigation: The search has been limited to available and selected papers for reading. Practical implications: The practical contribution has been satisfactorily evaluated to assist future research on the subject. Value: Finally, the main contribution of the work is the creation of a framework that synthesizes and systematizes the relationships among the main characteristics, technologies, products and business models of the 4.0.

Methodological approaches to arrangement of an ecological and technological cluster at the example of St. Petersburg

В статье рассмотрена проблематика в области обращения с отходами в Санкт-Петербурге. Рассматриваются положения стратегических документов в области охраны окружающей среды Российской Федерации на федеральном и региональном уровнях, в частности г. Санкт-Петербурга для выявления актуальных целевых показателей, достижению которых могут способствовать комплексы по обработке, утилизации и обезвреживанию отходов. Выявлена схожесть целей и задач, установленных в стратегических документах федерального и регионального уровней. В качестве решения полигонного захоронения отходов в Санкт-Петербурге предлагается развитие сети экотехнопарков. В работе предлагается методология создания экотехнопарка, а также модель экотехнопарка: перечень основных объектов и возможные потребители получаемой продукции. В статье раскрывается понятие экотехнопарка, его основная цель и решаемые задачи для региона. The article reviews the problems in the field of waste management in St. Petersburg. The article reviews the provisions of strategic documents in the field of environmental protection of the Russian Federation at the federal and regional levels, in particular, St. Petersburg in order to identify relevant targets, the achievement of which can be facilitated by waste treatment, disposal and deactivation complexes. The similarity of goals and objectives established in strategic documents of the federal and regional levels has been revealed. As a solution to the landfill in St. Petersburg, the development of a network of ecological and technological clusters has been proposed. The paper proposes a methodology for arranging an ecological and technological cluster, as well as a model of an ecological and technological cluster: a list of the main facilities and possible consumers of the resulted products. The article reveals the concept of an ecological and technological cluster, its main goal and the tasks to be solved for the region.

The reconstruction of agricultural industry in the microdistrict “Nizhny Novgorod Vetluga region” by means of the organization of a flax-growing agricultural technological cluster and a research farm

The development of the agricultural industry in Russia requires a specific approach. The conservative approach and the lack of financing of the agricultural industry are obvious, but the more dysfunctional are the organizational approaches to the development of agriculture, which require an interdisciplinary analysis. The research object is the microdistrict “Nizhny Novgorod Vetluga region” as a potential experiment area for the formation of a full-cycle agricultural flax-growing complex based on a locomotive flax-growing manufacture working with crop-rotation and agronomic crops and agricultural industries.  The authors give special attention to such mechanisms as an agricultural technological cluster and a research farm, which should become effective instruments of high-quality development of both the flax-growing industry in Russia and the new level of agriculture in a non-chernozem belt. The scientific novelty of the research is the analysis of the problem of management approaches to the development of agriculture at the time when it's necessary to learn to use new technologies and to become an actor of the new highly competitive market. The authors offer a solution to the problem by means of a comprehensive projecting of the agricultural sector as a single interconnected system and the introduction of a locomotive instrument in the form of agricultural technological clusters and research farms, an analogue of the Soviet science and research  unions combining and coordinating science, education and manufacturing.  Thus, the formation of the system of partnerships and interactions of the actors of the spheres of education, science and manufacturing in the field of organization of growing and processing of flax according to the agricultural technological cluster model, will give rise to the development of Nizhny Novgorod Vetluga region and its agricultural sector transforming it from a detrimental dotational condition to the all-sufficient level of development.