scholarly journals Production of Genistein in Amaranthus tricolor var. tristis and Spinacia oleracea by Expression of Glycine max Isoflavone Synthase

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2311
Author(s):  
Ashwini Malla ◽  
Balamurugan Shanmugaraj ◽  
Ashutosh Sharma ◽  
Sathishkumar Ramalingam
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Transient Expression ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Stable Expression ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Amaranthus Tricolor ◽  
Isoflavone Synthase

Isoflavonoids, the diverse group of secondary metabolites derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway, are distributed predominantly in leguminous plants. It has received considerable attention in recent days due to its health promoting benefits and is known to prevent certain diseases in humans. These isoflavonoids are synthesized from flavonoid intermediates of phenylpropanoid pathway by the enzyme isoflavone synthase. Metabolic engineering of isoflavonoid biosynthesis in non-legume crop plants could offer the health benefits of these compounds in diverse plant species further contributing for crop improvement. The transient expression of heterologous genes in the host is considered as an alternative to stable expression, that can provide a rapid way of studying the pathway engineering for metabolite production and could also act as a production platform for nutraceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. In this study, isoflavone genistein was produced in Amaranthus tricolor var. tristis and Spinacia oleracea by transiently expressing Glycine max isoflavone synthase (GmIFS). The GmIFS gene was cloned in plant expression vector pEarleyGate 102 HA and pEAQ-HT-DEST 3 and transformed into plants by agroinfiltration. The presence of transgene in the agroinfiltrated leaves was confirmed by semiquantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The flavonoid substrate naringenin and isoflavonoid genistein were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography in both wild-type and infiltrated leaf samples of both the plants. The naringenin content varied in the range of 65.5–338.5 nM/g fresh weight, while the accumulation of genistein was observed with varying concentrations from 113 to 182.6 nM/g fresh weight in the agroinfiltrated leaf samples of both A. tricolor var. tristis and S. oleracea. These results indicate that the transient expression of GmIFS gene has led to the synthesis of isoflavonoid genistein in A. tricolor var. tristis and S. oleracea providing an insight that stable expression of this gene could enrich the nutraceutical content in the crop plants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on transient expression of GmIFS gene for the production of genistein in A. tricolor var. tristis and S. oleracea.

Sensitivity of Selected Vegetable and Weed Seedlings to Ultraviolet-B Radiation

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 480e-480
Author(s):  
Nancy H. Furness ◽  
Mahesh K. Upadhyaya ◽  
Douglas P. Ormrod
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Seedling Height ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Stellaria Media ◽  
Green Foxtail

Relative sensitivity of selected vegetable and weed seedlings to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation (280–320 nm) was investigated. Seedlings were grown for 4 weeks in a greenhouse, in chambers equipped with UV-B-emitting fluorescent tubes and Mylar (control) and cellulose acetate (UV-B) filters. UV-B radiation reduced seedling height, leaf area, and leaf fresh weight in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum `Cour Di Bue'), broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica `Purple Sprouting'), cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata `Red Drumhead'), and cucumber (Cucumis sativus `Straight Eight'), leaf area and leaf fresh weight in beet (Beta vulgaris `Cylindra' and `Early Wonder'), seedling height and leaf area in spinach (Spinacia oleracea `Long Standing Bloomsdale'), lettuce (Lactuca sativa ``Red Salad Bowl Everest') and `Savoy' cabbage, and seedling height in `Chinese Tip Top' cabbage and lettuce (`Saladin'). `Winterton' cabbage was not affected. UV-B radiation decreased leaf area and leaf fresh weight in common chickweed (Stellaria media) and corn spurry (Spergula arvensis) and seedling height in green foxtail (Setaria viridis) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus). Tillering was stimulated in response to UV-B in green foxtail. There was no effect of UV-B on lady's-thumb (Polygonum persicaria) growth. Leaf number was not affected by exposure to UV-B in any species. The differential morphological sensitivity of vegetable and weed seedlings may result in altered competitive relationships under enhanced UV-B levels expected with the depletion of the earth's ozone layer.

Herbicidal Concentrations of Picloram in Cell Culture and Leaf Buds

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Davis ◽  
A. Villarreal ◽  
J. R. Baur ◽  
I. S. Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Tolerance Limit ◽  
Primary Leaf ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Internal Concentration ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

Cell cultures of soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merrill ‘Acme’) were exposed to media containing 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) for 15 days. Picloram also was supplied once in droplets (water) to cotyledons of 10 to 13-day-old seedlings of cotton(Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Champion’). The amounts of picloram necessary to reach and exceed the 50% tolerance limit (TL50) of the cell cultures (inhibition) and of the primary leaf buds (toxicity) were established, and internal picloram concentrations then were determined. Internal concentrations at the TL50were 0.17 nM/g fresh weight and 14.7 nM/g fresh weight for cell cultures and leaf buds, respectively. These values are approximately 10−7and 10−5molar. In leaf buds, concentrations increased rapidly for 36 hr after treatment and declined slowly thereafter. Primary leaf buds accumulated up to several times the lethal internal concentration of picloram when the dosage to the cotyledons was increased by one order of magnitude.

scholarly journals Use of seed treatment with fungicide in control of colletotrichum truncatum and physiological quality of soybean seeds glycine max

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-106
Author(s):  
Vinícius Almeida Oliveira ◽  
Lorenxo Paradiso Martins ◽  
Rogério Cavalcante Gonçalves ◽  
Luíz Paulo Figueredo Benício ◽  
Daniella Lima da Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
Colletotrichum Truncatum ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
Physiological Quality

The fungus are the main microorganisms present in seeds, is the main cause of deterioration and loss in production. The anthracnose caused by C. truncatum associated with soybean seeds as has main vehicle for introduction into the planting areas can be detected in all stages of crop development, from the cotyledons to the end of the cycle, being present in the stems, veins, leaflets and pods. Thus aimed to evaluate the influence of using different products fungicides as seed treatment, where the seeds were inoculated with the pathogenic fungus and treated with the chemicals They take Carbedazim + Fludioxonil + metalaxyl-M and carboxin + thiram. For each fungicide product was two tramentos done using the doses recommended by the manufacturer and 75% of dose. We evaluated health, germination and promote plant (Plant growth, fresh weight and dry weight of root and shoot). This work concludes that the use of fungicide controls significantly seeds infected with C. truncatum and presents a significant improvement as the development of structures seedling.

Exudation of Glyphosate from Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Plants and Its Effects on Interplanted Corn (Zea mays) and Soybeans (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquim J.V. Rodrigues ◽  
A. Douglas Worsham ◽  
Frederick T. Corbin
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Soybean Seedling ◽  
Soybean Seedlings ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Seedling Plant ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] applied at 1.1 kg/ha to wheat [Triticum aestivum(L.) ‘Arthur 71′] plants increased height and fresh weight of soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Ransom′] seedlings planted in the pot at time of application of the glyphosate as the number of wheat plants treated increased from 5 to 30/pot. Height and fresh weight of the soybean seedlings also increased as the rate of glyphosate applied to wheat plants (5/pot) increased from 1.1 to 6.7 kg/ha. Increasing the rate of glyphosate from 1.1 to 6.7 kg/ha, however, reduced the height and fresh weight of soybeans when 30 wheat plants/pot were treated. In addition, when 6.7 kg/ha of glyphosate were applied to wheat plants, soybean-seedling plant height and fresh weight decreased as the density of wheat plants per pot increased from 5 to 30. The14C-glyphosate exuded into the soil from treated wheat plants was characterized by thin-layer chromatography. Trace amounts of the radio-label were present on thin-layer plates of leaf and stem extracts of corn (Zea maysL.) plants, which were growing in the same pots with the treated wheat plants. The zone of activity had the same Rf value as the glyphosate standard.

Uptake and Translocation of Nitrofen and Oxyfluorfen

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omosuyi Fadayomi ◽  
G.F. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Root Exposure ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Species Translocation ◽  
Test Plants ◽  
Pot Technique

The site of uptake of nitrofen (2,4-dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether) and oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene] was studied using a double pot technique. Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench ‘RS610′] and pea (Pisum sativumL. ‘Alaska’) were the test plants. Herbicidal activity measured by the reduction in fresh weight of the roots and shoots of treated plants showed that exposure of the shoot zone to the herbicides caused much more injury to the plants than root exposure. Translocation of both compounds from root applications to tops of pea and sorghum was studied using14C-labeled herbicides. There was very little movement of the compounds from the roots of both species. Translocation of the compounds from foliage application was studied using greenbean (Phaseolus vulgarisL. ‘Spartan Arrow’) and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr ‘Wayne’]. Almost all of the applied14C-herbicides remained at the point of application.

Effects of Insecticide, Weed-Free Period, and Row Spacing on Soybean (Glycine max) and Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) Growth

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 702-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Walker ◽  
Michael G. Patterson ◽  
Ellis Hauser ◽  
David J. Isenhour ◽  
James W. Todd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Cassia Obtusifolia ◽  
Insecticide Treatment ◽  
Weed Interference

Results from identical experiments conducted at Headland, AL, and Plains, GA, from 1980 through 1982 show insecticide treatment had little effect on soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Coker 237′] growth and morphology. Maximum insecticide applications increased soybean seed weight in two of five trials. Soybeans maintained free of sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL. ♯3CASOB) for 4 weeks after emergence produced yields equal to those receiving season-long control in all trials, and 2-week control was equal to season-long maintenance in three trials. Length of weed interference-free maintenance did not affect soybean height. The number of pods per plant and seed weight were decreased when there was no control. Sicklepod shoot fresh weight and numbers decreased as the weed-free period increased from 0 weeks through the season. Row spacing had no effect on soybean height or seed size; however, the number of pods per plant was higher in 80- than in 40-cm rows. Row spacing influenced yield in only one trial where 20-cm rows outyielded 40-cm rows. A significant interaction occurred between the weed-free period and row spacing in two trials. Soybeans in 20-cm rows outyielded those in 40- and 80-cm rows when sicklepod was not controlled (i.e., 0 weeks interference-free maintenance).

scholarly journals A Synthetic Strong and Constitutive Promoter Derived from the Stellaria media pro-SmAMP1 and pro-SmAMP2 Promoters for Effective Transgene Expression in Plants

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1407
Author(s):  
Larisa N. Efremova ◽  
Svetlana R. Strelnikova ◽  
Guzel R. Gazizova ◽  
Elena A. Minkina ◽  
Roman A. Komakhin
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transient Expression ◽  
Core Promoter ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Stellaria Media ◽  
Synthetic Promoters ◽  
Cis Element ◽  
Transgenic Cells ◽  
Selection Of

Synthetic promoters are vital for genetic engineering-based strategies for crop improvement, but effective methodologies for their creation and systematic testing are lacking. We report here on the comparative analysis of the promoters pro-SmAMP1 and pro-SmAMP2 from Stellaria media ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDE1 (AMP1) and ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDE2 (AMP2). These promoters are more effective than the well-known Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Although these promoters share about 94% identity, the pro-SmAMP1 promoter demonstrated stronger transient expression of a reporter gene in Agrobacterium infiltration of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, while the pro-SmAMP2 promoter was more effective for the selection of transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cells when driving a selectable marker. Using the cap analysis of gene expression method, we detected no differences in the structure of the transcription start sites for either promoter in transgenic plants. For both promoters, we used fine-scale deletion analysis to identify 160 bp-long sequences that retain the unique properties of each promoter. With the use of chimeric promoters and directed mutagenesis, we demonstrated that the superiority of the pro-SmAMP1 promoter for Agrobacterium-mediated infiltration is caused by the proline-inducible ACTCAT cis-element strictly positioned relative to the TATA box in the core promoter. Surprisingly, the ACTCAT cis-element not only activated but also suppressed the efficiency of the pro-SmAMP1 promoter under proline stress. The absence of the ACTCAT cis-element and CAANNNNATC motif (negative regulator) in the pro-SmAMP2 promoter provided a more constitutive gene expression profile and better selection of transgenic cells on selective medium. We created a new synthetic promoter that enjoys high effectiveness both in transient expression and in selection of transgenic cells. Intact promoters with differing properties and high degrees of sequence identity may thus be used as a basis for the creation of new synthetic promoters for precise and coordinated gene expression.

scholarly journals Effects of Seeding Pattern and Cultivar on Productivity of Baby Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Grown Hydroponically in Deep-Water Culture

Horticulturae ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Janeczko ◽  
Michael Timmons
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Expanded Polystyrene ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Water Culture ◽  
Canopy Density ◽  
Bench Scale

Baby spinach (Spinacia oleracea) was grown in a bench-scale deep-water culture (DWC) system in expanded polystyrene (EPS) plug trays. Two experiments were performed. In the first, different seeding patterns, [1-2-1-2…] or [3-0-3-0…] seeds per sequential cell, at the same overall density per tray, were compared to evaluate the potential of an EPS tray designed with fewer cells, but sown with more seeds per cell (to preserve canopy density). Using such a flat would lower growing substrate requirements. Seeding in the [3-0-3-0…] pattern reduced seed germination, but only by 5%. Harvested fresh weight was also less numerically in the [3-0-3-0…] pattern but not statistically. The second experiment observed cultivars Carmel, Seaside and Space grown concurrently. Carmel had the highest germination, nearly 100%, which was significantly greater than Seaside but not Space. Germination for Space was not significantly different from that of Seaside. Carmel also had the highest harvested fresh weight but was not significantly different from Space; both Carmel and Space produced significantly more harvested fresh weight than Seaside.

scholarly journals Interference of Selected Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Biotypes in Soybean (Glycine max)

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aman Chandi ◽  
David L. Jordan ◽  
Alan C. York ◽  
Susana R. Milla-Lewis ◽  
James D. Burton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Glyphosate Resistance ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Row Crops ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Competitive Disadvantage

Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeriS. Wats.) has become difficult to control in row crops due to selection for biotypes that are no longer controlled by acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides and/or glyphosate. Early season interference in soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] for 40 days after emergence by three glyphosate-resistant (GR) and three glyphosate-susceptible (GS) Palmer amaranth biotypes from Georgia and North Carolina was compared in the greenhouse. A field experiment over 2 years compared season-long interference of these biotypes in soybean. The six Palmer amaranth biotypes reduced soybean height similarly in the greenhouse but did not affect soybean height in the field. Reduction in soybean fresh weight and dry weight in the greenhouse; and soybean yield in the field varied by Palmer amaranth biotypes. Soybean yield was reduced 21% by Palmer amaranth at the established field density of 0.37 plant m−2. When Palmer amaranth biotypes were grouped by response to glyphosate, the GS group reduced fresh weight, dry weight, and yield of soybean more than the GR group. The results indicate a possible small competitive disadvantage associated with glyphosate resistance, but observed differences among biotypes might also be associated with characteristics within and among biotypes other than glyphosate resistance.

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