Estimation of salt pond area in Madura based on satellite imagery

Salt is one of the essential commodities in Madura. Still, this commodity is often a problem related to the volume of production that cannot be determined with certainty. Sometimes, the estimation and actual production in the field is much different. The satellite image is a picture of an area photographed by satellite remote sensing of an area according to conditions in the field. Satellite imagery can be used to estimate the area of production of a commodity at a specific location. This study aimed to estimate the total area of salt pond in the Madura Island, specifically Sampang district, using a Landsat 8 satellite image. The method used spectral analysis that extracts multispectral data Landsat 8 to result from different areas. Field observations were conducted to validate the area. The results show that the accuracy of satellite image interpretation of salt ponds and non-salt ponds was 67.5%. Based on the result, it is possible to estimate salt pond area production in the Sampang district using Landsat 8. However, classification results must be improved by using other classification methods.

Seawater Intrusion Assessment based on Hydrochemical Data in Gapura Sub-district of Sumenep Regency, East Java, Indonesia

Gapura is a sub-district with a large salt pond in Sumenep Regency, Madura Island, Indonesia. In this area, many residents’ houses have drilled wells to meet their water needs. One factor is that Municipal Waterwork (PDAM) does not reach the area due to limited water sources and difficult accessibility. Residents in the area claimed to have found some groundwater that tasted brackish. This study aims to apply hydrochemical analysis to identify the possibility of seawater intrusion in the area. The assessment of seawater intrusion uses the total dissolved solids (TDS) value and major ion of groundwater samples. In the analysis of thirty samples, two samples have different values from the samples of freshwater. However, the value of these two samples is relatively low to be classified as seawater intrusion. It is described on the TDS values that belong to the class of brackish water, from Simpson ratio values classified as slightly contaminated, and from the piper diagram plot that is still in the mixing zone in the middle of the diagram. The presence of brackish water in these samples can be caused by a location close to salt pond activities.

Extraction of magnesium from salt pond waste with low lithium grade using sodium silicate reagent

Nowadays, Indonesia’s salt production process has shifted from a traditional salt pond process to a salt pond with a geomembrane tarpaulin system. This system has the advantage of producing a faster salting process and a better salt quality and producing a thick yellow liquid waste known as bittern. The waste produced has not been fully utilized, even though the waste contains valuable elements, namely magnesium, lithium, and others. This paper investigates the potential utilization of bittern by extracting magnesium from by-product salt pond using sodium silicate reagent with various concentrations of 125–250 g/l. The bittern used in this experiment had the chemical composition as follows: 33,184 ppm magnesium (Mg), 23,787 ppm sodium (Na), 6.1 ppm lithium (Li), 5,491 ppm potassium (K), 617 ppm calcium (Ca), 152 ppm boron (B). The highest removal of magnesium ion by addition of sodium silicate of 250 g/l was about 96.2%. The results showed that the solid products were magnesium silicate precipitates without containing asbestos compounds. The magnesium silicate precipitate product can be applied as talc raw material for the pharmaceutical industry.

Holocene environmental evolution and climate variability inferred from multi-proxy coastal sediment records of southern Greece

This thesis presents a multi-proxy reconstruction from 5 different coastal wetlands of southern Greece spanning in the Holocene period and an in-depth review and application of non-destructive systems (CT scanning, X-ray Fluorescence) in paleoenvironmental research. During this thesis, the acquired dataset used consisted of a) X-ray Fluorescence scanning (XRF), b) Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, c) Stable isotopes δ18O and δ13C, d) micropaleontology (foraminifera, ostracods, diatoms, pollen), e) mineralogical analysis, and f) standard sedimentological techniques (grain size, magnetic susceptibility (MS), Total Organic Carbon (TOC), carbonates content). The chronological framework for the sediment cores was established through 14C radiocarbon dating. The wetlands studied are Aliki salt pond (NE Gulf of Corinth), Klisova lagoon (SW Greece), lake Vouliagmeni (E Gulf of Corinth), Agoulinitsa marsh field (W Peloponnese) and Pappas lagoon (NW Peloponnese). The sites form an E-W transect of southern Greece, an area with high climatic and environmental spatial variability, whereas human occupancy on all areas is recorded from antiquity. Non-destructive, high-resolution techniques used in this thesis have been established as standard in the last decades and have been a great asset in geosciences. Computed Tomography (CT) was conducted in lake Vouliagmeni, Agoulinitsa marsh and Pappas lagoon cores. In contrast, XRF was performed on all core sections except for Pappas lagoon core, where the high assemblage of bivalve shells could lead to bias of Ca. The fundamental parameter behind CT analysis is the Hounsfield units that reflect relative density variations in the sediment. Correlation between HU values and heavy elements like Zr has been detected in all cores, whereas distinct sedimentological facies were recorded according to HU variations. In Agoulinitsa and Pappas lagoon, microstructural characteristics like shells/sediment ratio and root remnants were examined through 3D sections, in which HU boundaries were set accordingly. Lake Vouliagmeni sediment core was characterized by extreme stratigraphic variations with lamination structures alternating with homogenous deposits and event layers. Laminae thickness and boundaries were recorded through 3D rendered volumes with HU boundaries. Micro CT scanning and thin section analysis was also performed to cross-check possible variations. Event sedimentation layers were distinguished through the combined use of CT scanning, XRF and MS, with layers responding to increased HU, MS and Mn values. Statistical assessment of elemental distribution and HU revealed 3 different clusters. Cluster A responded to sedimentation during enhanced evaporation in the area, Cluster B emulated sedimentation during increased chemical weathering in the catchment, and Cluster C reflected the homogenous deposits. Aliki salt pond is located in a highly tectonic region, at the northeast part of the Gulf of Corinth in Greece. Beachrock deposits that form a barrier between the salt pond and the marine environment play an essential role in the evolution of the area. The chronological framework was set at ca. 3100 cal BP by four 14C radiocarbon dates and the established evolutionary model indicate four different changes taking place during this period in the study area. From around 3100 to 1600 cal BP, a transition from a closed to an open lagoonal environment, was identified, interrupted by a terrestrial fluvial deposit at ca. 2500 cal BP. A shift toward a closed lagoonal system at around 1600 cal BP and the establishment of a salt pond environment seem to correlate with tectonic activity. The study provides important information about the evolution of the coastal landscape in such an active tectonic region and points the interaction between regional human activity and climatic changes during the late-Holocene period.Klisova lagoon is located in the eastern part of Messolonghi-Etoliko wetland, the biggest lagoonal complex of Greece and an area of great environmental interest. For the last 4700 cal BP, the freshwater influx, the progradation of the Evinos river delta and related geomorphological changes control the environmental conditions (e.g. depth and salinity) in the lagoon system. Considering the centennial temporal resolution of our analyses, small offsets of c.a. 50 years due to the lack of regional reservoir correction do not impact the reported radiocarbon ages considerably. Prior to 4000 cal BP, a relatively shallow water depth, significant terrestrial/freshwater input and increased weathering in the lagoon area are inferred. Elemental proxies and increased dinoflagellate and foraminifera abundances, which indicate marine conditions with prominent freshwater influxes, point to the gradual deepening of the lagoon recorded at the drilling site up to 2000 cal BP. The marine and freshwater conditions equilibrium sets at 1300 cal BP, and the lagoonal system seems to reach its present state. Maxima of anthropogenic pollen indicators during the Mycenaean (3200 cal BP), Hellenistic (2200 cal BP) and Late Byzantine (800 cal BP) periods suggest intervals of increased anthropogenic activities in the study area. Lake Vouliagmeni is subjected to intense climatically and tectonic forces, causing stratigraphic variations, with laminated sediments frequently interrupted by homogenous and event sedimentation deposits. Lamination couplets consist of aragonite layers alternating with detrital and organic residues and form during periods of seawater intrusion and stratification of the lake water. The discontinuous occurrence of laminated deposits excludes a varve based chronology from being established but still highlights the susceptibility of the lake to record environmental and climatically driven changes. Our synthesis model for regional climatic reconstruction and local environmental changes derives from δ18O and δ13C data from the laminated and homogenous sediments studied separately depending on the dominant carbonate mineral. This is further strengthened by high-resolution geochemical proxies, diatom and sedimentological data. Regional climatic trajectories from key sites and possible links to the lake Vouliagmeni record are explored in response to atmospheric circulation patterns variations. Phases of overall humid conditions are recorded by the increased inflow of siliciclastic material in the lake and negative δ18Obulk values. In contrast, periods of marine intrusion and enhanced evaporation are recorded by aragonite precipitation, increased δ18OAr values and laminations. The driving mechanism behind laminae formation seems to be marine intrusions, leading to pycnocline stabilization and increased evaporation of lake surface waters during summer months. Climatic oscillations recorded during the Holocene, apart from their duration, do not exceed events of the last millennia.

Microbial drivers of methane emissions from unrestored industrial salt ponds

Wetlands are important carbon (C) sinks, yet many have been destroyed and converted to other uses over the past few centuries, including industrial salt making. A renewed focus on wetland ecosystem services (e.g., flood control, and habitat) has resulted in numerous restoration efforts whose effect on microbial communities is largely unexplored. We investigated the impact of restoration on microbial community composition, metabolic functional potential, and methane flux by analyzing sediment cores from two unrestored former industrial salt ponds, a restored former industrial salt pond, and a reference wetland. We observed elevated methane emissions from unrestored salt ponds compared to the restored and reference wetlands, which was positively correlated with salinity and sulfate across all samples. 16S rRNA gene amplicon and shotgun metagenomic data revealed that the restored salt pond harbored communities more phylogenetically and functionally similar to the reference wetland than to unrestored ponds. Archaeal methanogenesis genes were positively correlated with methane flux, as were genes encoding enzymes for bacterial methylphosphonate degradation, suggesting methane is generated both from bacterial methylphosphonate degradation and archaeal methanogenesis in these sites. These observations demonstrate that restoration effectively converted industrial salt pond microbial communities back to compositions more similar to reference wetlands and lowered salinities, sulfate concentrations, and methane emissions.

KAJIAN PENGEMBANGAN TAMBAK GARAM DI PULAU TANAKEKE KABUPATEN TAKALAR

Salt is one of the national strategic commodities. But until now the notional needs of salt have not been met by national salt production in the country, one of the efforts to increase salt production in the country is to optimize existing potential salt field. The island of tanakeke in takalar district of southern sulawesi province has a potential salt field, wich is not yet well watered. The reseach’s aims (1) to anayize potential land appropriations for the development of salt pans on tanakeke island (2) to analize the salt-farm development cost (3) to determine salt pond development strategies based on the characteristics of the research area. Research suggetts that the total potential land most suitable for development of salt pond at 1.106,58 ha or about 38,91 % of the total land on Tanakeke islands. Based on the financial analysis of the salt pond with geomembran method on an acre of land on tanakeke islands are feasible to continue. Followed by the investment criteria acquired by NPV>1, Net B/C>1 and IRR>discount rate. Selected combination of strategies (1) Priority strategies; Training in increased human resource capacity and Infrastructure improvements. (2) altenative strategies; salt regulatory improvements.

Salinadaptatus halalkaliphilus gen. nov., sp. nov., a haloalkaliphilic archaeon isolated from salt pond in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China

A haloalkaliphilic strain XQ-INN 246T was isolated from the sediment of a salt pond in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Cells of the strain were rods, motile and strictly aerobic. The strain was able to grow in the presence of 2.6–5.3 M NaCl (optimum concentration is 4.4 M) at 30–50 °C (optimum temperature is 42 °C) and pH 7.0–10.0 (optimum pH is 8.0–8.5). The whole genome sequencing of strain XQ-INN 246T revealed a genome size of 4.52 Mbp and a DNA G+C content of 62.06 mol%. Phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and concatenated amino acid sequences of 122 single-copy conserved proteins revealed a robust lineage of the strain XQ-INN 246T with members of related genera of the family Natrialbaceae . The strain possessed the polar lipids of phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester. No glycolipids were detected. Based on phylogenetic analysis, phenotypic characteristics, chemotaxonomic properties and genome relatedness, the isolate was proposed as the type strain of a novel species of a new genus within the family Natrialbaceae, for which the name Salinadaptatus halalkaliphilus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is XQ-INN 246T (=CGMCC 1.16692T=JCM 33751T).

Kondisi Lingkungan dan Persepsi Masyarakat Perairan Tambak Garam di Dusun Ageng Desa Pinggir Papas, Sumenep Madura

Salt is one of the strategic commodity products for human life today, not only used as consumption, salt is now widely used as material for industry, beauty products, agriculture and health. Determination of salt quality depends on the condition of the waters and environmental conditions that are made as a place of salt production. The purpose of this research is to determine the initial conditions of salt pond waters and community perceptions about the environmental conditions in Ageng hamlet of Pinggir Papas village, Sumenep Madura. The method used explorative quantitative descriptive and data collection techniques in this study using purposive sampling. Data retrieval is done at 3 stations (pond) with duplo tests. The results of the measurement of the average initial conditions of salt pond waters in the village of Ageng obtained temperatures between 31-34 ° C, turbidity of 5.80-7.91 NTU, conductivity 1985-1988 µS / cm, pH 7.2-7.5, COD 20.45-26.23 mg / L, 2-4 plastic particles, coliform 15-150 / 100 ml and for the value of perception found high values. The condition of the waters and the environment of salt ponds in the Ageng hamlet shows conditions that are classified as normal limits to mild contamination for raw materials for salt production. Keywords: salt production, water conditions and community perception ABSTRAK Garam meupakan salah satu produk komodatis yang strategis bagi kehidupan manusia saat ini, tidak hanya digunakan sebagi konsumsi, garam saat ini sudah banyak di gunakan sebagai bahan untuk industri, produk kecantikan, pertanian dan kesehatan. Penentu kualitas garam tergantung dari kondisi perairan dan kondisi lingkungan sekitar yang di jadikan sebagai tempat produksi garam. Tujuan penelitain ini yaitu untuk mengetahui kondisi awal perairan tambak garam dan persepsi masyarakat tentang kondisi lingkungan di dusun Ageng desa Pinggir Papas, Sumenep Madura. Metode yang diguankan pada penelitain yaitu metode deskriptif kuantitatif ekploratif dan teknik pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini menggunakan purposive sampling. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada 3 stasiun (Kolam) dengan ulangan Duplo. Hasil rata-rata pengukuran kondisi awal perairan tambak garam di dusun Ageng diperoleh suhu antara 31-34 °C, kekeruhan 5,80-7,91 NTU, Konduktivitas 1985-1988 µS/cm, pH 7,2-7,5, COD 20,45-26,23 mg/L, plastic 2-4 partikel, coliform 15-150/100 ml dan untuk nilai persepsi didapati nilai yang tinggi. Kondisi perairan dan lingkungan tambak garam di dusun Ageng menunjukan kondisi yang tergolong batas normal hingga tercemar ringan untuk bahan baku produksi garam. Kata Kunci: produksi garam, kondisi perairan dan persepsi masyarakat

Identification of Protease-Producing Halophilic Bacteria Isolated from Salt-Pond Soil

HighlightsThe halophilic bacteria were isolated from salt-pond soil.Isolate C2 was identified as the best protease producer.Isolate C2 was identified as B. amyloliquefaciens strain UBCAbstractProtease is an important enzyme for various industries, such as pharmaceuticals, leather production, meat processing, protein hydrolyzate, food products, and waste processing industries. This study aimed to isolate and identify protease-producing bacteria isolated from salt-pond soil at the Tuban Regency, East Java, Indonesia. Bacterial communities in the soil samples were firstly isolated from the soil samples by culture-dependent technique on Luria Bertani agar enriched with 5% NaCl. Thereafter, bacterial colonies that grew on the media were purified and screened for their protease production using a skim-milk agar. The bacterial colony which produced protease was further identified using phenotypic (gram staining) and genotypic assays (the 16S rDNA sequence). The result showed that one isolate out of six (isolate C2) obtained from the soil sample was observed to produce a protease enzyme. Based on its 16S rDNA sequence, the isolate was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain UBC. These results suggest that B. Amyloliquefaciens strain UBC is a salt-tolerant bacterium (halophilic bacteria) which has the potential to be further developed for protease-producing biological agents.