THE CONCEPT AND MANAGEMENT OF WAJAUL MAFASIL IN UNANI MEDICINE

More than 54 million Americans suffer from some form of arthritis and 23.7 million are limited in their usual activity, primarily due to pain. The study aims to highlight the concept of Arthralgia and the potential of its management in Unani Medicines. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a slowly progressive condition with a variable prognosis. In general, predicting the prognosis in patients with OA is difficult. However, pharmacological therapy can be associated with serious side effects and high costs. Therefore, alternative therapies have been under investigation. Herbal medications have shown the potential for safe and effective management of arthritis. The Unani Medicine is a rich source of classical knowledge on arthritis. OA has been mentioned as Wajaul Mafasil Balghami/Saudawi, and Unani Physicians has been treating this disease successfully with mostly single herbal drugs and their compound formulations for centuries. It has been revealed through animal, in vitro, and clinical studies that most of the single and compound Unani formulations are safe, without any side effects, and effective in OA, especially gout and rheumatoid arthritis. There is a need to conduct studies at Phase III level after analyzing 2nd Phase clinical studies of Unani medicine, so a promising safe, economic, and effective treatment can be provided to the ailing society for OA.

A Brief Roadmap into Uncertain Knowledge Representation via Probabilistic Description Logics

Logic-based knowledge representation is one of the main building blocks of (logic-based) artificial intelligence. While most successful knowledge representation languages are based on classical logic, realistic intelligent applications need to handle uncertainty in an adequate manner. Over the years, many different languages for representing uncertain knowledge—often extensions of classical knowledge representation languages—have been proposed. We briefly present some of the defining properties of these languages as they pertain to the family of probabilistic description logics. This limited view is intended to help pave the way for the interested researcher to find the most adequate language for their needs, and potentially identify the remaining gaps.

Isidore of Seville on ius gentium: The View of a Theologian

In this article, my objective is to provide an understanding of Isidore of Seville’s enormously influential definition of ius gentium in its own right. Recent studies have primarily focused on the legal aspects of Isidore’s conception of ius gentium. However, while Isidore as a man of learning was familiar with the legal categories he used, it is by no means certain that his understanding of legal concepts would match that of a contemporary jurist. Isidore was a theologian, and there are strong indications that he was more than a mere transmitter of classical knowledge. In this article, I show that he was an original thinker whose conception of ius gentium contained several innovative features that could not be fully grasped without a deep understanding of his theological ideas based on Augustine and Gregory the Great.

Ion Transporters and Osmoregulation in the Kidney of Teleost Fishes as a Function of Salinity

Euryhaline teleosts exhibit major changes in renal function as they move between freshwater (FW) and seawater (SW) environments, thus tolerating large fluctuations in salinity. In FW, the kidney excretes large volumes of water through high glomerular filtration rates (GFR) and low tubular reabsorption rates, while actively reabsorbing most ions at high rates. The excreted product has a high urine flow rate (UFR) with a dilute composition. In SW, GFR is greatly reduced, and the tubules reabsorb as much water as possible, while actively secreting divalent ions. The excreted product has a low UFR, and is almost isosmotic to the blood plasma, with Mg2+, SO42–, and Cl– as the major ionic components. Early studies at the organismal level have described these basic patterns, while in the last two decades, studies of regulation at the cell and molecular level have been implemented, though only in a few euryhaline groups (salmonids, eels, tilapias, and fugus). There have been few studies combining the two approaches. The aim of the review is to integrate known aspects of renal physiology (reabsorption and secretion) with more recent advances in molecular water and solute physiology (gene and protein function of transporters). The renal transporters addressed include the subunits of the Na+, K+- ATPase (NKA) enzyme, monovalent ion transporters for Na+, Cl–, and K+ (NKCC1, NKCC2, CLC-K, NCC, ROMK2), water transport pathways [aquaporins (AQP), claudins (CLDN)], and divalent ion transporters for SO42–, Mg2+, and Ca2+ (SLC26A6, SLC26A1, SLC13A1, SLC41A1, CNNM2, CNNM3, NCX1, NCX2, PMCA). For each transport category, we address the current understanding at the molecular level, try to synthesize it with classical knowledge of overall renal function, and highlight knowledge gaps. Future research on the kidney of euryhaline fishes should focus on integrating changes in kidney reabsorption and secretion of ions with changes in transporter function at the cellular and molecular level (gene and protein verification) in different regions of the nephrons. An increased focus on the kidney individually and its functional integration with the other osmoregulatory organs (gills, skin and intestine) in maintaining overall homeostasis will have applied relevance for aquaculture.

The Development of E-Book on Flood Mitigation to Increase Students’ Metacognitive Skill

The aims of this study were to analyse the flood mitigation in the Musi Sub Watershed of Ujan Mas Kepahiang Sub-District and to describe the design, characteristic and feasibility of the physics e-book on integrated fluid material of developed disaster mitigation. In addition, the results of the e-book application of the integrated physics material on flood disaster mitigation are analysed in improving students’ HOTS on the dimension of metacognitive knowledge. This study applies a 4-D development model consisting of four stages which are Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate. The analysis results of observations of flood-affected areas using a spatial zoning approach based on elevation, distance from the river, topography of the area, and the use of GIS applications are used to create flood-prone maps. The results of the flood mitigation study are used to design the contents of the fluid physics e-book. Characteristics of developed e-book include missions, competencies, basic theories, basic activities, material resources, and assessment characters. The sample used as a trial for implementing the e-book was the students at SMK 1 Rejang Lebong and selected by using the Purposive Sampling Technique. According to the expert validation, the e-book is highly feasible to be applied as teacher's teaching material with an average percentage score of 95.86%. Students’ HOTS ability on the metacognitive dimension of classical knowledge is 6.67% very good; 26.66% good; 46.67% adequate; 13.33% less; and 6.67% very less. The e-book of integrated fluid on mitigation flood for Class X SMA/MAK in the concentration subject of Technology and Engineering was able to improve students' metacognitive abilities with an N gain value of 0.65 (moderate).

The absence of literature in the National Curricular Common Base for high school

Is there a place for teaching literature on the National Common Curriculum Base for High School? Is its presence important to the formation of humanization in individuals? The paper answers that, although it plays a founding role in the process of appropriation of the humanities, the teaching of literature is absent in the new document proposed by the Brazilian Ministry of Education. The starting point is the exacerbated pragmatism and spontaneity that pushes away school content to the detriment of an immediate teaching based on the development of skills and abilities as responses to the problems generated in this society. The analysis is made from a literary education perspective that enables the aesthetic enjoyment and the process of human objectification. It is argued that literature, as classical knowledge, should be in schools and, above all, converge with its learning objectives, which enable the construction of humanization and lead the individual to aesthetic catharsis. To this end, a documental analysis is carried out, establishing relationships between the theory of Marxist aesthetics and the approach to literature in the new regulatory document, highlighting points considered relevant for the formation of an emancipatory education.

Open Mathematical Aspects of Continuum Thermodynamics: Hyperbolicity, Boundaries and Nonlinearities

Thermodynamics is continuously spreading in the engineering practice, which is especially true for non-equilibrium models in continuum problems. Although there are concepts and approaches beyond the classical knowledge, which are known for decades, their mathematical properties, and consequences of the generalizations are less-known and are still of high interest in current researches. Therefore, we found it essential to collect the most important and still open mathematical questions that are related to different continuum thermodynamic approaches. First, we start with the example of Classical Irreversible Thermodynamics (CIT) in order to provide the basis for the more general and complex frameworks, such as the Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics with Internal Variables (NET-IV) and Rational Extended Thermodynamics (RET). Here, we aim to present that each approach has its specific problems, such as how the initial and boundary conditions can be formulated, how the coefficients in the partial differential equations are connected to each other, and how it affects the appearance of nonlinearities. We present these properties and comparing the approach of NET-IV and RET to each other from these points of view. In the present work, we restrict ourselves on non-relativistic models.

A Cultural History of Objects in the Renaissance

A Cultural History of Objects in the Renaissance covers the period 1400 to 1600. The Renaissance was a cultural movement, a time of re-awakening when classical knowledge was rediscovered, leading to an efflorescence in philosophy, art, and literature. The period fostered an emerging sense of individualism across European cultures. This sense was expressed through a fascination with materiality and the natural world, and a growing attachment to things. The 6 volume set of the Cultural History of Objects examines how objects have been created, used, interpreted and set loose in the world over the last 2500 years. Over this time, the West has developed particular attitudes to the material world, at the centre of which is the idea of the object. The themes covered in each volume are objecthood; technology; economic objects; everyday objects; art; architecture; bodily objects; object worlds.