Anatomical Terms in Jurgis Žilinskas’ Short Textbook of Osteology and Syndesmology

2021 ◽  
pp. 315-322
Author(s):  
Nijolė Litevkienė ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Greek Language ◽  
Medical Terminology ◽  
Disease Treatment ◽  
Anatomical Terminology ◽  
Current State ◽  
Medical Terms ◽  
History Of ◽  
Clinical Terminology ◽  
Medical Concepts ◽  
Rich History

Medical terminology has an extensive and rich history in Latin and Greek languages. When Romans conquered Greece, the knowledge and language of both cultures merged, resulting in new medical concepts regarding disease treatment and containment. Medical records were chronicled by hand, creating medical terms and books. Although medical terms have been drawn from many languages, a large majority originate from Greek and Latin. Terms of Greek origin occur mainly in clinical terminology, while Latin terms make up the majority of anatomical terminology. Another reason for a large number of Greek medical terms is that the Greek language is quite suitable for building compound words. The article discusses the current state of anatomical terminology in Lithuania. The history of the Lithuanian nomenclature of anatomy dates back several centuries, during which the most frequently used Lithuanian anatomical terms were gradually developed. Every time, writing and publishing textbooks, methodological aids, and other anatomy books in the Lithuanian language, the authors interpreted various Latin anatomy terms in their own way and introduced new equivalents in the Lithuanian language. However, they often did not agree on the translation of various Latin terms into Lithuanian and their application to define various structures. The development and perfection of medical terminology is a long process. The most significant contribution in regulating Lithuanian anatomical terminology was made by Jurgis Žilinskas. The terms that we currently use can be found in his textbooks “Osteologija ir syndesmologija” (“Osteology and syndesmology”) (1932) and “Splanchnologija” (“Splanchnology”) (1934) (Litevkiene, Korosteliova 2012, 208). He initiated term regulation in his first textbook, “Lectures of Neurology” (1923), containing only Latin terms, well-formed according to Baseler’s nomenclature. The nomenclature of anatomy compiled by him was applied in other anatomy textbooks and the Dictionary of Medical Terms.

Derivation as a Source of Medical Terminology Formation

2019 ◽  
pp. 261-267
Author(s):  
Nataliia Misnyk
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Medical Terminology ◽  
Clinical Terminology ◽  
The Creation ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Medical Concepts ◽  
Clear Description ◽  
Terminology System

The article is devoted to the specificity of the derivation in the field of medical terminology. Among the traditional methods of term formation, morphological (in particular its variants – affixation and composition of words and bases) is the most active. In terminological derivation in the field of clinical medicine, several trends have been identified, the main of which are: the formation of its own terminological fund of word-formation means, the close interaction of national and international components, the high degree of regularity in the formal-linguistic design, which is explained by the international nature of formants and their regular communication with a certain word-making way. Recently, more and more attention is paid to its own word-building resources. It is possible to predict that modern terminology in the field of clinical medicine will deepen this tendency by involving international elements in the creation of terms and using already used for the expansion of the terminological fund of medical science. It is important to study derivation in terms of structural standardization of terms. An analysis of word-formation meanings and their means of expression make it possible, in our opinion, to streamline and generalize the types of relationships that we observe in the terminology field “clinical terminology”. The study of the affixation of a fund of medical-clinical terminology has given grounds for arguing that suffixal and prefixal morphemes largely determine the specifics of clinical terminology, which enable a clear description of certain medical concepts, phenomena, and activity in the creation of new terms. This method provides the possibility of using the same type of word formation, which contributes to the structural systematization of the terminology system.

scholarly journals Biodiversity and biogeography of the atmosphere

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1558) ◽  
pp. 3645-3653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann M. Womack ◽  
Brendan J. M. Bohannan ◽  
Jessica L. Green
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Systems ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Biodiversity Patterns ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Rich History

The variation of life has predominantly been studied on land and in water, but this focus is changing. There is a resurging interest in the distribution of life in the atmosphere and the processes that underlie patterns in this distribution. Here, we review our current state of knowledge about the biodiversity and biogeography of the atmosphere, with an emphasis on micro-organisms, the numerically dominant forms of aerial life. We present evidence to suggest that the atmosphere is a habitat for micro-organisms, and not purely a conduit for terrestrial and aquatic life. Building on a rich history of research in terrestrial and aquatic systems, we explore biodiversity patterns that are likely to play an important role in the emerging field of air biogeography. We discuss the possibility of a more unified understanding of the biosphere, one that links knowledge about biodiversity and biogeography in the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of Phonetic and Orthographic Adaptation of Latin Terms in English Clinical Terminology: On the Issue of Latin Terminological Competence Formation of Foreign Medical Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-202
Author(s):  
Olesia Lazer-Pankiv ◽  
Iuliia Pysmenna
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Medical Terminology ◽  
Language Of Instruction ◽  
Medical Terms ◽  
Clinical Terminology ◽  
Teaching Learning

Summary The article deals with the phonetic and orthographic adaptation of Latin terms in English clinical terminology in the context of Latin terminological competence formation of foreign medical students with English as the language of instruction. About 8,000 of the most common clinical terms selected from various lexicographic English sources have been studied on the basis of etymological and comparative approaches to demonstrate the grade of inconsistency in the reflection of Latin terms in modern English medical terminology. The quantitative analysis allowed us to determine and classify the main tendencies in the process of phonetic and orthographic development of Latin terms: (1) imitation of classical Latin spelling; (2) ‘simplification’ of classical Latin spelling; (3) syncretism of the first and second tendencies (parallel use of classical Latin and ‘simplified’ variants as synonyms). The analysis has also identified in some cases the phenomenon of ‘hypercorrectness’. The lack of a unified norm is reflected in all the analyzed reference sources, complicating the lexicographic description of medical terms as well as the process of teaching / learning the medical terminology. The proposed solution is to develop and implement some unified criteria for phonetic and orthographic adaptation of Latin terms in English. The possible ways to solve the problem are either to adhere to the etymological principle, returning ad fontes of medical terminology, and to use only non-monophthongized and non-simplified forms or to use monophthongized and phonetically and graphically simplified forms following the norms of modern English. Consistent adherence to one system of rules for the development of Latin terms is a needed requirement for the proper formation of terminological competence in medical students and correct use of terminology in their further professional activity.

Features of medical terminology teaching in Russian as a foreign language lessons

2019 ◽  
pp. 99-105
Author(s):  
Elena Zinovyeva
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Educational Material ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Medical Terminology ◽  
Syntactic Skills ◽  
Medical Terms ◽  
Clinical Terminology ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Selection Of

We consider the issues of studying medical terminology in the lessons of the Russian language with a foreign audience. Medical terminology is a macroterminosystem consisting of subsystems (anatomical and histological, clinical, pharmaceutical), each of which has its own characteristics. This phenomenon must be considered in creating a system of tasks and exercises for teaching Russian as a foreign language to medical students. We analyze the methods of semanticization of medical terms, describe the principles of planning the program of the Russian language course for foreign medical students, suggest methods for developing the skills of dialogical speech at different stages of the lesson. We review and group the most productive methods of language aspects teaching, their use in writing and speaking; we present the criteria for the selection of educational material aimed at the formation and improvement of phonetic, lexical, grammatical, morphological and syntactic skills. Listening is a mandatory component of any Russian as a foreign language lesson. We present the possible topics and options for working with anatomical and clinical terminology. We conclude that teaching the language of the specialty for medical stu-dents should be diverse, multidisciplinary and include work to realize three main aims: teaching, developing and educational.

scholarly journals The Epic of the Thalamus in Anatomical Language

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Ángel García-Cabezas ◽  
Isabel Pérez-Santos ◽  
Carmen Cavada
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Hollow Structure ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Brain Ventricles ◽  
The North ◽  
Anatomical Terminology ◽  
History Of

Understanding the origin of Greek and Latin words used as metaphors to label brain structures gives a unique window into how scientific and medical knowledge was produced, preserved, and transmitted through generations. The history of the term thalamus exemplifies the complex historical process that led to the current anatomical terminology. From its first mention by Galen of Pergamon in the 2nd century A.D. to its definitive and current use by Thomas Willis in 1664, the thalamus had an epical journey through 1500 years across Europe, the Middle East, and the North of Africa. The thalamus was confusingly described by Galen, in the Greek language, as a chamber to the brain ventricles. The term thalamus was transferred from Greek to Syriac through the translations of Galen’s books done in Baghdad and also from Syriac to Arabic. Then, it was translated in Europe during the Middle Ages from the Arabic versions of Galen’s books to Latin. Later, during the Early Renaissance, it was translated again to Latin directly from the Greek versions of Galen’s books. Along this epical journey through languages, the term thalamus switched from referring to a hollow structure connected to brain ventricles to naming a solid structure at the rostral end of the brainstem. Finally, the thalamus was translated from Latin to modern languages, where it is used, until today, to name a nuclear complex of subcortical gray matter in the lateral walls of the third ventricle.

scholarly journals CONTEMPOPARY MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY: THE PROBLEM OF THE THEMATIC CLASSIFICATION

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-74
Author(s):  
Iryna Zalipska
Keyword(s):  
Digestive System ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Surgical Instruments ◽  
Medical Terminology ◽  
Collective Knowledge ◽  
Current State ◽  
Medical Terms ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Medical Institutions

The article analyzes an overview of the scientific literature devoted to the study of the current state of medical terminology research in linguistics. The urgency of studying particular aspects of this problem, their perspective and significance are presented. It emphasizes on the monosemantic basis of the term. Medical terminology is a system which is used to preserve the general lexical features of natural language units in a medical terminology database, which is a set of collective knowledge of conventional and complementary medicine. The source base of the study is Ukrainian and English medical terms. The thematic groups are represented: anatomical medical terms, clinical medical terms, medical terms of diseases’ names, dental terms and pharmaceutical terms. The anatomic medical terms are divided into thematic groups: parts of body and viscera, human body tissues, musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, endocrine system, central nervous system, senses system, urinary system, reproductive system. The clinical medical terms include the names of medical institutions and departments, methods of patient diagnosis, medical processes, surgical instruments and equipment, oncological, traumatology, obstetrics terms, terms of dietary and nanotechnology. The nomenclature of medical terms of diseases names, dental terms and pharmaceutical terms are systematized. The importance of the researched theme in mastering professional terminology is confirmed.

scholarly journals HISTORY AND CURRENT STATE OF BELARUSIAN MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 755-760
Author(s):  
V. I. Varanets ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Terminology ◽  
Current State ◽  
Medical Vocabulary ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

The article is the first attempt in the history of Belarusian lexicography to summarize the materials on the formation and development of Belarusian medical terminology. Also for the first time the issues of functioning of Belarusian phytonyms and use of dialectal terms of medical vocabulary are considered. Russian-Belarusian dictionaries of medical vocabulary are analyzed in detail.

Voices and Visions: Mind, Body and Affect in Medieval Writing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinne Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Medical Humanities ◽  
Family Care ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Cultural Perspective ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Disease Treatment ◽  
History Of Disease ◽  
Health And Illness ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultural Texts

A properly critical medical humanities is also a historically grounded medical humanities. Such historical grounding requires taking a long cultural perspective, going beyond traditional medical history – typically the history of disease, treatment and practice – to trace the origins and development of the ideas that underpin medicine in its broadest sense – ideas concerning the most fundamental aspects of human existence: health and illness, body and mind, gender and family, care and community. Historical sources can only go so far in illuminating such topics; we must also look to other cultural texts, and in particular literary texts, which, through their imaginative worlds, provide crucial insights into cultural and intellectual attitudes, experience and creativity. Reading from a critical medical humanities perspective requires not only cultural archaeology across a range of discourses, but also putting past and present into conversation, to discover continuities and contrasts with later perspectives. Medical humanities research is illuminated by cultural and literary studies, and also brings to them new ways of seeing; the relation is dynamic. This chapter explores the ways mind, body and affect are constructed and intersect in medieval thought and literature, with a particular focus on how voice-hearing and visionary experience are portrayed and understood.

What's the Message of Architecture?

2014 ◽  
pp. 126-136
Author(s):  
Аndrey G. Velikanov
Keyword(s):  
Separate Entity ◽  
Aesthetic Value ◽  
Current State ◽  
Entire Complex ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Aesthetic

Considers the aspects of architecture as a language able to express the current state and to prophetically indicate the upcoming changes. The aesthetic value of a construction cannot be perceived just as a separate entity, but it can be cognized in the context and not only a visual one, in space. It is necessary to see the entire complex of the accompanying phenomena, all the flow of the unfolding metaphors and values. In the model in view the figure of the author-creator must be reconsidered as no longer conforming to today's reality. The development of the Stalinist Empire style, as well as its transformations, is considered as one of the specific phenomena in the history of well-known constructions

ORGANOPHOSPHORUS NEUROTOXINS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariya Andriyanova ◽  
Aslanli Aslanli ◽  
Nataliya Basova ◽  
Viktor Bykov ◽  
Sergey Varfolomeev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Protection ◽  
Chemical Warfare Agents ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Current State ◽  
Physicochemical Biology ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Warfare Agents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Physicochemical Methods ◽  
State Of Research

The collective monograph is devoted to discussing the history of creation, studying the properties, neutralizing and using organophosphorus neurotoxins, which include chemical warfare agents, agricultural crop protection chemical agents (herbicides and insecticides) and medicines. The monograph summarizes the results of current scientific research and new prospects for the development of this field of knowledge in the 21st century, including the use of modern physicochemical methods for experimental study and theoretical analysis of biocatalysis and its mechanisms based on molecular modeling with supercomputer power. The book is intended for specialists who are interested in the current state of research in the field of organophosphorus neurotoxins. The monograph will be useful for students, graduate students, researchers specializing in the field of physical chemistry, physicochemical biology, chemical enzymology, toxicology, biochemistry, molecular biology and genetics, biotechnology, nanotechnology and biomedicine.

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