Лексичний регулятив дім в епістолярних текстах Лесі Українки й посланнях Андрея Шептицького

The Lexical Regulative dim ‘home’ in Epistolary Texts by Lesia Ukraїnka and in Andreĭ Sheptytsʹkyĭ’s Pastoral LettersThis article is devoted to the features of actualisation of one of the most frequent lexical regulatives, which has a distinct archetypal character in the lan­guage paradigm of different nations and which is one of the most frequently used concepts in the functional-style system of the Ukrainian language – HOME. The study considers the actualisation of this concept in Ukrainian on the basis of lexicographic sources. It also identifies the main strands of research on the con­cept HOME which reveal the typological features of its explication in different languages: (1) home as an element of individual style in artistic texts; (2) home as a word stimulus in associative experiments conducted among the youth. The article is the first study investigating the common and distinctive features of the functioning of the lexical regulative dim ‘home’ in texts created by two well-known authors: Lesia Ukraїnka (epistolary texts) and Andreĭ Sheptytsʹkyĭ (pastoral letters). The analysis considers key lexemes which verbalise the concept HOME, identifies its core and peripheral nominations, and examines the func­tional specifics of the contexts of the occurrence of the lexemes dim/doma.Regulatyw leksykalny dom w tekstach epistolarnych Łesi Ukrainki oraz listach pasterskich Andrzeja SzeptyckiegoW artykule zbadano specyfikę leksykalną jednego z najczęstszych regulaty­wów, mających wyraźny archetypowy charakter w różnych językach i należący do najczęściej używanych konceptów w systemie funkcyjno-stylowym języka ukraińskiego – DOM. Rozpatrzono reprezentację tego konceptu w języku ukraińskim na materiale źródeł leksykograficznych; wskazano dwa główne kierunki dotychczasowych badań konceptu DOM ujawniające typologiczne cechy jego eksplikacji w językach narodowych: 1) jako elementu indywidualnego stylu w tekstach artystycznych; 2) jako słowa-klucze w eksperymentach asocjacyjnych wśród młodzieży. Po raz pierwszy przeanalizowano cechy wspólne i cechy odmienne funkcjonowania regulatywu leksykalnego dom w mowie dwóch znanych indywidualności językowych – Łesi Ukrainki (teksty epistolarne) i Andrzeja Szeptyckiego (listy pasterskie); określono podstawowe leksemy, które werbalizują koncept DOM, wyodrębniono nazwy jądrowe i peryferyjne; ustalono specyfikę funkcyjną kontekstów występowania leksemów dim/doma.

Narrative and Polemic Aspects of Epistolary Communication in Ukraine of the Late 16th – Early 17th Century

The article analyses epistles as a form of communication in the framework of Ukrainian publicism in the late 16th – early 17th century, which is characterized by the interaction of various polemical forms of expression and their influence on the recipient. It is noted that epistolary texts were among the most popular forms at that time, and their role was strengthened with the proclamation of the Union of Brest (1596). Being able to promptly convey information, along with the development of methods for active polemicization, they came to be established as a means of communication, so epistolary works provided the opportunity to express ideas and, through various forms, convey information about important social and political problems to the addressees (listeners, recipients). Due to this feature, they increased the author’s influence on the readers. Private correspondence, which had the status of political documents at that time, is distinguished as a special category as it mainly expressed the viewpoints of representatives of different religious denominations. The exchange of letters between the persons involved in the Brest Union intensified considerably. It is emphasized that because of certain genre features epistolary works of that time could be viewed as open letters/epistles. Such a genre form was also popular in Western European Protestant publicism of the 17thcentury. The article considers the narrative and polemical aspects of epistolary texts, using examples from correspondence by Ipatii Potii, Kliryk Ostrozkyi and Ivan Vyshenskyi.

‘Phantom Letters’ in Various Cultures

Cross-Сultural communication cannot exist without interaction, both oral and written. One of the types of written communication is epistolary text. This paper considers one kind of epistolary texts, the so-called ‘dead letter’, i.e. a letter which cannot be delivered to the recipient because this person does not exist. The author introduces the term ‘phantom letter’ since a corresponding term has not been found in the Russian language, besides the existing English term ‘dead letter’ does not fully reveal the phenomenon under discussion. The materials of the article are 14 personal letters and 24 literary texts in the English language belonging to the cultures of Ancient Egypt, the USA, Great Britain and Israel. The methodology of the research is based on the discourse analysis of the personal and fiction discourses. The following types of ‘phantom letters’ have been studied: letters to the dead, letters to the future generations and literary texts which are letters to some famous historical or fictional characters. Special attention is paid to various reasons why people have been writing such epistolary texts: the writer may do it on practical grounds, as a form of trauma counselling and/or resurrecting the loved one or information. As for the literary texts, the author’s aim is to create a humorous effect since all these letters are parodies. Chronotope is also considered, which is especially important in letters to the dead and letters to the future. Discourse formulas typical for some types of phantom letters have been analyzed. The last part of the paper deals with precedent texts, because understanding of fictional dead letters is drawn entirely from the knowledge of precedent. The conclusion states that there are various types of phantom letters in various cultures, they are normally personal and they are written for various reasons, however, they possess common features. Some prospects for further study in this area are also outlined.

Dostoevsky's Garibaldi: additions to the commentary

This study is a contribution to the research of the extensive topic of Dostoevsky and Garibaldi and is an analysis of two fragments from Dostoevsky's texts, where he addressed the image of the Italian hero. This image is reflected in the artistic, journalistic and epistolary texts by Dostoevsky, his name is calligraphically printed on the pages of two of the writer's notebooks. The article analyzes an episode from the novel "The Idiot": the story of the liar and braggart General Ivolgin about his wound during the Crimean War that was treated by two outstanding surgeons – the Frenchman O. Nelaton and the Russian N. I. Pirogov. It is shown that the subtext of Ivolgin's story refers to the story of Garibaldi's wound in the battle of Aspromonte and the treatment of his leg by O. Nelaton and N. I. Pirogov, which Dostoevsky and his hero learned about from the newspapers. The European and Russian press, which closely followed the political events in Italy and Europe in the 1860s, created a heroic image of this man. The second reference to Garibaldi is from Dostoevsky's Geneva letter to his niece S. A. Ivanova dated January 1 (13), 1868. It presents a parody sketch of contemporary political events and figures in Italy (Cardinal Antonelli, General Kanzler, the defeat of Garibaldi's army at the Battle of Mentana). They are allegorically transferred to the games and amusements of the younger generation of the Ivanov family, with whom the writer spent the summer of 1866. The article corrects the error made by the publishers of Dostoevsky's letters: the title of "general kanzler" (this is how this phrase was published) never existed — in the Battle of Mentana, the supreme commander of the papal troops, which defeated Garibaldi, was General Hermann Kanzler, who had a German origin and surname. The cases considered indicate a significant interest of the writer in the heroic personality of Giuseppe Garibaldi, his activities and fate.

Russian Epistolary Writing from the Middle Ages to the Turn of the 19th Century

Epistolary writing is probably not the first thing that comes to mind when one thinks of Russia’s contributions to world literature—despite the landmark theoretical work of the Russian Formalists in the 1920s, which presciently highlighted the literary interest of the letter and paved the way for the explosion of scholarship on epistolarity in the West in the late 20th century. Nevertheless, the epistolary mode has accompanied and helped to shape Russian literature since its beginnings. For many centuries, epistolary texts offered a space for unusually vivid expressions of unique authorial selves while at the same time encouraging self-conscious play with literary form. Within a century of the adoption of writing by the Eastern Slavs in the mid-10th century, people across the social spectrum were writing letters on birchbark; in the Middle Ages, when Russian writing aimed above all to teach religious truths and build a Christian community, epistolary forms facilitated the creation of exceptionally individualized representations of the author(s) and/or addressee(s) of letters. In the early modern period, epistolary forms played an important role in the development of literature, since they were among the first types of text to be recognized as distinct genres. The late 18th and early 19th centuries witnessed the heyday of the European-style familiar letter, which became a primary literary genre through which elite writers maintained emotional, social, and professional ties, projected a sophisticated self-image, and wrestled with the implications of Russia’s participation in Western cultural life.

The heuristic capabilities of the family epistolary texts in the Russian Sstate

The purpose of this article is to examine the composition of letter texts by Von Wall and his family as a potential source for the study of everyday family life by a high-ranking official of the Russian Empire in the last quarter of the nineteenth century - early twentieth century. The methodological basis of this study is the historical and anthropological approach and methods of source analysis according to sources of personal origin. This article presents the results of Von Wall. The study of the legacy of von Wall and his family focused on three Russian federal archives. The authors found several groups of correspondence from the closest circle of correspondence with Von Wall is a special group consisting of epistemological texts addressed to Von Wall, his siblings, his wife and children. Some of the features of the composition of these documents are due to various circumstances such as the establishment of interpersonal relationships in his family, how to maintain correspondence, saving drafts and copies of his correspondence by von Wahl.

EL EDITOR COMO AUTOR: PRÁCTICAS ECDÓTICAS EN TEXTOS EPISTOLARES

Resumen: La constante publicación de textos epistolares en España contrasta con la ausencia de una reflexión sistemática sobre sus criterios de edición. Además, las especiales características de la carta privada propician, de modo significativo, la apropiación de decisiones autoriales por parte del editor. En el presente artículo se aborda la figura del editor como autor en los procesos ecdóticos de selección, disposición y transcripción de los materiales epistolares, a través del examen de setenta y cinco ediciones de correspondencia. Ello permite dibujar la orientación y mecanismos de tales apropiaciones y su tendencia a la alteración ficcional de textos documentales y autobiográficos.Abstract: The constant publishing of epistolary texts in Spain makes a contrast with the lack of a systematic reflexion about its editing criteria. The private letter’s special features also lead to a significant appropriation of authorial decisions by the editor. On this article, we adress the figure of the editor as author in the selection, arrangement and transcription processes for epistolary materials through the exam of sixty five correspondence editions. This makes it possible to draw the orientation and mechanisms of such appropriations and their trend to fictional alterations on documentary and autobiographical texts.

“Trench Viewpoint”: Wartime Letters as the Object of Scientific Conceptualization in Linguistic Personology

Based on the regional archival materials (private letters of nine veterans of World War II), the article discovers approaches to scientific description of external parameters of epistolary texts. Since analysed letters are written by privates and junior officers, the narrative represents the “trench viewpoint”. External parameters of epistolary texts include various information: they capture the spirit of the period, describe some details of front life, reveal the level of culture of gene­ral and written speech, and in some cases reflect the psychological traits and mental state of the sen­der. The description of external features of epistolary texts lays a foundation for further analysis of their content, being an integral part of the linguistic and personological method of portraying a linguistic personality. The method is aimed at solving the issues of military and historical anthropology, as it allows to identify the factors that are important for recreating the multidimensional image of the sender in the severe environment of wartime reality.

Representation of the concept of Love in Marina Tsvetaeva's epistolary and in the works of Russian philosophers

The article highlights and examines several important gender characteristics of the concept of „love” based on the material of Marina Tsvetaeva's epistolary texts, namely: immensity, spontaneity, conflict of body and soul, pain, maternal care. The activity characteristic of the immensity in the letters of M. Tsvetaeva testifies to the high degree of the author's entry into the spiritual sphere. The gender characteristic of the immensity in Tsvetaeva's texts correspond to the features of female love described by the philosopher N. Berdyaev. The characteristic of spontaneity is manifested in the fact that Tsvetaeva perceives love as an element, an independent force that a person is not able to control. The gender characteristic of the conflict of soul and body was highlighted on the basis that Tsvetaeva was often in a state of internal conflict, soul and body came into confrontation. The gender characteristic of the conflict of soul and body is also based on the fact that Marina Tsvetaeva reproached men that they are largely interested not in the soul of a woman, but her body. The gender characteristic of pain is manifested in the fact that, despite the fact that the words „pain”, „suffering” usually has a negative connotation, a woman has a unique ability to penetrate through them into the very depths of the phenomena of the inner and surrounding worlds, as both Marina Tsvetaeva and Russian philosophers write about. Pain and suffering, therefore, take an active part in shaping a woman's worldview. The gender characteristic of maternal care is highlighted as active in Marina Tsvetaeva's epistolary, and the connection between the female picture of the world and this sign of the concept of Love was also recorded by Russian philosophers. The study showed that the conceptual analysis of literary texts makes it possible to reconstruct and correlate the metagender and gender characteristics of cultural constants, taking into account the idiosyncratic features of a particular author. The inclusion of the gender parameter in the linguistic consideration of concepts allows us to significantly expand the idea of language as a means of constructing a picture of the world, including an artistic one.