The Depletion of Carbohydrate Metabolic Genes in the Gut Microbiome Contributes to the Transition From Central Obesity to Type 2 Diabetes

Obesity, especially central obesity, is a strong risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the mechanism underlying the progression from central obesity to T2D remains unknown. Therefore, we analyzed the gut microbial profiles of central obese individuals with or without T2D from a Chinese population. Here we reported both the microbial compositional and gene functional alterations during the progression from central obesity to T2D. Several opportunistic pathogens were enriched in obese T2D patients. We also characterized thousands of genes involved in sugar and amino acid metabolism whose abundance were significantly depleted in obese T2D group. Moreover, the abundance of those genes was negatively associated with plasma glycemia level and percentage of individuals with impaired plasma glucose status. Therefore, our study indicates that the abundance of those depleted genes can be used as a potential biomarker to identify central obese individuals with high risks of developing T2D.

Hyperglycemia at admission, comorbidities, and in-hospital mortality in elderly patients hospitalized in internal medicine wards: data from the RePoSI Registry

Aims The association between hyperglycemia at hospital admission and relevant short- and long-term outcomes in elderly population is known. We assessed the effects on mortality of hyperglycemia, disability, and multimorbidity at admission in internal medicine ward in patients aged ≥ 65 years. Methods Data were collected from an active register of 102 internal medicine and geriatric wards in Italy (RePoSi project). Patients were recruited during four index weeks of a year. Socio-demographic data, reason for hospitalization, diagnoses, treatment, severity and comorbidity indexes (Cumulative Illness rating Scale CIRS-SI and CIRS-CI), renal function, functional (Barthel Index), and cognitive status (Short Blessed Test) and mood disorders (Geriatric Depression Scale) were recorded. Mortality rates were assessed in hospital 3 and 12 months after discharge. Results Of the 4714 elderly patients hospitalized, 361 had a glycemia level ≥ 250 mg/dL at admission. Compared to subjects with lower glycemia level, patients with glycemia ≥ 250 mg/dL showed higher rates of male sex, smoke and class III obesity. These patients had a significantly lower Barthel Index (p = 0.0249), higher CIRS-SI and CIRS-CI scores (p = 0.0025 and p = 0.0013, respectively), and took more drugs. In-hospital mortality rate was 9.2% and 5.1% in subjects with glycemia ≥ 250 and < 250 mg/dL, respectively (p = 0.0010). Regression analysis showed a strong association between in-hospital death and glycemia ≥ 250 mg/dL (OR 2.07; [95% CI 1.34–3.19]), Barthel Index ≤ 40 (3.28[2.44–4.42]), CIRS-SI (1.87[1.27–2.77]), and male sex (1.54[1.16–2.03]). Conclusions The stronger predictors of in-hospital mortality for older patients admitted in general wards were glycemia level ≥ 250 mg/dL, Barthel Index ≤ 40, CIRS-SI, and male sex.

Comparative analysis of habitus and behavioral responses in birds in desynchronosis conditions

The dynamics of behavioral reactions is studied. Habit, live weight of roosters in artificially created models of desynchronosis: acute, due to three-day inversion of the light regime, and chronic, due to crowding increased placing density. An assessment of the behavior, habitus, feed intake, feather cover and molting conditions in combination with the glycemia level, which together provide an objective assessment of the effect of desynchronosis on the functional state of birds and their adaptation to acute and chronic stress.

NANOCHROMIUM CITRATE: ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC AND PANCREATOPROTECTIVE ACTION AGAINST UNDERLYING DEXAMETHASONE-INDUCED DIABETES MELLITUS

INTRODUCTION: The Ukrainian State Scientific-Research Institute of Nanobiotechnology and Resources Saving has received nanochromium citrate (NCC), a new chrome compound, by means of the electric pulse aquananotechnology method. OBJECTIVES: to determine nanochromium citrate efficacy with experimental dexamethasone-induced diabetes through the results of antihyperglycemic activity and its effect on the pancreatic histological structure. METHODS: diabetes mellitus was simulated by dexamethasone administration on 18-month male rats. The morphological structure of the pancreas was examined in comparison with metformin. Examination of the pancreas morphological structure considered the amount, distribution and size of the pancreatic islets and their cellular shape. RESULTS: on the 14th day of simulated diabetes mellitus the preventitive -therapeutic indication of nanochromium citrate promoted a decrease of glycemia level twice. The administration of nanochromium citrate with underlying diabetes mellitus is not inferior to metformin and its protective effect on the pancreas morphological structure exceeds the effect of metformin. CONCLUSION: nanochromium citrate of experimental dexamethasone-induced diabetes mellitus in rats decreases the glycemia level twice which does not differ reliably from the effect of metformin antihyperglycemic. The cytoprotective effect of nanochromium citrate produced on the histological structure of the pancreas is found to exceed metformin action.

MANIFESTATIONS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN ACUTE PERIOD OF CORONAVIRUS DISEASE

Introduction.Nowadays, coronavirus disease is reported a systemic disease, which impairs immune function, lung and gastrointestinal damage. The latter, along with the respiratory system, can serve as the entry gate to infection. Chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are considered as risk factors for more severe course of the disease. Objective: to study the frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms and liver functioning in patients with coronavirus disease. Materials and methods: 55 medical records of inpatients with coronavirus disease and pneumonia (20 women and 35 men), who were treated at the infectious department of the Central Municipal Clinical Hospital, Ivano-Frankivsk. The mean age of female patients was 57.1 ± 2.62 years and 59.2 ± 2.59 years for male patients. All patients underwent polymerase chain reaction testing and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IgM SARS COV 2), general clinical examinations (general blood test, biochemical analysis of live damage markers, glycemia level), chest CT. We determined inflammatory biomarkers as well. Results and discussion. The patients with coronaviral disease and pneumonia were found to have various comorbidities, including hypertension, obesity, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, chronic viral hepatitis B and others. The most common gastrointestinal symptoms included anorexia detected in 50 patients (90.9%), nausea in 11 (20%) patients, diarrhoea in 6 (10.9%) patients, vomiting in 2 (363%) patients, abdominal pain in 4 (7.27%) patients, and constipation in 1 (1.8%) case. Diarrhea usually did not pose a serious threat, and was reversible in the course of pneumonia therapy. Thrombocytopenia occurred in 10.9% of patients. The level of C-reactive protein was high in 90.9% of patients. A third of the patients demonstrated as increase in the activity of aspartate aminotransferase by 30.9% and alanine aminotransferase by 32.7%. Conclusion. Coronavirus can induce inflammation and change the permeability of mucous membranes, possibly receptor-mediated penetration into the cells of the body; we can suggest the virus affects the composition of the intestinal microbiota, disrupts the interaction between organs "intestinal-lung" that may contribute to the progression of respiratory symptoms.

The effect of normobaric hypoxia on the secretion of insulin and growth hormone

Effect of normobaric hypoxia on insulin (IRI) and somatotropic hormone (STH) secretion was studied in 24 normal subjects aged 35-55 years. Control group consisted of 18 subjects administered placebo. Adaptation to normobaric hypoxia was attended by changes in IRI and STH but not in the glycemia level. Hypoxic exposure was associated with an increase of the plasma STH concentration and a tendency to normalization of IRI in all examinees. These parameters correlated with body weight index.

Glycemic control and its impact on oxidative stress biomarkers in type 2 diabetic patients treated with metformin: a cross-sectional analysis

AIMS: Evidence shows that diabetic patients may be predisposed to oxidative stress owing to increased glyco-oxidation and lipid peroxidation processes in consequence of chronic hyperglycemia. However, there is dearth of information whether glycemic control positively affects the antioxidant defense system in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We investigated the potential association between glycemic control and oxidative stress biomarkers in controlled and uncontrolled diabetic states. METHODS: After obtaining ethical clearance, we included patients receiving metformin with glycated hemoglobin A1c ˂7.0% (glycemic control); newly diagnosed T2DM patients without glycemic control with hemoglobin A1c ˃7.0%; and apparently healthy normoglycemic individuals. The following biomarkers were determined: fasting glycemia level, malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase activity, catalase activity, total antioxidant capacity and total cholesterol level. The comparisons between the groups were made by ANOVA. RESULTS: The participants were 260 in number: 80 with controlled diabetes, 80 uncontrolled and 100 controls. All participants were between 40 and 71 years old. Fasting glycemia level and hemoglobin A1c showed significant reductions (p<0.05) in controlled T2DM against the uncontrolled T2DM group, all the same both were significantly higher (p<0.05) against the controls. Likewise, malondialdehyde levels showed significant elevations (p<0.05) correspondingly in both uncontrolled and controlled T2DM against the controls, accompanied with significant reductions (p<0.05) in the antioxidative enzyme activities (glutathione peroxidase activity and catalase activity) and total antioxidant capacity levels against the controls. In addition, total cholesterol was significantly reduced (p<0.05) in controlled T2DM against both uncontrolled T2DM and controls, respectively. There were significant correlations between hemoglobin A1c and oxidative stress biomarkers (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: There was no remarkable difference in oxidative stress states between glycemic controlled and uncontrolled T2DM, despite differences in their fasting glycemia and glycated hemoglobin levels. Our data, therefore, suggest that chronic hyperglycemia and possibly anti-diabetic medicationmay both equally associate with oxidative stress.

Clinical case of Carpenter syndrome (autoimmune-polygundularsyndrome 2) in the practice of an endocrinologist

Presentation of case: patient 36 years old, appealed to complaints about changing the color of the skin, reducing body weight by 10 kg in 2 months, expressed general weakness, lowering blood pressure, reducing sexual desire. Discussion: prescribed treatment: insulin therapy (aspart, degludec) day dose 42 OD, levothyroxine 100 mcgr/day, vitamin E, selenium 100 mcgr, chorionic gonadotrophin 1500 OD intramuscularly once per week, monthly courses with the same break. After the therapy, the patient’s condition improved. Repeatedly the patient appeared on the review 6 months after treatment. Hyperpigmentation of the skin and natural areas of pigmentation are reduced, there is a stabilization of blood pressure at a level of 120 / 70-110 / 70 mm Hg, reduction of clinical symptoms, achieved target level of glycemia and hormonal blood parameters the target glycemia level was reached (4.6-5.1 mmol / L), glycosylated hemoglobin (8.1%) and hormonal blood parameters (TTG 3.4 mmol / L) cortisol serum 1.7 μg / dl (norm 6.2-19.4 μg / dl), testosterone free 3.4 pg / ml (N 1.7-8.2), total testosterone - 12.28 (N 8.64 - 29 nmol / l), sex steroid binding globulin (CHD) (67 nmol / l, at the rate of 13-71 nmol / l, ), testosterone free 8.9 pg / ml (N 8.8 - 42.5 pg / ml). Conclusions: Decomposition of adrenal insufficiency (decrease in glucocorticoids as contrinsular hormone) can lead to untypical cours of diabetes with steaolyhipoglicemia in autumne-summer period and normalizabionglycemia glycemia in winter-autumne period. Presents of 2-3 decompensate, endocrine diseases in the same moment suppresses pronounced typical symptomatics each of them precedes with erased or disguised picture. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.18(3) 2019 p.646-650