Improving the Technology for the Production of Fruit Distillates Based on Innovative Approaches to Fractional Distillation of Apple Wine Materials

В настоящей статье научно обоснован прием сокращения количества образующейся головной фракции при фракционной перегонке. В том числе научно обоснована перспективность повторного применения нового побочного продукта фракционной перегонки, промежуточной фракции, в технологии изготовления яблочных (фруктовых) или кальвадосных дистиллятов. Представлен сравнительный анализ состава головной фракции, полученной в процессе фракционной перегонки с выделением и применением и без выделения и применения промежуточной фракции с учетом требований технических нормативно-правовых актов. Подтверждена целесообразность проведения процесса фракционной перегонки с отбором четырех фракций вместо трех, характерных для классической технологии производства фруктовых дистиллятов. In this material is scientifically justified the method of reducing the amount of the resulting head fraction during fractional distillation. Scientifically based the prospects for the repeated application of a new product fractional distillation of an intermediate fraction in the technology of manufacturing fruit distillates. Сomparative analysis is presented of the composition of the head fraction and with / without isolation (s) and with / without the use (s) of an intermediate fraction, following the technical requirements. The expediency of the process has been proved with the selection of four instead of three fractions characteristic of the classical technology of production of fruit distillates.

Recovery of Waste Polyurethane from E-Waste—Part I: Investigation of the Oil Sorption Potential

The shredding of end-of-life refrigerators produces every year in Italy 15,000 tons of waste polyurethane foam (PUF), usually destined for energy recovery. This work presents the results of the investigation of the oil sorption potential of waste PUF according to ASTM F726–17 standard. Three oils (diesel fuel and two commercial motor oils) having different densities (respectively, 0.83, 0.87, and 0.88 kg/dm3) and viscosities (respectively, 3, 95, and 140 mm2/s at 40 °C) were considered. The waste PUF was sampled in an Italian e-waste treatment plant, and its characterization showed 16.5 wt% particles below 0.71 mm and 13 wt% impurities (paper, plastic, aluminum foil), mostly having dimensions (d) above 5 mm. Sieving at 0.071 mm was applied to the waste PUF to obtain a “coarse” (d > 0.71 mm) and a “fine” fraction (d < 0.71 mm). Second sieving at 5 mm allowed an “intermediate” fraction to be obtained, with dimensions between 0.71 and 5 mm. The oil sorption tests involved the three fractions of waste PUF, and their performances were compared with two commercial oil sorbents (sepiolite and OKO-PUR). The results of the tests showed that the “fine” PUF was able to retain 7.1–10.3 g oil/g, the “intermediate” PUF, 4.2–7.4 g oil/g, and the “coarse” PUF, 4.5–7.0 g oil/g, while sepiolite and OKO-PUR performed worse (respectively, 1.3–1.6 and 3.3–5.3 g oil/g). In conclusion, compared with the actual management of waste PUF (100 wt% sent to energy recovery), the amount destined directly to energy recovery could be limited to 13 wt% (i.e., the impurities). The remaining 87 wt% could be diverted to reuse for oil sorption, and afterward directed to energy recovery, considered as a secondary option.

IMPROVEMENT OF ETHYL ALCOHOL BIOSYNTHESIS WHEN FERRYING APPLE WORT, OBTAINED ON THE BASIS OF INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR PROCESSING SECONDARY RAW MATERIALS

The article studies the effect of introducing an intermediate fraction of fruit distillate into the wort sent for fermentation in order to prevent the development of extraneous microflora, activate the fermentation process and reduce the loss of anhydrous ethyl alcohol in the production cycle of fruit distillates. The optimal technological modes of apple wort fermentation have been established.

Isolation and analysis of a non-protein low molecular weight thiol-mercurial adduct from human prostate lymph node cells (LNCaP)

Thiol compounds present in human malignant prostate cells (LNCaP) were investigated after reaction with a mercurial blocking reagent. After extracting the cellular glutathione and some other low molecular weight (LMW) thiols using trichloroacetic acid the resulting the protein precipitate was extracted with buffered 8 M urea containing 2-chloromercuri-4-nitrophenol in an equimolar amount to that of the thiol present. After removing the insoluble chromatin fraction the urea soluble labeled adducts formed were chromatographed on G15 Sephadex. Three yellow coloured (A410 nm) fractions were obtained; first, the excluded protein fraction containing 16.0 ± 4.1% of the applied label followed by an intermediate fraction containing 5.9 ± 1.2%. Finally a LMW fraction emerged which contained 77.2 ± 3.7% of the total label applied and this was further analyzed by column chromatography, first on an anion exchange column and then on a PhenylSepharose 6 column to give what appeared to be a single component. LC–MS analysis of this component gave a pattern of mercuri-clusters, formed on MS ionization showing possible parent ions at 704 or 588 m/z, the former indicating that a thiol fragment of molecular weight approximately 467 could be present. No fragments with a single sulfur adduct (a 369 m/z fragment) were observed The adduct was analyzed for cysteine and other amino acids, nucleic acid bases, ribose and deoxyribose sugars, selenium and phosphorus; all were negative leading to the conclusion that a new class of unknown LMW thiol is present concealed in the protein matrices of these cells.

ГИСТОХИМИЧЕСКАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ГИПОФИЗА КРУПНОГО РОГАТОГО СКОТА

Histochemical studies allowed to investigate the main aspects of the chemical statics and dynamics of the pituitary gland: location and nature of the reaction to the contents of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids in cattle of different ages.It is installed the increased intensity of histochemical reactions to identify DNA and RNA. This indicates about the nucleic nature of the colloid, which is produced by the body and is a carrier of hormonal substances. The greatest concentration of nucleic acids was observed in the adenohypophysis of animals of 6 months of age. Here they are accumulated more in the adenocytes nuclei. The cells of a connective–tissue capsule of the pituitary gland have increased intensity of histochemical reactions to identify nucleic acids. Common proteins found in all histoststructure of the pituitary gland, but sometimes the preferential localization of the total protein in the pituitary gland of cattle in the age aspect is the anterior pituitary. The lipid in microstructures of the pituitary gland contained in all its parts. The intermediate fraction and the capsule of the pituitary gland are rich by them. Fat cells in the structures of the pituitary gland have not been identified because they usually are contained in the form of biocomplexity connections.The nature of the histochemical features of the pituitary gland of cattle depends on the age of the animals, and we studied the histochemical reactions of the colloid allow to characterize it as a mucopolysaccharide with impurities of proteins and a small amount of lipids.

How life history can sway the fixation probability of mutants

In this work, we study the effects of demographic structure on evolutionary dynamics, when selection acts on reproduction, survival, or both. In contrast with the previously discovered pattern that the fixation probability of a neutral mutant decreases while population becomes younger, we show that a mutant with constant selective advantage may have a maximum or a minimum of the fixation probability in populations with an intermediate fraction of young individuals. This highlights the importance of life history and demographic structure in studying evolutionary dynamics. We also illustrate the fundamental differences between selection on reproduction and on survival when age structure is present. In addition, we evaluate the relative importance of size and structure of the population in determining the fixation probability of the mutant. Our work lays the foundation for studying also density and frequency dependent effects in populations when demographic structures cannot be neglected.

From the Eclipse of Aldebaranium and Cassiopeium to the Priority Conflict Between Celtium and Hafnium

In 1794, Finnish scientist Johan Gadolin discovered the first of the rare earth elements in some ore deposits at Ytterby, Sweden. He called the oxide of the new element that he had isolated ytterbia and ytterbite the ore from which he had extracted it. Three years later, Anders Gustaf Ekeberg verified Gadolin’s discoveries and proposed the name of yttria (or yttric earths) for the oxide and gadolinite for the ore. For many years, chemists, among them L. N. Vauquelin, J. J. Berzelius, and M. H. Klaproth, wrestled with the problem that perhaps Gadolin’s yttrium was not a simple body but in reality contained other elements. In 1842, the Swedish chemist C. G. Mosander described how, by means of the fractional precipitations of the oxalates from dilute solutions of oxalic acid and by treatment of the hydroxides with dilute ammoniacal solutions, he seemed to have succeeded in extracting three new elements. The first was yttrium, the most basic; the second was erbium, the least basic; and the intermediate fraction he called terbium. The names terbium, erbium, and ytterbium derive from the name of the town, Ytterby. The names that Mosander gave to the three elements derived from the sequence in which they were separated: the name yttrium was not changed out of respect for Gadolin. The first element that he extracted, Mosander called terbium, and the following one he called erbium. He removed a letter from the word terbium because he had isolated it later. In the following years, it was discovered that both erbium and terbium were not single elements but mixtures of elements yet unknown. A practice developed that we might call an entente cordiale: when a discoverer split a presumed element into its constituents, one element retained the name already given by its preceding discoverer. This usage was respected by everyone, including Urbain, who, in 1907, presented his discoveries with the names neo-ytterbium and lutecium. Only Auer von Welsbach, a renowned Austrian chemist, did not respect this tacit “gentlemen’s agreement” and called the elements with atomic numbers 70 and 71 aldebaranium and cassiopeium.

QUARK MATTER IN NEUTRON STARS: AN APERÇU

The existence of deconfined quark matter in the superdense interior of neutron stars is a key question that has drawn considerable attention over the past few decades. Quark matter can comprise an arbitrary fraction of the star, from 0 for a pure neutron star to 1 for a pure quark star, depending on the equation of state of matter at high density. From an astrophysical viewpoint, these two extreme cases are generally expected to manifest different observational signatures. An intermediate fraction implies a hybrid star, where the interior consists of mixed or homogeneous phases of quark and nuclear matter, depending on surface and Coulomb energy costs, as well as other finite size and screening effects. In this review, we discuss what we can deduce about quark matter in neutron stars in light of recent exciting developments in neutron star observations. We state the theoretical ideas underlying the equation of state of dense quark matter, including color superconducting quark matter. We also highlight recent advances stemming from re-examination of an old paradigm for the surface structure of quark stars and discuss possible evolutionary scenarios from neutron stars to quark stars, with emphasis on astrophysical observations.