Early Medieval Kyrgyz burial from the Upper Irtysh region

In Central Asia in the second half of the 1st millennium A.D., there were development and rapid change of large polyethnic state formations of allied congeneric groups of the Turkic people, Uigurs, Kyrgyz, Kimaks, and Kipchaks. The material goods of most of the tribal unions are unidentified and cannot be associated with the names of specific ethnic groups known from the written sources. Continuance and cultural affinity of the succes-sive nomadic communities are based upon identity of the subsistence systems in similar natural and climatic con-ditions. The Kyrgyz (Khakass) Khaganate, which emerged in the Upper Yenisei region, was one of the Early Me-dieval states. In the second half of the 9th century, the authority of the Kyrgyz khagans spread onto the vast terri-tories of Central Asia. The main culture-forming attribute of the Kyrgyz ethnos is cremation burials. The study of the cremation burials found beyond the ancestral homeland of the Kyrgyz allows tracing the intertribal contacts and directions of military campaigns of the Kyrgyz during the period of their “greatpowerness”. In this paper, mate-rials of the burial mound of Menovnoe VIII, situated in the territory of the Upper Irtysh 2.1 km south-east from the village of Menovnoe, Tavrichesky district, East-Kazakhstan Region, are analysed. Under the mound of the kurgan, there was a fence with an outbuilding. The central grave contained a cremation burial, and the outbuilding — an adolescent burial and a sacrificial pit with a horse carcass split into halves. The grave goods are represented by a bronze waistbelt clasp and a fragment of an iron object. Alongside the horse, there was a quiver with three arrow-heads and a rasp-file, as well as part of a bridle (a snaffle bit fixed to a wooden cheekpiece and a bronze buckle tip). The specifics of the burial rite and analysis of the material obtained during the study of the funeral complex allows attribution of the Menovnoe-VIII kurgan 8 graves to representatives of the Kyrgyz-Khakass antiquities, who were in contact with the rulers of the Kimak Khaganate during the second half of the 8th — 10th century.

The brown algae Saccharina japonica and Sargassum horneri exhibit species-specific responses to synergistic stress of ocean acidification and eutrophication

Ocean acidification and eutrophication are two important environmental stressors. They inevitably impact marine macroalgae, and hence the coastal ecosystem of China. Saccharina japonica, as the main culture species in China, is suffering the harmful golden tide caused by Sargassum horneri. However, it remains unclear whether the detrimental effects of S. horneri on S. japonica cultivation become more severe in future acidified and eutrophic scenario. In this study, we respectively investigated the effects of pCO2 (400 μatm and 1000 μatm) and nutrients (non-enriched and enriched seawater) on the growth, photosynthesis, respiration, chlorophyll contents, and tissue nitrogen of S. japonica and S. horneri. Results indicated that enrichment of nutrients contributed S. horneri to utilize HCO3-. The carbon acquisition pathway shifted from HCO3- to CO2 in S. japonica, while S. horneri remained using HCO3- regulated by nutrient enrichment. S. horneri exhibited better photosynthetic traits than S. japonica, with a higher level of net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll contents at elevated pCO2 and enriched nutrients. Tissue nitrogen also accumulated richly in the thalli of S. horneri under higher pCO2 and nutrients. Significant enhancement in growth was only detected in S. horneri under synergistic stress. Together, S. horneri showed competitive dominance in current study. These findings suggest that increasing risk of golden tide in acidified and eutrophic ocean can most likely result in great damage to S. japonica cultivation.

Development of 2,3-Butanediol Production Process from Klebsiella aerogenes ATCC 29007 Using Extracted Sugars of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Biodiesel-Derived Crude Glycerol

Expectation for renewable energy is increasing due to environmental pollution such as fossil fuel depletion, CO2 emission, and harmful gases. Therefore, in this study, extracted sugars of microalgae, which cause algal blooms and crude glycerol, a biodiesel industry byproduct, were used simultaneously to produce 2,3-BDO. The 2,3-BDO production using only extracted algal sugars was about 4.8 g/L at 18 h, and the production of 2,3-BDO using both extracted algal sugar and crude glycerol was about 7 g/L at 18 h. It was confirmed that the main culture with crude glycerol was increased 1.5-fold compared to the case of using only extracted algal sugars. In addition, four components of the main medium (ammonium sulfate, casein hydrolysate, yeast extract, and crude glycerol) were statistically optimized and the concentrations of the medium were 12, 16, 12, and 13 g/L, respectively. In addition, the final 2,3-BDO production was about 11g/L, which 1.6-fold higher than before the optimization process. As a result, it was confirmed that 2,3-BDO production is possible through the simultaneous use of algal sugars and crude glycerol, which can greatly contribute to the development of zero-waste processes.

Propagation and cultivation of Gracilaria in China.

Gracilaria has a long history of cultivation and utilization in China and is now widely cultured in ponds and tanks in the coastal area. G. tenuistipitata var. lui and G. lemaneiformis are the two main species cultivated. Spore collection and micropropagation are used for providing seed of Gracilaria. Ground planting and raft cultivation are the two main culture methods. Polyculture with fish, shrimp and filter-feeding bivalves is also practised in many locations. Strain selection and genetic analysis are conducted for both wild and cultured strains.

Effect of carbohydrate content on shoot maturation and yield of Palmer mango submitted to potassium fertilization and biostimulant

Mango production in the Brazilian semiarid region has gained prominence in the national scenario due to the high yield and long production period using techniques that help in the main culture stages. The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of two alternative techniques in the production of ‘Palmer’ mango in the vegetative phase. It was evaluated whether commercial potassium-based Multipotássio® fertilizer could be used as an alternative source of potassium nutrient in the maturation process of mango branches, and whether Ascophyllum nodosum algae extract MultiTurbo® biostimulant would be good alternative for fruit production. Two experiments were conducted in the same area, the first experiment with factors represented by four Multipotássio® concentrations (0; 1; 2 and 3 L ha-1) and two assessment periods in the maturation of mango branches and leaves. In the second experiment, conducted in the same area, factors Multipotássio® concentration (0; 1; 2 and 3 L ha-1) and four MultiTurbo® concentrations (0; 0.625 ml ha-1; 1. 25 ml ha-1 and 2.50 ml ha-1) were evaluated. Number and length of panicles, carbohydrate content in branches and leaves, fruiting rate, fruit mass, length and diameter and yield were evaluated. The use of potassium-based fertilizer helps to increase sugar content in 'Palmer' mango branches, which has been increasing in relation to the doses used. Biostimulants result in positive effects on the number of panicles, fruits and yield of 'Palmer' mango.

THE CULTURE OF HELUO IS THE MAIN CULTURE OF CHINESE CIVILIZATION

With the archaeological discoveries of the ancient Heluo Kingdom, Chinese archaeologists' research on Heluo civilization has become a hot topic in the current archaeological community. National leaders also attach importance to the study of Heluo civilization, which is the protection of Chinese cultural heritage and the study of China. The major support of the civilization process, this article analyzes the inheritance of the Heluo culture from the historical perspective for thousands of years, and provides some suggestions for archaeologists and historians to study Chinese civilization.

When Heritage Meets Creativity: A Tale of Two Urban Development Strategies in Kampong Glam, Singapore

In recent years, cities around the world have increasingly relied on culture–based development strategies for the revitalization of urban areas, such as urban heritage and the development of a creative economy. Typically, either one of these practices is put in place; however, in Kampong Glam, Singapore, both heritage development and creative economy strategies have been adopted by the national government and local organizations. This paper studies the coincidence of the two main culture–based urban development strategies and its implications in the same physical urban place. Drawing on geospatial mapping techniques and archival data, we aim to illustrate how the two cultural urban redevelopment strategies manifest and interact in urban space. We find that stakeholders draw on each strategy to counteract the excesses of the other, given their different aims and audiences, so as to regulate the interaction between the two and achieve balance among competing interests in the neighborhood.

The importance of intra-linguistic diversity in teaching Slovenian as the first language

In recent decades, Slovenian sociolinguistic situation and within the functions of different language varieties have dramatically changed. In spite of this process, the standard language remains a language variety that enables an individual to participate equally in educational and public life. As the Slovenian schools are not successful enough in developing of the discursive flexibility and mastering of the standard language, in the article, the functions of Standard language in modern Slovenian-speaking society is described; the specific groups of primary Slovenian language speakers are defined, and some solutions for improving the first language learning are suggested. In 1990’s, in opposite to the prevailing traditional structural language-stratification theory, the new classification of the primary sociolects, based on the English functional linguistics, by A. E. Skubic was represented. According to his theory, the sociolects are defined as non-hierarchically ordered cultivated or marginal language varieties that are used and identified with by different social groups. Based on Skubic’s classification, two main groups of primary-Slovenian language speakers can be described. The speakers of the cultivated primary sociolects are mostly self-confident users of language, identifying themselves with the main culture. In opposite, the speakers of the marginal sociolects could be de-privileged due to their linguistic deficit in standard language and micro-cultural discursive patterns, used in educational or public contexts. As it is suggested, to improve students’ linguistic competence and diminish deficits, the discursive flexibility should be understood as a complex awareness, consisting of cognitive, emotional-evaluative and active dimensions. Therefore, the basic principle of first language teaching should become the extended holistic principle, emphasizing the inclusion of standard and different non-standard language varieties, observation of their different functions in specific communicative situations and reflection about the complex context, that can be implemented to first language teaching in all basic phases of learning.

Student Worksheet Based on Wayang for Elementary School

Wayang is one of the main culture in Indonesia. According to UNESCO, wayang is masterpiece of oral and intangible heritage of humanity. Unfortunately, wayang is lack ofpreservation.Thisstudyisintendedtodevelopstudentworksheetbasedonwayang for elementary school. Developing student worksheet based on wayang in elementary school is a new potential way for preservation. The aim of this research is to know feasibility of student worksheet based on wayang. This research design modified from developmentmodelofBorgandGall,whichwasdoneinthetenstepsofresearch.The result of this research: Score of material expert is 4.16 (Good), score of media expert is 4.28 (Very good), score of preliminary testing field is 4.45 (Very Good), score of main field testing is 4.46 (Very good), and operational field testing score is 4.32 (Very Good). After all step have been finished, development of student worksheet based on wayang is valid for instruction.