Antibacterial Mouthwash of Kesum Leaf (Polygonum Minus Huds) Essential Oil on Streptococcus Mutans and Sanguinis

Polygonum Minus Huds methanol extract from several previous studies has antibacterial properties in bacteria in the mouth such as Streptococcus Mutans, Staphylococcus Aureus, Salmonella Typhi, Escherichia Coli, etc. The cause of gingivitis is Streptococcus Sanguinis and anaerobic bacteria in the subgingival, which is porphyromonas gingivalis. Polygonum Minus Huds has the potential to be an antibacterial mouthwash for bacteria that causes caries and gingivitis. This research aims to make a mouthwash based on the essential oil of Polygonum Minus Huds and determine its antibacterial properties in mouthwashes of 0.025% and 0.05% concentrations to find antibacterial activity on Streptococcus Mutans and Sanguinis. The research was conducted in June 2019 at the Chemistry Laboratory of Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, the University of Tanjungpura in Pontianak Lab and Health Polytechnique Pontianak Integrated Lab. Design Quasi-experimental research used post-test only control group design, mouthwash formulation with essential oil concentrations of 0.025% and 0.05%, positive control using non-alcoholic mouthwash, and negative control (Aquades). Statistical analysis was performed univariately. The results showed that the best mouthwash was 2.5 ml of Tween 80 and 2.5 ml of glycerin. The results showed the essential oil gargle of Kesum leaves (Polygonum Minus Huds) at concentrations of 0.05%, and 0.02%, which is the bacteria of Streptococcus Mutans and Streptococcus Sanguinis were not able to inhibit the growth of the two bacteria. Increasing the amount of concentration or making mouthwash in other forms is expected to increase its antibacterial effect.

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The Difference Of Antibacterial Power Between Cocoa Peel (Theobroma cacao L.) Extract 6,25% and Chlorhexidine 0,2% Againts Streptococcus sanguinis

Conservative Dentistry Journal ◽

10.20473/cdj.v9i1.2019.40-47 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 40

Author(s):

Nila Murni Wulandari ◽

Edhie Arif Prasetyo ◽

Agus Subiwahjudi ◽

Tamara Yuanita

Keyword(s):

Theobroma Cacao ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Negative Control ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Streptococcus Sanguinis ◽

Theobroma Cacao L ◽

Peel Extract

Background: Streptococcus sanguinis is a bacterium that can cause failures in root canal treatments due its ability to penetrate the dentinal tubules to a depth of 400 μm in just two weeks. Irrigation material is needed to stop the growth of this bacteria so that no bacteria can pass through by using chemicals, irrigation materials that are widely used such as Chlorhexidine 0,2% but still lack because it cannot be used as a single irrigation solution because its effectiveness will be reduced if it is related to protein and organic dentine matrix and low Ph saliva.Therefore, research is needed to find natural ingredient that can be an alternative such as Cocoa peel extract was chosen because it contains active compounds, in the form of saponins, tanins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids that have been known to have antibacterial properties a concentration of 6,25% is used in accordance with the MKC of Streptococcus sanguinis. Aim: To compare the antibacterial power between cocoa peel extract (Theobroma cacao L.) 6,25% and Chlorhexidine 0,2% against Streptococcus sanguinis Method: This research is an experimental laboratory with a post-test only control group design. The diffusion method was used to determine the susceptibility of bacteria isolated from the material by planting the culture of Streptococcus sanguinis on the agar medium by swabbing the nutrient media which has been divided into 3 parts consisting of negative control, cocoa peel extract and Chlorhexidine, then each nurient media so that it is given a paper disk and 0.01ml liquid on each section. The diameter of the inhibition zone was observed after 2x24 hours using the calipers. Results: The average inhibitory zone that was formed using cocoa peel extract was 20,40 mm against Streptococcus sanguinis and Chlorhexidine was 18,36 against Streptococcus sanguinis. Conclusion: Cocoa peel extract (Theobroma cacao L.) 6,25% had higher anti-bacterial power compared to 0,2% Chlorhexidine against the growth of Streptococcus sanguinis.

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Uji Daya Hambat Ekstrak Ikan Nike (Awous melanocephalus) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Fusobacterium nucleatum

e-GIGI ◽

10.35790/eg.v9i2.34982 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 238

Author(s):

Stevia E. Nonutu ◽

Damajanty H. C. Pangemanan ◽

Christy N. Mintjelungan

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Fusobacterium Nucleatum ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Group Design

Abstract: One of the treatment options of periodontal abscess caused by Fusobacterium nucleatum is administration of antibiotics. However, long-term antibiotics consumption can cause negative side effects. Therefore, alternative treatments that have low side effects and easy to be obtained are needed. Nike fish (Awaous melanocephalus) is one of the endemic fish of North Sulawesi province which has antibacterial properties. This study was aimed to evaluate the inhibition effect of nike fish extract on the growth of Fusobacterium nucleatum. This was a true experimental study with a posttest only control group design. We used modified Kirby-Bauer method with filter papers. Ciprofloxacin was used as the positive control and aquadest as the negative control. Extract of nike fish and stock of pure bacteria Fusobacterium nucleatum were prepared. The results showed that the average diameters of the inhibition zones formed in the nike fish extract after three repetitions, were as follows: for extract concentration of 12.5% was 2.91 mm; 25% was 4.16 mm; 50% was 8.41 mm; and 100% was 9.58 mm. In conclusion, nike fish extract (Awaous melanocephalus) at concentrations of 50% and 100% had a weak inhibitory effect (Himedia category) on the growth of Fusobacterium nucleatum meanwhile at concentrations of 12.5% and 25% there was no activity of zone of inhibition.Keywords: extract of nike fish (Awaous melanocephalus); Fusobacterium nucleatum; inhibitory effect Abstrak: Salah satu opsi pengobatan abses periodontal yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Fusobacterium nucleatum yaitu dengan penggunaan antibiotik namun mengonsumsi antibiotik jangka panjang dapat menimbulkan efek samping negatif. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pengobatan alternatif yang memiliki efek samping rendah serta mudah didapat. Ikan nike merupakan salah satu ikan endemik Provinsi Sulawesi Utara yang berkhasiat sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui daya hambat ekstrak ikan nike (Awaous melanocephalus) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Fusobacterium nucleatum. Jenis penelitian ialah eksperimental murni dengan post test only control group design. Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode modifikasi Kirby-Bauer dengan menggunakan paper disk. Kontrol positif menggunakan antibakteri ciprofloxacin dan kontrol negatif menggunakan akuades. Pada penelitian ini digunakan ekstrak ikan nike dan stok bakteri murni Fusobacterium nucleatum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rerata diameter zona hambat yang terbentuk pada ekstrak ikan nike setelah tiga kali pengulangan yaitu untuk konsentrasi 12,5% sebesar 2,91 mm; 25% sebesar 4,16 mm; 50% sebesar 8,41 mm; dan 100% sebesar 9,58 mm. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah ekstrak ikan nike (Awaous melanocephalus) pada konsentrasi 50% dan 100% memiliki daya hambat kategori lemah (Himedia) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Fusobacterium nucleatum sedangkan pada konsentrasi 12,5% dan 25% dikategorikan tidak terdapat aktivitas zona hambat. Kata kunci: ekstrak ikan nike (Awaous melanocephalus); Fusobacterium nucleatum; daya hambat

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EFFECT OF CHEWING MARSHMALLOW CONTAINING BETEL CHEW IN REDUCING STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS AND PLAQUE INDEX ON CHILDREN

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i10.33515 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 83-86

Author(s):

RINDIT PAMBAYUN ◽

ADE PUTRI ◽

MEIDY TRI YUDA ◽

SITI RUSDIANA PUSPA DEWI ◽

TRI WARDANI WIDOWATI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Plaque Index ◽

Chemistry Laboratory ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Islamic School ◽

Post Test ◽

Quasi Experimental ◽

Group A ◽

Group B

Objective: Marshmallow is a soft candy loved by all levels of society, especially children. Sucrose contained in marshmallow increases the growth of Streptococcus mutans and plaque. Betel chew as Indonesian traditional plants add in marshmallow was believed to decrease S. mutans and plaque. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chewing marshmallow containing betel chew in reducing S. mutans and plaque index in children. Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test control group design. It was conducted in the Laboratory of Agricultural Chemistry, Laboratory of Agricultural Technology Department, and Islamic School of Al-Amalul Khair. Thirty students were divided into two groups. Group A was chewing marshmallow without betel chew and Group B was chewing marshmallow containing betel chew. Results: The results showed that chewing marshmallow without betel chew increased the growth of S. mutans and plaque index significantly. Chewing marshmallow without betel chew inhibited the growth of S. mutans and dental plaque formation. Conclusion: Chewing marshmallow containing betel chew reduces S. mutans and plaque index on children.

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The Effectiveness Of Anchovy Concentration (Stolephorus insularis) as Antimicrobial to Streptococcus mutans (In Vitro)

DENTA ◽

10.30649/denta.v10i1.37 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 71

Author(s):

Almira Fa’Izah ◽

Istien Wardani ◽

Diana Soesilo

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Control Group ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Clear Zone ◽

Control Group Design

Background: Dental and oral diseases which are often found in children is dental caries. Streptococcus mutans is the main cause of caries. Caries can be prevented by using a topical application of fluoride. The Anchovy (Stolephorus insularis) contains protein, vitamins (A, B1, C), and minerals (Fe, Ca, K, F). Calcium fluoride (CaF2) within the anchovy can inhibit the occurrence of dental caries. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial ability of anchovy extract (Stolephorus insularis) to Streptococcus mutans. Materials and Methods: This study was a laboratory experimental research with post test only control group design. Diffusion method were applied with 2 controls: negative control used DMSO 1%, positive control used NaF solution, and 3 concentrations of anchovy extract (Stolephorus insularis) 3%, 6%, and 12%, each group were composed of 6 samples. Antimicrobial was assessed by measuring the diameter of the clear zone around the discs contained the anchovy extract (Stolephorus insularis). Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Mann-Whitney test. Result: The results from this study showed clear zone around the discs of the anchovy extract (Stolephorus insularis). The more concentration of the extract showed the more antimirobial zone diameter. The average zone of antimicrobial at the concentration of 3% were 7,11 mm, 6% 9,5 mm, 12% 10,78 mm, for the negative control DMSO 1% 6 mm and the positive control NaF solution 8,16 mm. The largest diameter of the clear zone was at concentration of 12% (P < 0,05). Conclusion: The anchovy extract (Stolephorus insularis) had an antimicrobial effect to the growth of Streptococcus mutans.

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UJI EFEKTIFITAS FORMULA SPRAY DARI MINYAK ATSIRI HERBA KEMANGI (Ocimum Sanctum L ) SEBAGAI REPELLENT NYAMUK Aedes aegypti

Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung ◽

10.51352/jim.v2i2.66 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 189

Author(s):

Resmi Aini ◽

Rina Widiastuti ◽

Nuha Afra Nadhifa

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Aedes Aegypti ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Negative Control ◽

Repellent Activity ◽

Ocimum Sanctum ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Group Design ◽

A Value ◽

Post Test

Dengue fever is transmitted by the bite of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with denguevirus. Preparations antinyamuk much use of harmful chemicals such as DEET (diethylmetatoluamide) and permethrin that can lead to pollution of the environment, leavingno residue and cause resistance to the drug. To determine the activity of essential oils from herbs basil (Ocimum Sanctum L) in the preparation of spray as a mosquito repellent and determine the effective concentrationof the spray.This type of research is True experiment with design Post Test Only Control Group Design. Repellent activity was observed by means of spray is sprayed on the back of the hand probandus, then tested on female mosquitoes with the introduction into the cage containing20 mosquitoes each treatment. Spray essential oils showed repellent activity of Aedes aegypti with a value of correlation r = 0.964 higher concentration of essential oils the fewer mosquitoes that land. Spray herbal essential oil of basil (Ocimum basilicum L) has a repellent activitycompared to the negative control. The effectiveness of the herb basil essential oil sprayobtainedat 74.131 ppm lC50 and lC90 of 775.711 ppm

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The Difference in Antibacterial Potency of the Infusion of Akar Kuning (Fibraurea tinctoria Lour.) against Shigella dysenteria and Salmonella typhi In Vitro

Berkala Kedokteran ◽

10.20527/jbk.v17i2.11669 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 103

Author(s):

Mohammad Bakhriansyah ◽

Divae Sandrainy ◽

Agung Biworo

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Negative Control ◽

Test Method ◽

Shigella Dysenteriae ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Group Design ◽

The Difference

Abstract: Akar kuning (Fibraurea tinctoria Lour.), an original plant from Kalimantan, is often used by the community as traditional medicine. Previous studies showed that akar kuning contains active compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids that have antibacterial properties. This study aims to analyze the difference in antibacterial potency of the infusion of akar kuning against the growth of Shigella dysenteriae (S. dysenteriae) and Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) in vitro. This was a true experimental study with a post-test method only with control group design using the infusion of akar kuning with concentrations of 16%, 32%, and 64%, 5 µg ciprofloxacin as the positive control and aquadest as the negative control. The data were analyzed using the One-Way ANOVA test, LSD’s Post-hoc test, and independent T test with a 95% of confidence level. This study showed that the higher the concentration of the infusion of akar kuning, the larger the inhibition zone of the infusion at the concentration of 64% had a larger inhibition zone for S. typhi (16,32 mm) than S. dysenteriae (15,59 mm). However, there was no statistical difference in antibacterial potency of the infusion of akar kuning against S. dysenteriae and S. typhi. Keywords: antibacterial potential, infusion, akar kuning, Fibraurea tinctoria Lour., Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella typhi

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TOKSISITAS AKUT INFUSA KULIT ARI KACANG TANAH (Arachis hypogea L.) PADA MENCIT BALB/ C

JIFFK : Jurnal Ilmu Farmasi dan Farmasi Klinik ◽

10.31942/jiffk.v15i2.2568 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 62

Author(s):

Risha Fillah Fithria ◽

Ririn Lispita Wulandari ◽

Devi Nisa Hidayati ◽

Lilis Rejeki

Keyword(s):

Single Dose ◽

Color Change ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Hair Color ◽

Peanut Shell ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Safety Standards ◽

Arachis Hypogea ◽

Passive Behavior

ABSTRACTPeanut shell (PS) infusion has been shown to be antithrombocytopenia, but there has been no research on safety standards. This study aims to identify the symptoms of toxic effects, the potency of toxicity and histopathology of liver male Balb/C mice after a single dose of PS infusion. This research uses randomized matched posttest only control group design. Twenty five mice were divided into 5 orally dosage groups, ie, PS infusion with a dose of 0,026; 0.052; 0.104; 0.208 g/20gBW; and negative control of CMC Na 0.5%. The observation period is for 14 days. The results showed that single dose of PS infusion had a pseudo LD50 value ie > 0.208g/20gBW which was practically non toxic. Symptoms to watch out for the BW infusion were passive behavior, bradycnea, hair color change, hair loss, and weight loss at doses of 3 and 4. It is unclear whether liver damage ie inflammation, necrosis, and albuminous degeneration caused by PS infusion or other causes.keywords: acute toxicity, infusion, peanut shell

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Sequestration of erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA in BALB/c mice treated with goat bile

Qanun Medika - Medical Journal Faculty of Medicine Muhammadiyah Surabaya ◽

10.30651/jqm.v4i2.3539 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 179

Author(s):

Kartika Arum Wardani ◽

Kholida Nur Aini ◽

Heny Arwati ◽

Willy Sandhika

Keyword(s):

Plasmodium Berghei ◽

Antimalarial Activity ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Plasmodium Berghei Anka ◽

Concentration Dependent Manner ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Bile Concentration

Abstract Sequestration of Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected erythrocytes occurs in BALB/c mice as characteristic of Plasmodium falciparum infection in humans. Animals’ bile has been widely used for centuries in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Goat bile has been used in healing infectious and non-infectious diseases; however, no report on the use of goat bile against malaria infection and sequestration. The purpose of this study was to analyze the correlation between parasitemia and sequestration in the liver of P.berghei ANKA-infected BALB/c mice treated with goat bile. This research was an in vivo experimental study using the post-test control group design. The male BALB/c mice aged ± 6 weeks, body weight 20-25 g were used. The mice were divided into five groups where Group 1-3 were mice treated with goat bile 25%, 50%, and 100%, respectively. Group 4-5 were negative (sterile water) and positive controls (DHP). Parasitemia was observed daily from each mouse and the number of sequestered infected erythrocytes on the endothelium of sinusoids. The data were analyzed using t independent test. Antimalarial activity of goat bile was shown by the lower parasitemia in goat bile-treated mice compared with the negative control. The average number of sequestration was goat bile concentration-dependent manner. The higher the concentration, the lower the number of sequestration. Sequestration was correlated with parasitemia (p=0,0001). Sequestration of P.berghei ANKA-infected erythrocytes correlated with parasitemia, and was goat bile concentration-dependent manner. Keywords: Malaria, parasitemia, sequestration, goat bileCorrespondence: [email protected]

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Antimicrobial activity of Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae) essential oil on Streptococcus mutans biofilm and cytotoxic effect on keratinocytes and fibroblasts

Revista de Biología Tropical ◽

10.15517/rbt.v66i4.33140 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 66 (4) ◽

pp. 1519

Author(s):

Mailen Ortega Cuadros ◽

Adriana Patricia Tofiño Rivera ◽

Luciano Jose Merini ◽

Maria Cecilia Martinez Pabon

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Human Fibroblasts ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Cymbopogon Citratus ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Efficient Alternative

Dental caries is a pathology of multifactorial origin and currently natural products are an efficient alternative treatment; The work sought to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the Cymbopogon citratus essential oil and the citral and myrcene components against Streptococcus mutans ATCC UA159, as well as their cytotoxicity on keratinocytes and human fibroblasts. The viability effect against Streptococcus mutans on biofilms was evaluated through exposure to the three substances by using the MBEC technique-high-throughput at concentrations of 1, 0.1, and 0.01 µg/mL and chlorhexidine as positive control. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was evaluated on keratinocytes and fibroblasts through the MTT reduction technique, using 0.5 mM H2O2 as cell-death control (negative control) and ethanol 1% as vehicle control (positive control). The three substances evaluated had effects on the viability of Streptococcus mutans with mortality between 74% and 96%, without significant difference among them (p > 0.393); additionally, no cytotoxicity was evident on keratinocytes and fibroblasts in a 24-h treatment. The substances evaluated showed significant antimicrobial effects; hence, these should be studied further as potential co-adjuvants to prevent dental caries that cause minor adverse effects

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Antibiofilm Activity of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Flavonoids against Streptococcus mutans Bacteria

Conservative Dentistry Journal ◽

10.20473/cdj.v10i2.2020.48-50 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 48

Author(s):

Sri Kunarti ◽

Aulia Ramadhani ◽

Laskmiari Setyowati

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Tooth Enamel ◽

Tooth Surface ◽

Control Group ◽

Antibiofilm Activity ◽

Garcinia Mangostana ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Biofilm Inhibition ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Dental caries is one of the most common infectious diseases and often occurs in the community caused by bacteria. Attached bacteria in the tooth surface for a long time will form a biofilm and will lead to demineralization characterized by damage in the structure of the tooth enamel. The bacteria that cause dental caries and can form biofilms is Streptococcus mutans. The bacteria inside biofilms are more resistant to antibacterial agents. Flavonoids in mangosteen pericarp extract can be a cleaner alternative for the anti-biofilm cavity that has properties against Streptococcus mutans. Purpose: To determine the activity of flavonoids in mangosteen pericarp extract at a certain concentration against Streptococcus mutans bacteria. Methods: This study was a laboratory experimental study with a post-test only control group design. Streptococcus mutans were diluted according to the Mc Farland dilution standard 106 in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) medium and put in a flexible U-bottom microtiter plate. Then it was incubated for 5x24 hours and checked using crystal violet simple staining to see the formation of biofilms. Flavonoid extract of mangosteen pericarp performed serial dilution in a concentration of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%, 1.56%, and 0.78% was added, and the incubation process were conducted for 1x24 hours. OD (Optical Density) readings were done with a wavelength of 595 nm. Results: There was a significant difference between the test groups and the positive control group. The concentration of 100% had the anti-biofilm activity and showed the value of the highest percentage of inhibition, whilst the concentration of 0.78% showed a minimum biofilm inhibition concentration. The results were demonstrated by a statistical analysis test. Conclusion: Flavonoid extract of mangosteen pericarp at a certain concentration has anti-biofilm activity against Streptococcus mutans biofilm.

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