Enhanced proliferation of rabbit chondrocytes by using a well circulated nanoshock system

The gold nanorods (GNRs) embedded alginate-chitosan (scaffold), which was designed and fabricated to produce efficient handling of the cell proliferations. Scaffold embedded GNR (SGNR) and NIR (near infrared) irradiations are developing into an interesting medical prognosis tool for rabbit chondrocyte (RC) proliferation. SGNR contained a pattern of uniform pores. Biocompatibility and cellular proliferation achieved by disclosures to NIR irradiations, providing high cell survival. SGNR and NIR irradiations could produce mechanical and biochemical cues for regulating RCs proliferations. To determine the thermal stress, it exposed RCs to 39–42 °C for 0–240 min at the start point of the cell culture cycle. It produced photothermal stress in cellular surrounding (cells located adjacent to and within scaffold) and it deals with the proliferation behavior of RC. All the processes were modeled with experimental criteria and time evolution process. Our system could help the cell proliferation by generating heat for cells. Hence, the present strategy could be implemented for supporting cell therapeutics after transplantation. This implementation would open new design techniques for integrating the interfaces between NIR irradiated and non-irradiated tissues.

EFFECT OF POULTRY LITTER AS AN ORGANIC FERTILIZER, IN WATER QUALITY, PARASITIC ABUNDANCE, AND GROWTH NILE TILAPIA

Nile tilapia feed on plankton in natural environments. This food source can be increased in ponds through fertilization and can reduce feed expenses or improve fish performance when used as supplementary food. Organic fertilization is an alternative to commercial fertilization; however, its use increases concerns regarding water quality and sanitary aspects. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the use of poultry litter as organic fertilizer on the physical and chemical parameters of water, gill ectoparasite metazoan abundance, and growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) during the culture cycle lasting 240 days. Four earthen ponds, two fertilized with poultry litter and two non-fertilized ponds, as fertilized and non-fertilized treatments, respectively, were used. Stocking density was 3 fish per m2 with an average initial weight of 0.64 ± 0.15 g. The mean water quality values and the growth performance parameters of Nile tilapia did not show significant differences between the two treatments. The gill parasites found in the fish belonged to the class Monogenea, comprising two genera, Cichlidogyrus and Scutogyrus, with significant differences between treatments. The non-fertilized treatment showed a high abundance of parasites throughout the culture cycle months, with peak abundance in the months with low concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the water.

RESISTANCE ELICITORS ON PRODUCTION AND POST-PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF POTTED LISIANTHUS

ABSTRACT Lisianthus is an important ornamental species, whose cultivation in pot still requires studies, mainly regarding the use of alternative management. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of resistance elicitors on the production and post-production quality of potted lisianthus. Plants grown in pots were treated with two elicitors: (E1) phosphorylated mannano-oligosaccharide and (E2) citric bioflavonoids and phytoalexins, in the doses (D) of 1 and 2pL.L-1 (E1D1 1pL.L-1, E1D2 2pL.L-1, E2D1 1pL.L-1, E2D2 2pL.L-1 and control), with 5 replications, in a completely randomized design. After opening the first flower buds, the plants remained in the greenhouse for 15 days, until they reached at least 3 open flowers, when were transferred to the room conditions (24 ± 2 oC and 72 ± 2%) for another 15 days. The application of elicitors did not influence the culture cycle or the size of the stem. There was an increase, however, in the number of viable buds and open flowers, in addition to an increase in flower’s useful life paralleled to the reduction of senescent flowers, in relation to the control. The dose of 2pL.L-1 of the E2 kept the percentage of viable open flowers in relation to the control for at least another 5 days, reducing the percentage of senescent flowers. Together, with the application of the E2 elicitor in potted lisianthus, the viability of the flowers can be prolonged, maintaining quality and delaying senescence, and, in this way, increasing the market period.

Mixed-sex tilapia culture model for sub-tropical Nepal.

Tilapia culture is recent in Nepal, where the subtropical zone allows a 10-month growing period. Water temperatures drop below 20°C for 2 months (mid-December to mid-February) and tilapia does not grow. A tilapia hatchery is required to produce mono-sex fry, but mixed-sex culture can be managed to supply fry for the next culture cycle and excess fry may be a source of fish to provide protein to supplement local feed. On the basis of a series of experiments conducted at the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Chitwan, Nepal, a model of a cage-pond integration system for mixed-sex tilapia culture has been developed. This system produces 250-300 g of harvest-size fish from 100-150 g fingerlings stocked in cages with feeding, and about 100-150 g harvest-size fish from stocking 20-30 g fingerlings in ponds without feeding, during one culture cycle of 5 months. Cage culture is for grow-out, whereas pond culture is for producing fingerlings for cage stocking as well as for grow-out. The model has two culture cycles in a year with a net yield of 3.5-4.0 t ha-1 cycle-1. The system produces new recruits for restocking in ponds. Excess recruits are used as feed with the small fish produced in the system supplying about 5% of the feed ingredients. This model yields 7-8 t ha-1 yr-1 in the subtropical climate of Nepal, which is three times higher than the average farmed fish productivity of the country.

Effects of Sequential and Simultaneous Double Elicitation on Aloe-Emodin Production in Cassia Tora Root Cultures

Cassia tora root cultures were established to study anthraquinone production and as an alternative source of anthraquinone. In this study, several plant defence-based techniques were used to enhance aloe-emodin production in Cassia tora root cultures. Elicitation and the initial optimisation of exposure time and culture age suggested that 100 mg/L yeast extract was the most efficient elicitor, with the highest efficiency during early to mid-stationary growth phase. The elicited root produced approximately 2.7-2.9 folds-improvement in aloe-emodin content when compared with the control. The efficiency of the elicitor tended to increase along with the exposure time. Extending the elicitation period to the end of culture cycle (9-10 days) increased the production up to 6.21 times (5.740 ± 0.584 mg/gDW). Simultaneous double elicitation and sequential double elicitation also showed their effectiveness on aloe-emodin production. Aloe-emodin production was improved up to 9.09 times higher than the control by a simultaneous add-on of 50 mg/L chitosan with 100 mg/L yeast extract. Meanwhile, sequential elicitation of 50 mg/L chitosan for 24 hours prior to elicitation by yeast extract improved the production up to 11.27 times higher than the control. Both treatment styles exhibited a particular advantage toward the extracellular accumulation, which might facilitate the use of two-phase culture or in conjunction with other enhancing techniques.

Responses of monogenean species to variations in abiotic parameters in tilapiculture

Fish farming is becoming an increasingly popular agricultural activity, and water quality in these environments is a major concern. Fish parasites, such as monogeneans, respond to changes in abiotic conditions, either with an increase or decrease in population. This study aimed to identify gill monogeneans and analyse their relationships with abiotic factors during the ontogenetic development of Nile tilapia over the fish culture cycle in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Fish were sampled monthly for eight months, and a total of 200 fish were collected. The physical and chemical water parameters were measured and correlated with the abundance of each monogenean species. Over the fish culture cycle, the physical and chemical parameters fluctuated, and the water quality decreased. The parasites found included Cichlidogyrus tilapiae, Cichlidogyrus thurstonae, Cichlidogyrus sclerosus, Cichlidogyrus halli and Scutogyrus longicornis. The abundances of all species showed significant differences during ontogenetic development (body size) and C. tilapiae, C. sclerosus, C. thurstonae and S. longicornis were correlated with changes in abiotic conditions. However, C. halli was not significantly correlated with any of the evaluated physical or chemical parameters. Understanding how different monogenean species respond to changes in the physical and chemical parameters of water during a production cycle can prevent peaks in abundance and subsequent sanitary problems.

COEFICIENTE DUAL DE CULTIVO DO MILHO PIPOCA EM TANGARÁ DA SERRA – MT

COEFICIENTE DUAL DE CULTIVO DO MILHO PIPOCA EM TANGARÁ DA SERRA – MT CLEONIR ANDRADE FARIA JUNIOR1; RIVANILDO DALLACORT2; PAULO SERGIO LOURENÇO DE FREITAS3; JOÃO DANILO BARBIERI4; ROBERTO REZENDE5 E WILLIAM FENNER6 1Doutorado no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Universidade Estadual De Maringá, Av. Colombo, nº 5790 – Zona 07, bloco j45, 2º piso, CEP - 87020-900, Maringá/PR/Brasil, [email protected] 2Professor do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente e Sistema de Produção Agrícola, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Rodovia MT 358, Km 07 (s/n) – Jardim Aeroporto, CEP: 78300-000, Tangará da Serra/MT/Brasil, [email protected] 3Professor no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Universidade Estadual De Maringá, Av. Colombo, nº 5790 – Zona 07, bloco j45, 2º piso, CEP - 87020-900, Maringá/PR/Brasil, [email protected] 4Doutorando no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Universidade Estadual De Maringá, Av. Colombo, nº 5790 – Zona 07, bloco j45, 2º piso, CEP - 87020-900, Maringá/PR/Brasil, [email protected] 5Professor no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Universidade Estadual De Maringá, Av. Colombo, nº 5790 – Zona 07, bloco j45, 2º piso, CEP - 87020-900, Maringá/PR/Brasil, [email protected] 6Doutor no programa de Pós-Graduação em Agricultura Tropical, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, nº 2367, Bairro Boa Esperança, CEP – 78060-900, Cuiabá/MT/Brasil. [email protected] 1 RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o coeficiente duplo da cultura do milho pipoca para o município de Tangará da Serra - MT, utilizando lisímetros de pesagem. O experimento no campus da Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso- UNEMAT, sendo o solo classificado como Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, com textura muito argilosa. A semeadura foi realizada no dia 02/05/2015, nos seis lisímetros de pesagem, previamente calibrados com coeficientes de determinação acima de 0,99, para a bordadura foi utilizada uma semeadora de plantio direto, com espaçamento entre linhas de 0,45 m, a colheita foi realizada manualmente no dia 16/08/2015. As irrigações foram realizadas conforme a evapotranspiração potencial calculada diariamente pelos lisímetros e irrigados quando necessário por sistema de aspersão composto de 6 aspersores, com coeficiente de uniformidade de distribuição de 86%. Durante o desenvolvimento da cultura foram medidos diariamente a variação de massa dos microlisímetros por meio de pesagem, determinando a evaporação de água no solo em todas as fases da cultura. Durante o ciclo da cultura a temperatura média foi de 24,5°C e um aporte hídrico total de 571,4 mm. Os valores médios de Kcb obtidos na fase inicial, pleno desenvolvimento e maturação, foram de 0,7, 1,10 e 0,3 respectivamente. Palavras-Chave: evapotranspiração, Zea mays L. subsp. everta, lisímetro de pesagem. FARIA JUNIOR, C. A.; DALLACORT, R.; FREITAS, P. S. L. DE; BARBIERI, J. D.; REZENDE, R.; FENNER, W. DUAL CROP COEFFICIENT OF MAIZE CORN OF TANGARÁ DA SERRA – MT 2 ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to determine the double coefficient of maize corn crop for the municipality of Tangará da Serra - MT, using weighing lysimeters. The experiment was conducted in State University of Mato Grosso – UNEMAT’s campus, and the soil was classified as dystroferric Red Latosol, with very clayey texture. Sowing was carried out on May 2, 2015, in the six weighing lysimeters, previously calibrated with determination coefficients above 0.99. For the border, a no-till seeding with row spacing of 0.45 m was used. Harvest was performed manually on 08/16/2015. Irrigations were performed according to the potential evapotranspiration calculated daily by the lysimeters and irrigated when necessary by a sprinkler system composed of 6 sprinklers, with distribution uniformity coefficient of 86%. During the development of the culture, mass variation of microlysimeters was measured daily by weighing, determining the evaporation of water in the soil in all phases of the culture. During the culture cycle the average temperature was 24.5 ° C and the total water supply was 571.4 mm. The average Kcb values obtained in the initial phase, full development and maturation phases were 0.7, 1.10 and 0.3 respectively. Keywords: evapotranspiration, zea mays l. subsp. everta, weighing lysimeter.

Impact of Thiamethoxam in Papaya Cultivation (Carica papaya Linnaeus) in Rotation with Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Crops

Thiamethoxam is a neonicotinoid with systemic and contact action, used in Mexico for the care of different traditional fruit crops, mainly in the cultivation of papaya. Soils of agroecosystems with papaya in the Gulf of Mexico area, the main producers of this fruit, are currently characterized as 45% of the producers organize papaya cultivation in rotation with watermelon at different sowing dates. The objective of this study was to determine the presence and concentration of thiamethoxam in soil and water during the rotation of papaya crop with watermelon culture in the central zone of Veracruz, Mexico. An analysis was carried out to know the management of thiamethoxam in different types of soil and in the region; and in an experimental plot. Soil and water samples were taken at different stages during the rotation of both crops. Those samples were taken systemically, starting with the watermelon culture cycle and then, during the phenological stages in the papaya crop cycle. Soil and water samples were analyzed using HPLC-UV equipment for its determination. The design was random blocks with six repetitions and the software used for data analysis was the Statistica 2007 program. Thiamethoxam was concentrated in amounts of ≥0.40 mg/L in 79% of the samples in water and ≥0.55 mg/kg in 75% of the samples in soil. The highest values of thiamethoxam in soil were in the stage of watermelon culture with 0.4 mg/kg and in the soil preparation of the papaya crop with concentrations of 0.8 mg/kg. Whereas irrigation water from the watermelon cultivation and the soil preparation for the papaya showed concentrations of 0.5 and 0.7 mg/L, respectively. The presence of thiamethoxam was identified in 100% of the samples analyzed in the stage of preparation of soil and water of the cultivation area, concluding a possible risk of residuality of thiamethoxam in fruits that exceed the maximum limits of tolerance established by the EPA, EFSA and FAO.