Proposed Standards and Regulatory Mechanisms for New Homeopathic Drug Development

Introduction Researchers working with new insights and new targets in new drug discovery in the homeopathy space observe that the path of drug-development and market authorisation has been less travelled and the pathway is not yet well-mapped. The need of the time is to define clear guidelines and regulatory mechanisms to facilitate the process of new drug discovery. Overview The article is about the proposed methods for identifying the new homeopathic substances for therapeutic use. An overview of the current regulations for drug development in India is discussed in this article. Method of new drug development in homeopathy, standards and regulatory mechanism for approval of new drugs are proposed with few illustrations and references. An introductory plan, based on the perspective and experience of researcher, practitioner, academician and inventor for drug discovery is proposed. Discussion An urgent need for setting up the guidelines for new drug discovery has been identified and a basic proposition is made for the same, suggesting practical, pragmatic and achievable measures, and independent regulatory body to encourage drug development and research.

A digital territory to be appropriated: the state and the nationalization of cyberspace

Next to land, water, air and space, cyberspace is the complex socio-technical setting often called the ‘fifth domain’. Nationalism has taken over the organization of the first four domains, in the form of constructing national states, national territorial waters and national airspace. The basic proposition of this article is that the ideology of nationalism has also infiltrated the fifth domain – cyberspace – in two ways. First, through state-led cyber-nationalism via official government websites that present ‘national’ achievements and propagate the official state positions on disputes about territory, symbols or history. Second, through individual communities who use the internet to sustain a sense of national belonging and/or to promote and disseminate their nationalist ideals. Both ways are important in an online national identity (re)production framework that, in a fluid, global, modern world, functions supportively towards the traditional national identity (re)production mechanisms. This article aims to examine the patterns of the nationalization of cyberspace through an analysis of state-led institutions and government websites that aim to enhance national identity and the sense of national belonging in a globalized world, as well as to propagate official state positions. It will focus on Greek, Dutch, US and Israeli websites. The term ‘nationalization’ in this context denotes the ideological charging of the cyber-footprint of the nation: how the internet produces and re-produces the nation, how the users partake in the national community by way of ‘consuming’ the digitalized national ideology, and the way cyber-nationalism defines people’s sense of belonging.

Tastes, emotions, and social cohesion: Toward a cultural theory of social exchange

The Affect Theory of Social Exchange (ATSE) research program has produced cumulative insights on how instrumental exchanges lead to the development of affectual attachments. With its focus on task responsibilities, ATSE leaves space to interrogate how factors not related to task execution are at play in the production of interpersonal bonds. In this paper, we integrate insights from social psychology, cultural sociology and organizational research to develop a theoretical framework suggesting (a) why and how cultural tastes contribute to social cohesion and (b) the conditions under which cultural tastes remain a source of strategic advantage or, worse, symbolic exclusion. Our theory rests on the basic proposition that shared cultural tastes increase the likelihood of experiencing positive emotions, which in turn are key in the development and maintenance of affectual attachments. Variations to this proposition are subsequently introduced, considering culture in declarative and nondeclarative forms.

Interpretation of Xi Jinping's Exposition on the Spiritual Independence of the Chinese Nation

Xi Jinping has three important conclusions about the spiritual independence of the Chinese nation, namely, the independence of the national spirit is the foundation of a country's political, ideological, cultural and institutional independence; Cultural self-confidence is a big issue concerning the independence of the national spirit. Socialist core values and Four Self-confidences are important supports to maintain the independence of the national spirit. The proposal of spiritual independence of the Chinese nation not only embodies the Chinese nation's high self-consciousness and self-determination in spiritual independence, but also strengthens the basic idea that the Chinese nation adheres to independence in opening to the outside world. Furthermore, it shows that the Chinese nation upholds the basic proposition of respecting the independence of every nation and country in the world.

Problems of Financing Development Management: A Kaleckian Analysis

Developing countries often suffer from problems of jobless growth and exclusion. In response, the governments of these countries implement a variety of development-management programs. However, we identify certain crucial macroeconomic inconsistencies that may arise from such initiatives. Given this, our basic proposition is that, while undertaking these programs, governments should consider the inherent demand- and (especially) supply-side capacities of the macroeconomy and the probable contradictions arising (chiefly) out of the supply constraints. Furthermore, governments should complement these development-management projects with other policy measures, so that such contradictions could at least be partially mitigated. Essentially, contrary to the misplaced orthodox opposition, we are proposing a Kaleckian critique of development management and simultaneously presenting some ways out. JEL Classifications: E11, J21, O11, O20, Q18

Features of the Semantic-Syntactic Process of Adverbialisation in Modern Colloquial Speech

The study of semantic-syntactic compression is an urgent linguistic problem. One of the processes that lead to the statement meaning complication is adverbialisation, the essence of which is that the adverb, which is grammatically dependent on the verb, semantically refers to the statement or one of its basic proposition components. This work is carried out in line with semantic syntax and is devoted to studying the adverbial complicator functioning (adverbs that complicate the semantic structure of the sentence) in modern colloquial speech. Native speakers use these language units to add event propositions, logical propositions of characterization or comparison to a statement, to characterize the actants of basic propositions and to express the confidence category or the statement objective content evaluation as well. The adverbial complicators which can be transformed into social actions, emotional or mental states of a subject prevail in colloquial speech. Adverbs-complicators are used most frequently with the verbs of speech and intellectual activity expressing the emotional or mental state of a person. Adverbs that involve logical propositions are usually used to describe a person's behavior or character. Such language units, which are used to evaluate the objective content of a statement, prevail among the adverbs expressing modus categories.

Ramified Quadrangles of Type E6, E7 and E8

This chapter deals with the case that the building at infinity of the Bruhat-Tits building Ξ‎ is a Moufang ramified quadrangle of type E⁶, E₇ and E₈. The basic proposition is that Ξ‎ is a ramified quadrangle if δ‎Λ‎ = δ‎Ψ‎ = 1 holds. The chapter proves the theorem that if δ‎Ψ‎ = 1 and the Moufang residues R₀ and R₁ are not both indifferent, there exists an involutory set. It also discusses the cases ℓ = 6, ℓ = 7, and ℓ = 8, in which D is a quaternion division algebra.

Semi-ramified Quadrangles of Type E6, E7 and E8

This chapter deals with the case that the building at infinity of the Bruhat-Tits building Ξ‎ is a Moufang semi-ramified quadrangle of type E⁶, E₇ and E₈. The basic proposition is that Ξ‎ is a semi-ramified quadrangle if δ‎Λ‎ = 1 and δ‎Ψ‎ = 2 holds. The chapter first considers the theorem supposing that ℓ = 6, that δ‎Λ‎ = 1 and δ‎Ψ‎ = 2, and that the Moufang residues R0 and R1 are not both indifferent. This is followed by cases ℓ = 7 and ℓ = 8 as well as theorems concerning an anisotropic pseudo-quadratic space, a quaternion division algebra, standard involution, a proper involutory set, and isotropic and anisotropic quadratic spaces.

A METAPHORICAL THEORY OF MEANING

Languages combine form and meaning in order to express an infinite number of ideas. Modern linguistics has developed sophisticated methods to probe the formal structure of languages from phonetics to syntax, but the study of meaning remains relatively unexplored. The lack of sophisticated methods to document the semantic structure of languages remains a significant problem for work with endangered languages. Research in semantics is limited by semantic theories that can be traced back to Plato and Aristotle. These theories assume that languages use a universal set of semantic elements to construct meaning. The classical theories cannot account for semantic change and an explanation of metaphor is completely beyond the scope of such theories. In this paper I propose a theory of semantics that puts metaphor at the center of semantics. Rather than create an artificial dichotomy between figurative and non-figurative language, the metaphorical approach to semantics assumes that all languages are figurative. This approach assumes that a basic sentence as “The cat is on the mat” combines figurative language with pragmatic information to communicate a basic proposition. This approach differs from that of Lakoff (1993) in that its focus is on metaphoric mapping within cognitive domains rather than between domains. The trick in metaphorical semantics is to learn how to detect the metaphors used in basic linguistic expressions and to construct a theory of semantics based on metaphor.

Constitutional War Initiation and the Obama Presidency

In 2007, presidential candidate Barack Obama argued that the U.S. president did not have independent constitutional authority to use military force except in response to an actual or imminent attack on the United States. Since 2008, President Obama has directed the use of U.S. military force in at least seven countries (Iraq, Syria, Libya, Yemen, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Somalia). Critics find inconsistency in these positions, contending that the Obama presidency will be remembered for expansion of the presidency's war powers. But when the administration's record is closely examined, these claims seem overstated. At least with regard to war initiation, the Obama presidency need not be regarded as materially enhancing the president's constitutional powers.This assessment begins by establishing two baselines. First, most war powers scholars agree that under the Constitution's original meaning, Congress’ power to “declare War” required the president to seek congressional approval prior to initiating war. This constitutional command had substantial grey areas, including responses to threats and attacks, relations with non-state actors, and low-level hostilities. Nonetheless, the basic proposition stated by candidate Obama appears well founded both in the Constitution's text itself and in early postratification practice. Second, in the modern (post-Vietnam War) era, most scholars agree that the practice has changed somewhat, with presidents asserting an expanded independent authority over uses of military force. This essay agrees with that description, although it contends that the change in actual practice is less dramatic than commentary sometimes claims.