Coral Recruitment on Artificial Patch Reefs Deployed in The Marginal Reefs: Effect of Multilevel Substrate on Density of Coral Recruit

A study of coral recruitment on Artificial Patch Reefs (APR) was performed in the marginal reef of Panjang Island, Central Java (Java Sea) to examine whether multilevel substrates of APR affect the density of coral recruits. Long-term and short-term observations were applied in yearly monitoring 2017-2019 and biweekly observations for 3 months in early 2019. Coral recruitment significantly varied among level substrates of APR (F(a,b) .05=3.08; p-value<0.05) and there was a significant difference at the beginning of the year (F(a,b) .05=5.52; p-value<0.05). The density of recruits on the substrates after 4 years post-deployment of APRs was 0.2 to 129.2 m-2 while the recruitment rate within short-term observations was 0.28-1.28 m-2 per month. The highest coral recruitment occurred at the middle to the top level of APR, while the lowest recruitment was found in the lowest level of APR. This is possibly due to high resuspension from the seabed. Oulastrea was dominant in both long- and short-term recruitment periods while Pocillopora was rare due to post-settlement mortality which trigger the overgrown coral-killing sponges. The results indicated that the adaptation of coral recruitment in the marginal environment is determined by the high recruitment of the small-colony coral species which possessed stress-tolerant for turbidity disturbance, such as Oulastrea crispata. This study suggested that the multilevel substrates, Artificial Patch Reefs (APR) are one of the reef rehabilitation methods which can be applied in the marginal environment enhancing coral recruitment.

INTERAKSI GENETIK X LINGKUNGAN DAN STABILITAS JUMLAH BUAH 11 AKSESI PINANG LOKAL DENGAN PENDEKATAN PARAMETRIK

Areca is an annual plant that has many benefits and a high economy. The need for areca nuts for industry is a challenge because only two varieties have been released and little farmers who plant areca nuts. Exploration of superior areca candidates are one way to overcome this problem. This aim of research is to determine the stability and adaptability of 12 local areca nuts to the number of fruit. This research was conducted at Kayuwatu Expermental Farm for 4 years from 2014-2017. The experimental design used was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) 2 replications with 15 sample plants. The result of the research showed that Malinow 2 accession is a stable accession based on the stability analysis of Finlay Wilkinson and Eberhart Russel and can grow in a marginal environment, while Huntu 1 and Galangsuka Accession is a stable accession in optimal environment.

Late Holocene droughts and cave ice harvesting by Ancestral Puebloans

Water availability for Native Americans in the southwestern United States during periods of prolonged droughts is poorly understood as regional hydroclimate records are scant or contradicting. Here, we show that radiocarbon-dated charcoal recovered from an ice deposit accumulated in Cave 29, western New Mexico, provide unambiguous evidence for five drought events that impacted the Ancestral Puebloan society between ~ AD 150 and 950. The presence of abundant charred material in this cave indicates that they periodically obtained drinking water by using fire to melt cave ice, and sheds light on one of many human–environment interactions in the Southwest in a context when climate change forced growing Ancestral Puebloan populations to exploit water resources in unexpected locations. The melting of cave ice under current climate conditions is both uncovering and threatening a fragile source of paleoenvironmental and archaeological evidence of human adaptations to a seemingly marginal environment.

EVALUASI AKHIR GALUR HARAPAN KACANG PANJANG (Vigna sesquipedalis L. Fruwirth) POLONG UNGU

A Final Evaluation Of Expected Lines Of Yardlong Bean (Vigna sesquipedalis L. Fruwirth) With Purple Pods. Evaluation toward expected lines yardlong bean purple pod ability conducted to obtain lines which have superiority in yield, yiled components and other traits. Evaluation was done by analyzed adaptation and stability test. Research towards 6 lines was conducted at 6 different locations based on altitude (the middle land and low land), condition areas (rainfall and temperature) as well as the conditions of cultivation (with and without mulch application). Adaptation and stability test provides information related to lines response of environmental condition for recommended cultivation on specific or all types environment. The results showed superiority pod weight per hectare of BU 1 (9,18 t ha-1) followed by BU 6 (8,81 t ha-1) and BU 4 (6,88 t ha-1). Those lines were broadly adaptive for all types of environments. Lines that adaptive in spesific environment, BU 2 (8,03 t ha-1) produced optimal yield on marginal environment, while BU 5 (10,03 t ha-1) adaptive at productive environment. Based on lines description, all lines have superiority of purple pod colored and specifically BU 3 had highest anthocyanins content.

The Desert at the End of Empire: An Environmental History of the Armenian Genocide*

In the contentious historiography of the Armenian genocide, the desert has been acknowledged by almost everyone as the endpoint of the deportations of hundreds of thousands of Ottoman Armenian citizens in 1915 and the years that followed. Those who use the term ‘genocide’ suggest that this action was tantamount to a death sentence, while those who oppose the term claim that the desert exculpates the Ottoman state. This article unpacks the meaning of the Jazira region — one of the arid regions to which Armenians were sent — and suggests how Ottoman officials used the desert to kill and Armenians used it to survive, mostly as part of nomadic groups among whom they were somewhere between slaves and family members. The desert even came to shape the humanitarian rescue campaign in the wake of the genocide and World War I, as organizations worked to remove Armenian children from the desert and, subsequently, to transform the desert itself by establishing Armenian agricultural colonies. Yet some Armenians stayed, and remain to this day in the Jazira calling themselves Armenian Muslims in honor of their heritage. The desert not only shaped Armenian suffering and survival. The marginal environment also incubated a population of imperial survivors, whose existence did not fit comfortably with post-Ottoman national divisions, or the historiographies influenced by them.

Conocimiento histórico y patrimonialización de un enclave de la montaña cantábrica: Las Ubiñas

Las Ubiñas, como tantos otros espacios montañosos de la Península Ibérica, ha pasado de constituir un medio marginal y de difícil acceso en el que, aun así, se desarrollaban actividades humanas de cierta relevancia socioeconómica, a ver consagrada su patrimonialización a través de su encaje en las diferentes figuras de protección previstas a tal efecto por la legislación española e internacional. Este proceso, que culmina con la reciente declaración de este espacio como Parque Natural y Reserva de la Biosfera, vino precedido por un proceso de reconocimiento y divulgación, el cual, hasta hoy, no había sido explorado. Este estudio, basado en la recopilación y análisis de documentos históricos y bibliografía especializada, examina la información contenida en diversas fuentes exponiendo los principales testimonios cartográficos y artísticos que aluden al Macizo de las Ubiñas, así como los recogidos en memorias de viajes y de investigación que tuvieron como escenario este espacio, que, a pesar de su privilegiada ubicación central en el Macizo Asturiano, fue ignorado por los protagonistas de las grandes exploraciones científicas y hazañas deportivas de principios de siglo XX, y experimentó un reconocimiento relativamente tardío de sus innegables valores naturales y paisajísticos. The Ubiñas Massif, as so many other mountain areas of the Iberian Peninsula, went from being a marginal environment in which, even so, human activities of a certain relevance were developed, to see its heritage consecrated through the different protection figures provided by the Spanish and international legislation. This process of patrimonialization, which culminates with the declaration of this space as a Natural Park and Biosphere Reserve, was preceded by a process of recognition and dissemination. This study, based on the compilation of historical documents and bibliography, examines the information contained in different sources, exposing the main cartographic and artistic testimonies alluding to the Ubiñas Massif, as well as those collected in travel memories and research reports conducted in this space, which, despite its privileged location in the Asturian Massif, was ignored by the great scientific explorations and sports exploits of the early 20th century, and experienced a relatively late recognition of its undeniable natural values and landscapes.

Conclusion

This chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. It argues that a certain number of patterns are visible in the long history of Molokai and Hawaii, which together add up to a so-called socio-environmental calculus. First, because of the uneven distribution of water in an often marginal environment, the control of water resources is critical to sustaining life and to maintaining control of the political level in a competitive society. Second, the control of natural and human resources tends, where the environmental conditions for bigness (or resource thickness) exist, to become concentrated in a few hands and reinforces the tendencies toward intensification and stratification. The monopoly control of water and land resources exacerbates and drives the feedback loop of environmental degradation; destruction of common resources; and the decline of small, subsistence-based communities, further reinforcing intensification and the control of monopolists.

What Can We Learn from an Early Test on the Adaptation of Silver Fir Populations to Marginal Environments?

In order to determine the adaptive potential of silver fir in the southeast of Poland, the stability of the height of its five-year-old progeny was analyzed. The study was conducted in two different population groups in a total of four environments, including one ecologically marginal environment. The linear mixed model was used to evaluate the differentiation of populations in terms of height growth. The genotype and genotype-by-environment interaction biplot (GGE) were used to verify the stability of height. The climate of populations origin, in relation to actual fir distribution in Poland, was verified based on principal components analysis (PCA) of bioclimatic parameters. The highest total variability was explained by the genotype-environment interaction effect (GE) (54.50%), while the genotype effect (G) explained 41.27% and only 4.23% was explained by the site effect. The result of height growth variations revealed the Komańcza site as the most representative among study sites, while the Lesko site characterized the highest discriminating ability. The progeny occurring in climatic conditions most different from the average testing conditions showed a heterogeneous growth reaction, only adapting to the marginal environment, while the progeny of the second population in this region as well as the northernmost one was characterized by a mean but stable growth. The westernmost population revealed maladaptation. The assessment of the adaptability of silver fir depends on the broad spectrum of test conditions considering the ecologically marginal environments.

Ice-marginal sedimentation and processes of diamicton deposition in large proglacial lakes, Lake Erie, Ontario, Canada

Detailed studies of coastal cliff exposures through two end moraines form the basis for a model of ice-marginal sedimentation in large ice-contact glacier-fed lakes. The input to the ice-marginal environment directly from the glacier included subglacial till and subaquatic flow tills. The subaquatic flow till (thinly bedded diamicton) was deposited in an apron (up to 1 km wide) along the ice margin. An upward gradient of pore-water pressure immediately beyond the ice margin, causing heaving and dilation of the sediments, initiated debris flows of glacially derived debris (subaquatic flow tills). Most of the stratified sediments in the ice-marginal zone entered the lake by way of a large proglacial stream. Sedimentation was dominated by quasi- or near-continuous density underflows that resulted in the deposition of a sequence of thick rhythmites. The glacier in the Lake Erie basin most likely behaved like an ice stream, with its movement controlled predominantly by a deforming bed of glacial debris, separating the glacier sole from underlying predeposited sediments. The deforming bed is preserved as a massive diamicton layer, interpreted here as subglacially deposited till.