Olive Processing Industry, How to Avoid or Minimize the Environmental Impact of Heavy Metals (Case Study: Albania)

The development of olive production in Albania is considered as one of the priority branches of agriculture. After the 90s, the number of trees decreased significantly due to the abandonment of non-productive areas, but currently, there is a national plan to increase the planted area. According to forecasts to increase the amount of olives will increase the level of emissions. For this reason, the fate of application processing technologies with minimal impact on the environment should be emphasized. The analysis of these wastes is of interest because they are deposited on agricultural land, reducing productivity and thus affecting the country's economy. This study analyzes the environmental impact of the activity of olive oil processing lines, producing solid waste as secondary and liquid products. A processing plant in Lushnja, Albania was selected for this study. The factory uses 3-phase (3P) processing technology. Samples were taken during the intensive processing period in October-November 2020. Initially, samples were prepared for analysis, determined: number of solids, % of ash, carbon, acidity (pH), and conductivity. Heavy metals were determined at different wavelengths using UV-VIS spectrophotometers. The elements analyzed from the collected samples are K, Na, Mg, Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe, Cu. From the graph, the sample is characterized by increasing order: Pb <Cu <Mg <Fe <Zn <Cd <Na <K.

Analisis Struktur dan Nilai Tambah Pada Rantai Pasok Beras di Kabupaten Aceh Timur

The development of the agricultural sector is faced with the challenges in increasing of production and farmers' welfare. In addition to technical problems, the factor of supply chain must be considered properly because it is related to other social problems. This study discussed the structure of the rice supply chain in East Aceh District. The added value wich was gained by rice refineries in processing of paddy into rice was also examined by using Hayami method. The results showed that the rice supply chain in East Aceh involved several parties, namely farmers, collecto rs, rice refineries, large traders (districts), and retailers in and outside of East Aceh District as well as consumers as the last link. The added value generated from the processing of paddy into rice , bran and groats as a whole was able to provide a positive added value for rice refineries in East Aceh. The value of rice processing output was Rp. 6,304.5/kg. From the results of this output value, the rice refineries can produce an added value of Rp. 829 kg with a ratio of 13.14% in one processing period.

Motor Development Research: I. The Lessons of History Revisited (the 18th to the 20th Century)

In 1989, Clark and Whitall asked the question, “What is motor development?” They were referring to the study of motor development as an academic research enterprise and answered their question primarily by describing four relatively distinct time periods characterized by changes in focus, theories or concepts, and methodology. Their last period was named the process-oriented period (1970–1989). In hindsight, it seems clear that their last period could be divided into two separate historical time periods: the information-processing period (1970–1982) and the dynamical systems period (1982–2000). In the present paper, we briefly revisit the first three periods defined by Clark and Whitall, and expand and elaborate on the two periods from 1970 to the turn of the century. Each period is delineated by key papers and the major changes in focus, theories or concepts, and methodology. Major findings about motor development are also described from some papers as a means of showing the progression of knowledge.

PROGRESSIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE DESIGN OF OUTERWEAR REFLECTING ELEMENTS

The purpose of this article is to substantiate the use of advanced technologies as a processing method of modern, versatile designing resources and environmentally friendly textiles, and to demonstrate their use in the design of light-reflective material elements in outerwear collections. Functional decorative solutions, using reflective materials, are topical in contemporary fashion design for the dark time of the day and can be realized using modern technology. Research methods: theoretical - literature; empirical - experiment and data processing. Period - 2018/2019. study year. The study is of practical importance as it demonstrates the impact of technological parameters on textiles. The availability of laser processing and 3D equipment at the Rezekne Academy of Technology provides opportunity for experimental work on different thickness, different fiber fabrics with a carbon dioxide laser system and different filaments for 3D printing, determining the optimum processing parameters for a particular type of cloth. As a result, the design of the collection is developed, providing the decorative and functional significance of the garments with reflective elements.

A Heuristic’s Job Order Gain in Pyramidal Preemptive Job Scheduling Problems for Total Weighted Completion Time Minimization

A possibility of speeding up the job scheduling by a heuristic based on the shortest processing period approach is studied in the paper. The scheduling problem is such that the job volume and job priority weight are increasing as the job release date increases. Job preemptions are allowed. Within this model, the input for the heuristic is formed by either ascending or descending job order. Therefore, an estimator of relative difference in duration of finding an approximate schedule by these job orders is designed. It is ascertained that the job order results in different time of computations when scheduling at least a few hundred jobs. The ascending-order solving becomes on average by 1 % to 2.5 % faster when job volumes increase steeply. As the steepness of job volumes decreases, this gain vanishes and, eventually, the descending-order solving becomes on average faster by up to 4 %. The gain trends of both job orders slowly increase as the number of jobs increases.

Pro-poor Tourism: a New Tourism Policy in China for Poverty Alleviation

Poverty reduction is now a major issue for developing countries to focus on and whose success, or otherwise, will directly affect upon the achievement of development of the nation. China has made significant advances in poverty reduction since the launch of its reform and open policy in 1978, however, the poverty issue is still obviously present. The Central government of China launched a new strategic plan for poverty alleviation called ‘precision poverty alleviation’ in 2015. It is aimed at taking targeted measures for poverty alleviation. Moreover, most of the poverty regions overlap the famous tourism resources, which offer the best opportunity for the tourism industry to be involved in this new poverty alleviation strategy. This paper mainly focusses on pro-poor tourism as a new tourism policy for precision poverty alleviation. Specifically, this paper is divided into three themes based on the focus topic. The first theme overviews poverty alleviation in China, the processing period and the gap between the previous strategy and the poverty alleviation situation. The second theme describes the importance of pro-poor tourism for precision poverty alleviation, and explores the development model. The last theme offers academic discussion and future predictions related to this new tourism policy for precision poverty alleviation in China

Evaluation of industrial tomato genotypes in open-field production

Recently, industrial tomato production in Hungary shows an increasing tendency after a weak processing period. However, to maintain the cultivation profitable, the use of proper technology and genotype is indispensable. In the experiment, five hybrids and one variety were evaluated in a plot experiment design on open field. The main objective was to evaluate the fruit quality of different genotypes and to determine the suitability for mechanical harvest. According to the results, Heinz 1015 F1 and Heinz 9478 F1 had the best fruit quality for industrial processing. Nowadays, the use of hybrids with good adaptability and resistance properties is important for a profitable production.

A GPS Spoofing Generator Using an Open Sourced Vector Tracking-Based Receiver

Spoofing can seriously threaten the use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) in critical applications such as positioning and navigation of autonomous vehicles. Research into spoofing generation will contribute to assessment of the threat of possible spoofing attacks and help in the development of anti-spoofing methods. However, the recent commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) spoofing generators are expensive and the technology implementation is complicated. To address the above problem and promote the GPS safety-critical applications, a spoofing generator using a vector tracking-based software-defined receiver is proposed in this contribution. The spoofing generator aims to modify the raw signals by cancelling the actual signal component and adding the spoofing signal component. The connections between the spreading code and carrier, and the states of the victim receiver are established through vector tracking. The actual signal can be predicted effectively, and the spoofing signal will be generated with the spoofing trajectory at the same time. The experimental test results show that the spoofing attack signal can effectively mislead the victim receiver to the designed trajectory. Neither the tracking channels nor the positioning observations have abnormal changes during this processing period. The recent anti-spoofing methods cannot detect this internal spoofing easily. The proposed spoofing generator can cover all open-sky satellites with a high quality of concealment. With the superiority of programmability and diversity, it is believed that the proposed method based on an open source software-defined receiver has a great value for anti-spoofing research of different GNSS signals.

SISTEM NENGAH SAWAH DI DESA CIKITU KABUPATEN BANDUNG DALAM PANDANGAN HUKUM ISLAM

The practice of muzara'ah, or joint management of agricultural land, can be found in various regions in Indonesia. One of them is in the Cikitu Village, Pacet District, Bandung Regency, using the term nengah. One of the main principles in this muzara'ah is the determination of profit sharing at the beginning of agreement (akad), in addition to other requirements. The pillars are the parties, seeds and the types of plants to be planted, land to be cultivated, and the processing period. This study raises issues regarding the suitability of nengah with the conditions required by muzara'ah. The approach method used in this study is case study with data obtained from interviews, fiqh muamalah documentation and references. The results of the study show that the nengah system in Cikitu Village has fulfilled the pillars of muzara'ah. However, from the conditions, the profit sharing between land owner and farmer is not determined at the beginning of agreement (akad), but at harvest time. If the results are good, the distribution is 50:50, but if the yield is considered unsatisfactory, then the profit sharing is 2/3 for the land owner and 1/3 for the sharecropper. The determination has an element of uncertainty (gharar) in the distribution of crops.Keywords:Muzara’ah, land cultivation, sharecropAbstrakPraktik muzara’ah, atau pengelolaan bersama lahan pertanian, dapat ditemukan di berbagai wilayah di Indonesia. Salah satunya adalah di Desa Cikitu Kecamatan Pacet, Kabupaten Bandung dengan menggunakan istilah nengah. Salah satu prinsip utama dalam muzara’ah ini adalah penetapan pembagian hasil di awal akad, di samping persyaratan lainnya. Adapun rukunnya adalah orang yang berakad, benih dan jenis tanaman yang akan ditanam, lahan yang dikerjakan, dan jangka waktu pengolahan. Kajian ini mengangkat permasalahan mengenai kesesuaian pelaksanaan nengah dengan ketentuan yang disyaratkan dalam muzara’ah tersebut. Metode pendekatan yang digunakan dalam kajian ini yaitu studi kasus dengan data-data yang diperoleh dari hasil wawancara, dokumentasi dan referensi fiqh muamalah. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa penggarapan lahan dengan cara nengah sawah di Desa Cikitu telah memenuhi rukun muzara’ah. Namun dari syarat, pembagian hasil untuk petani pemilik lahan dan petani penggarap tidak ditentukan pada waktu akad, melainkan ditentukan pada waktu panen. Ketentuan tersebut antara lain jika hasilnya bagus maka pembagiannya 50:50, akan tetapi jika hasil panennya dirasa kurang memuaskan, maka bagi hasilnya 2/3 untuk pemilik lahan dan 1/3 untuk petani penggarap. Penetapan tersebut memiliki unsur ketidakpastian (gharar) dalam pembagian hasil panen.Kata Kunci :Muzara’ah, Nengah, penggarapan lahan